Lop County
 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Uyghur.(December 2019)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Lop County
Luopu, Lo-p'u | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of Lop County (red) within Hotan Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang | |
  Lop Location of the seat in Xinjiang  Lop Lop (Xinjiang)  Lop Lop (China) | |
| Coordinates:37°04′26″N80°11′20″E/ 37.074°N 80.189°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Hotan |
| County seat | Lop Town |
| Area | |
| • Total | 14,287 km2(5,516 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[4] | |
| • Total | 286,900 |
| • Density | 20/km2(52/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Major ethnic groups | Uyghur[2][5] |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard[a]) |
| Postal code | 848200 |
| Website | www |
| Lop County | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghur name | |||||||||||
| Uyghur | لوپ ناھىيىسى | ||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Lạc phổHuyện | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Lạc phổHuyện | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Lop County[6][7][8][9][10](,[11]Uyghur:لوپ ناھىيىسى), alsoLuopu[12][13](fromMandarin Chinese), is a county inHotan Prefecture,in the southwest of theXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,China.Almost all the residents of the county areUyghurand live aroundoasessituated between the desolateTaklamakan DesertandKunlun Mountains.The county is bordered to the north byAksuandAwat CountyinAksu Prefecture,[1]to the east byQira/Chira County,to the northwest byKarakax County,to the west byHotan(Khotan) and to the south and west byHotan County.
History[edit]
Local inhabitants at Sampul cemetery (Shanpula;سامپۇل/Sơn phổ lạp) around 14 km (8.7 mi)[14]where art such as theSampul tapestryhas been found,[15]buried their dead from roughly 217 BCE to 283 CE.[16]The analysis ofmtDNAhaplogroupdistribution showed that the Sampula inhabitants had a large mixture ofEast Asian,West-Asianand European characteristics.[14][17]According to Chengzhi et al. (2007), analysis of maternalmitochondrial DNAof the human remains has revealed genetic affinities at the maternal side toOssetiansandIranians,an Eastern-Mediterraneanpaternallineage.[14][18][note 1]
ArchaeologistAurel SteinvisitedRawak Stupaduring his First Central Asian expedition in April 1901.[25]
Lop County was established in August 1902.[2][26]
In May 1956, Abdimit, aSufishaykhfrom Khotan, attempted to incite insurrection in the county which was put down by armed troops and police forces.[27][28]
TheSampul tapestrywas discovered inSampulin the mid-1980s.
Between August 1986 and May 1987, an outbreak ofviral hepatitisoccurred in Dol (Duolu) township resulting in 9,371 cases of acute hepatitis and 47 deaths.[29]
In 2004, an official who declined to be identified from the Lop county religious affairs committee toldRadio Free Asiathatfastingwas not allowed duringRamadan,and that high school students in his town would be given candy before they left school at 4:30 p.m.. The official confirmed reports that Chinese authorities were continuing a program of heavy religious control and censorship.[30]
On July 11, 2006, the townships ofJiyaand Yurungqash (Yulongkashi), then part of Lop County, were transferred toHotanCity.[2][31]
According to theWorld Uyghur Congress,in the lead-up to the2008 Beijing Olympics,authorities in Lop county forced women to remove head coverings in a stated effort to promote "women for the new era".[32]
On October 21, 2014,Sampultownship was re-designated as a town.[2][26]
At 9 PM on May 11 and 8:15 AM on May 12, 2015, twosuicide bombingsat a security checkpoint station in the county resulted in six deaths and four injured.[33][34]
On November 20, 2016, Hanggiya (Hanggui) was changed from a township into a town.[35]
Marriages between Uyghurs andHan Chinesepersons are encouraged with subsidies by the government. In October 2017, the marriage of a Han Chinese man fromHenanProvince to a Uyghur woman from the county was celebrated on the county's social media page.[36]
Hetian Haolin Hair Accessories, a company first registered at the Lop County Beijing Industrial Park (Lạc phổ huyện bắc kinh công nghiệp viên khu) in 2018, employed 5,000 new workers in its first year of business, making 159 international shipments. The Lop County Beijing Industrial Park has been associated withre-education campphotographs.[37]
According toThe Guardian,as of early 2019, there were eightinternment camps,officially labelled "vocational training centres", in the county.[5]
To increase aid delivery to Xinjiang, places in Xinjiang are paired with other areas of China which can provide aid.Tianjinand Hotan are paired in this program. In July 2019, football equipment and training materials with pictures and videos to local youth players and football coaches were provided for primary school students in the county.[38]
On September 14, 2020, the U.S.Department of Homeland Securityblocked imports of products from four entities in Xinjiang including all products made with labor from the Lop County No. 4 Vocational Skills Education and Training Center and hair products made in the Lop County Hair Product Industrial Park.[6][39]
Geography[edit]
The northern part of Lop County is made up of sand dunes and ends in a straight line drawn in theTaklamakan Desertthat forms part of the boundary between Hotan Prefecture andAksu Prefecture.TheHotan Riverforms the boundary withKarakax County.The National Closed Sandified LandProtected Areais located in NorthernHanggiya Township.
The towns and townships are clustered around the oases around the highways in the southern part of the county.
The southern tip of the county reaches theKunlun Mountains.At 5,466 m (17,933 ft) above sea level, the highest point in the county is Tekiliktag[40](Tiekelekeshan, T'ieh-k'o-li-k'o Shan;تەكىلىكتاغ[41]/Thiết khắc lặc khắc sơn).[1]
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Map of the region including Lop (Lo-p'u) (DMA,1983) -
![Map including Lop (labeled as LO-P'U (LOP BAZAR)) and surrounding region (USATC, 1971)[b]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg/110px-Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg)
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![Map including Lop (labeled as LOP (LO-P'U)) and surrounding region (DMA, 1980)[c]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Operational_Navigation_Chart_G-7%2C_6th_edition.jpg/120px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_G-7%2C_6th_edition.jpg)
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![Map including Lop (labeled as Lop (Lo-p'u)) (DMA, 1984)[d]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7a.jpg/120px-Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7a.jpg)
![Map including Lop (labeled as LO-P'U (LOP BAZAR)) and surrounding region (USATC, 1971)[b]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ATxu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg&t=hv)
![Map including Lop (labeled as LOP (LO-P'U)) and surrounding region (DMA, 1980)[c]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AOperational_Navigation_Chart_G-7%2C_6th_edition.jpg&t=hv)
![Map including Lop (labeled as Lop (Lo-p'u)) (DMA, 1984)[d]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ATxu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7a.jpg&t=hv)
Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Lop, elevation 1,296 m (4,252 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
40.5 (104.9) |
40.5 (104.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
35.8 (96.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.1 (13.8) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
5.7 (42.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −23.9 (−11.0) |
−23.3 (−9.9) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 1.6 (0.06) |
2.1 (0.08) |
3.3 (0.13) |
3.5 (0.14) |
7.1 (0.28) |
8.9 (0.35) |
8.1 (0.32) |
6.1 (0.24) |
4.3 (0.17) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.9 (0.04) |
1.0 (0.04) |
47.7 (1.88) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 20.5 |
| Average snowy days | 5.2 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 12.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 58 | 48 | 35 | 35 | 42 | 46 | 52 | 57 | 57 | 54 | 52 | 59 | 50 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 168.0 | 170.0 | 188.5 | 206.8 | 244.5 | 249.2 | 235.8 | 219.8 | 232.8 | 263.0 | 216.5 | 180.8 | 2,575.7 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 54 | 55 | 50 | 52 | 55 | 57 | 53 | 53 | 64 | 77 | 72 | 61 | 59 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[42][43] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions[edit]
The county includes 1subdistrict,4towns,5townships,and 1 other area:[2][26][44]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur(UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistrict | |||||||
| Chengqu Subdistrict | Thành khu nhai đạo | Chéngqū Jiēdào | شەھەر رايونى كوچا باشقارمىسى | sheher rayoni kocha bashqarmisi | 653224001 | ||
| Towns | |||||||
| Lop Town[8] | Lạc phổ trấn | Luòpǔ Zhèn | لوپ بازىرى | lop baziri | 653224100 | ||
| Sampul Town[45][46] | Sơn phổ lỗ trấn | Shānpǔlǔ Zhèn | سامپۇل بازىرى | sampul baziri | 653224101 | formerly Sampul Township (Sơn phổ lỗ hương) | |
| Hanggiya Town[46] | Hàng quế trấn | Hángguì Zhèn | ھاڭگىيا بازىرى | hanggiya baziri | 653224102 | formerly Hanggiya Township (Hàng quế hương) | |
| Charbagh Town[47] | Kháp nhĩ ba cách trấn | Qià'ěrbāgé Zhèn | چارباغ بازىرى | charbagh baziri | 653224103 | formerly Charbagh Township (چارباغ يېزىسى/Kháp nhĩ ba cách hương) | |
| Townships | |||||||
| Buya Township | Bố á hương | Bùyǎ Xiāng | بۇيا يېزىسى | buya yëzisi | 653224201 | ||
| Dol Township[48][46] | Đa lỗ hương | Duōlǔ Xiāng | دول يېزىسى[49] | dol yëzisi | 653224205 | ||
| Nawa Township[50] | Nạp ngõa hương | Nàwǎ Xiāng | ناۋا يېزىسى[51] | nawa yëzisi | 653224206 | ||
| Beshtoghraq Township | Bái thập thác cách lạp khắc hương | Bàishítuōgélākè Xiāng | بەشتوغراق يېزىسى | beshtoghraq yëzisi | 653224207 | ||
| Aqqik Township[52] | A kỳ khắc hương | Āqíkè Xiāng | ئاچچىق يېزىسى[53] | Achchiq yëzisi | 653224208 | ||
Other:
- Lop County Beijing Industrial Park (Lạc phổ huyện bắc kinh công nghiệp viên khu)
Economy[edit]
The county is known for its silk and carpets. The county's economy is primarily agricultural, producing cotton, wheat, corn and silkworm cocoons. Industries in the county include tractor repair, concrete, carpets, and silk reeling.[3]
As of 1885[update],there was about 44,300 acres (293,944 mu) of cultivated land in Lop.[54]
Demographics[edit]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 235,716 | — |
| 2010 | 232,916 | −0.12% |
| [2] | ||
According to the 2002 census, it had a population of 240,000.[citation needed]
At the end of 2008, 98% of the population of Lop County wasUyghurand 1.9% of the population wasHan Chinese.[2]
As of 2015, 282,513 of the 287,590 residents of the county wereUyghur,4,895 wereHan Chineseand 182 were from other ethnic groups.[55]
As of the 2010s, the population of the county, reported as 280,000 byThe Guardian,was almost entirelyUyghur.[5]
As of 1999, 98.6% of the population of Lop (Luopu) County was Uyghur and 1.36% of the population was Han Chinese.[56]
In 1952, the population of Lop was 123,608.[57]
Transportation[edit]
- China National Highway 217through theTaklamakan Desertto northern Xinjiang
- China National Highway 315betweenHotanandQira County
- G3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway
Notes[edit]
- ^From historical accounts it is known thatAlexander the Great,who married aSogdianwoman fromBactrianamedRoxana,[19][20][21]encouraged his soldiers and generals to marry local women; consequentially the later kings of theSeleucid Empireand Greco-Bactrian Kingdom had a mixed Persian-Greek ethnic background.[22][23][24]
Lucas Christopoulos writes: "The kings (or soldiers) of the Sampul cemetery came from various origins, composing as they did a homogeneous army made of Hellenized Persians, western Scythians, or Sacae Iranians from their mother's side, just as were most of the second generation of Greeks colonists living in the Seleucid Empire. Most of the soldiers of Alexander the Great who stayed in Persia, India and central Asia had married local women, thus their leading generals were mostly Greeks from their father's side or had Greco-Macedonian grandfathers. Antiochos had a Persian mother, and all the later Indo-Greeks or Greco-Bactrians were revered in the population as locals, as they used both Greek and Bactrian scripts on their coins and worshipped the local gods. The DNA testing of the Sampul cemetery shows that the occupants had maternal origins in the eastern part of the Mediterranean".[18]
- ^Locals in Xinjiang frequently observeUTC+6(Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.
- ^From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".
- ^From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
- ^From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative"
References[edit]
- ^abcChính phủ khái huống.Luopu County Government NetworkLạc phổ huyện chính phủ võng(in Simplified Chinese).Retrieved18 December2019.
Tây dĩ ngọc long khách thập hà vi giới dữ hòa điền huyện, hòa điền thị cách hà tương vọng, bắc thân diên nhập tháp khắc lạp mã càn đại sa mạc dữ a khắc tô thị, a ngõa đề huyện vi lân {...} tổng diện tích 14287 bình phương công lí. {...} cảnh nội sơn khâu chúc côn luân chi mạch, nam bộ tối cao sơn vi thiết khắc lặc khắc sơn, hải bạt 5466 mễ.
- ^abcdefghLạc phổ huyện lịch sử duyên cách[Lop County Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 2 December 2014.Retrieved17 December2019.
Quang tự nhị thập bát niên ( 1902 niên 8 nguyệt ), tích hòa điền đông cảnh ngọc hà dĩ đông thập ngũ trang, vu điền tây cảnh ất căn lan can dĩ tây nhị thập tam trang trí lạc phổ huyện ( 《 tân cương đồ chí · kiến trí nhất 》 ), nhưng chúc hòa điền trực lệ châu, hạ thiết tam phổ lạp, a đề lương, tháp ngõa khắc đẳng tam minh ( đại trang ). {...}2000 niên đệ ngũ thứ nhân khẩu phổ tra, lạc phổ huyện thường trụ tổng nhân khẩu 235716 nhân, {...}2003 niên, toàn huyện tổng diện tích 14314 bình phương thiên mễ, {...}2006 niên, tương lạc phổ huyện cát á hương, ngọc long khách thập trấn hoa quy hòa điền thị quản hạt. 2008 niên mạt, lạc phổ huyện tổng nhân khẩu 62097 hộ 235785 nhân, kỳ trung duy ngô nhĩ tộc chiêm 98%, hán tộc chiêm 1.9%. {...}2010 niên đệ lục thứ nhân khẩu phổ tra, lạc phổ huyện thường trụ tổng nhân khẩu 232916 nhân, kỳ trung: Thành khu nhai đạo 19649 nhân, lạc phổ trấn 18127 nhân, bố nha hương 30257 nhân, sơn phổ lạp hương 29509 nhân, kháp nhĩ ba cách hương 41710 nhân, hàng quế hương 40496 nhân, đa lỗ hương 32399 nhân, nạp ngõa hương 12961 nhân, bái thập thác lạp cách hương 6119 nhân, a kỳ khắc quản lý khu 1486 nhân, lương chủng tràng 203 nhân. 2010 niên 5 nguyệt 25 nhật, tự trị khu chính phủ ( tân chính hàm [2010]98 hào ) đồng ý thiết lập a kỳ khắc hương ( tiền thân vi a kỳ khắc quản lý khu ). 2014 niên 10 nguyệt 21 nhật, tự trị khu chính phủ ( tân chính hàm [2014]192 hào ) đồng ý triệt tiêu sơn phổ lỗ hương, thiết lập sơn phổ lỗ trấn. Điều chỉnh hậu, toàn huyện hạt 2 cá trấn, 7 cá hương: Lạc phổ trấn, sơn phổ lỗ trấn, bố á hương, kháp nhĩ ba cách hương, hàng quế hương, đa lỗ hương, nạp ngõa hương, bái thập thác cách lạp khắc hương, a kỳ khắc hương.
- ^abHạ chinh nông; trần chí lập, eds. (September 2009).Từ hải: Đệ lục bản thải đồ bổn[Cihai(Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). Thượng hải.Shanghai:Thượng hải từ thư xuất bản xã.Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.p. 1490.ISBN9787532628599.
Côn luân sơn bắc lộc, ngọc long khách thập hà duyên ngạn. {...} diện tích 1.43 vạn bình phương thiên mễ. {...}1902 niên ( thanh quang tự nhị thập bát niên ) thiết huyện. Kinh tế dĩ nông nghiệp vi chủ, sản miên hoa, tiểu mạch, ngọc mễ hòa tàm kiển. Công nghiệp hữu nông cơ tu tạo, thủy nê, địa thảm, sào ti đẳng. Dĩ sản ti trù, địa thảm trứ danh.
- ^Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
- ^abcLily Kuo (11 January 2019)."'If you enter a camp, you never come out': inside China's war on Islam ".The Guardian.Retrieved16 December2019.
Luopu, a sparsely populated rural county of about 280,000 that is almost entirely Uighur, is home to eight internment camps officially labelled "vocational training centres", according to public budget documents seen by the Guardian.
- ^ab"DHS Cracks Down on Goods Produced by China's State-Sponsored Forced Labor".Department of Homeland Security.14 September 2020.Retrieved19 September2020.
- ^Lop (Approved - N)atGEOnet Names Server,United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^abComplete Atlas Of The World(3 ed.).Penguin Random House.2016. p. 238.ISBN978-1-4654-4401-1– viaInternet Archive.
Lop
- ^Che Muqi[in Chinese](1989).The Silk Road, Past and Present.Beijing:Foreign Languages Press.p.286.ISBN0-8351-2100-3– viaInternet Archive.
Today in Hotan Prefecture, includingPishan,Moyu,Lop,Qira,YutianandMinfengcounties–places under the jurisdiction of ancientKhotanState which once dominated the southern route of the Silk Road–818 cobbled canals with a combined length of 1,500 kilometres have been built.
- ^Jianghua Zhang; Xianhui Zhou; Qiang Xing; Yaodong Li; Ling Zhang; Qina Zhou; Yanmei Lu; Yinwen Fan; Abu Lizi; Wenhong Yan; Hongyan Wang; Meiling Zhai; Jianfu Bao; Liping Chen; Maihe Tuoti; Haidong Cui; Jian Wang; Baopeng Tang (28 January 2019)."Epidemiological investigation of sudden cardiac death in multiethnic Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region in Northwest China".BMC Public Health.19(1): 116.doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6435-8.PMC6348672.PMID30691418.
Thus, 11 survey sites were finally selected, as follows: the Saybagh District of Ürümqi city; in Ili Prefecture, Yining city and Xinyuan County; within Bayingolin Prefecture, Korla city and Yanqi County; in Hami Prefecture, Hami city and Barkol County; within the Hotan Prefecture, Hotan city and Lop County; and of the Bingtuan, the cities of Aral and Wujiaqu.
- ^Lop.Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. Morningside Heights, New York, Columbia University Press, by arrangement with J.B. Lippincott Co. 1952. p.1081– viaInternet Archive.
Lop (lōp)
- ^"Lạc phổ huyện chính phủ võng Luopu County Government Network"(in Simplified Chinese and English).Retrieved18 December2019.
- ^Luopu (Approved - N)atGEOnet Names Server,United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^abcChengzhi, Xie; Chunxiang, Li; Yinqiu, Cui; Dawei, Cai; Haijing, Wang; Hong, Zhu; Hui, Zhou (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang".Progress in Natural Science.17(8): 927–933.doi:10.1080/10002007088537493.
- ^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),Sino-Platonic Papers,No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15-16, ISSN 2157-9687.
- ^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),Sino-Platonic Papers,No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27, ISSN 2157-9687.
- ^Trading Genes along the Silk Road: mtDNA Sequences and the Origin of Central Asian Populations; David Comas1, 2, *, Francesc Calafell1, 3, *, Eva Mateu1, Anna Pérez-Lezaun1, 4, Elena Bosch1, Rosa Martínez-Arias1, Jordi Clarimon1, Fiorenzo Facchini5, Giovanni Fiori5, Donata Luiselli5, Davide Pettener5 and Jaume Bertranpetit1, The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 63, Issue 6, 1824–1838, 1 December 1998doi:10.1086/302133
- ^abChristopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),Sino-Platonic Papers,No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.
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- ^For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),Sino-Platonic Papers,No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4, ISSN 2157-9687.
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- ^abcLạc phổ huyện huyện vực giản giới.Luopu County Government NetworkLạc phổ huyện chính phủ võng(in Simplified Chinese). 13 December 2019.Retrieved18 December2019.
Thanh quang tự nhị thập bát niên ( 1902 niên 8 nguyệt ), thiết trí lạc phổ huyện. {...}2010 niên 5 nguyệt 25 nhật, tự trị khu chính phủ ( tân chính hàm [2010]98 hào ) đồng ý thiết lập a kỳ khắc hương ( tiền thân vi a kỳ khắc quản lý khu ). 2014 niên 10 nguyệt 21 nhật, tự trị khu chính phủ ( tân chính hàm [2014]192 hào ) đồng ý triệt tiêu sơn phổ lỗ hương, thiết lập sơn phổ lỗ trấn. Điều chỉnh hậu, toàn huyện hạt 2 cá trấn, 7 cá hương: Lạc phổ trấn, sơn phổ lỗ trấn, bố á hương, kháp nhĩ ba cách hương, hàng quế hương, đa lỗ hương, nạp ngõa hương, bái thập thác cách lạp khắc hương, a kỳ khắc hương.
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2006 niên 7 nguyệt 11 nhật, lạc phổ huyện cát á hương, ngọc long khách thập trấn dữ hòa điền huyện thổ sa lạp hương chính thức hoa quy hòa điền thị quản hạt.
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Authorities in Lop county, Hoten district, have been forcing women to remove head coverings in a stated effort to promote "women for the new era" according to the World Uyghur Congress, as cited in an August 27reportfrom RFA.
{{cite web}}:External link in|quote= - ^Roseanne Gerin,Shohret Hoshur(13 May 2015)."Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China's Xinjiang".Radio Free Asia.Translated by Shohret Hoshur.Retrieved18 December2019.
Two successive suicide bombing attacks have killed six people and injured four others at a security checkpoint station in northwestern China's restive Xinjiang region, according to area police officials. The attacks in Hotan (in Chinese, Hetian) prefecture's Lop (Luopu) county, occurred at 9 p.m. on Monday and 8:15 a.m. on tuesday, killing three suicide attackers and three police officers and wounding four other policemen, said Osman Toxtixelil, the police chief of the Konabazar (Old Town) police station in Lop town. No bystanders were killed or injured in the attacks, he told RFA's Uyghur Service.
- ^Joshua Lipes, Eset Sulaiman (28 May 2015)."Chinese Police Shoot Two Uyghurs Dead in Xinjiang Bomb Attack".Radio Free Asia.Translated by Eset Sulaiman.Retrieved17 December2019.
Hotan prefecture in southwestern Xinjiang has been a hotbed of violent stabbing and shooting incidents between ethnic Uyghurs and Chinese security forces, with attacks coming amid a string of assaults and bombings across the region. Two successive suicide bombings on May 11 and 12 at a security checkpoint station in Hotan's Lop (Luopu) county killed three attackers and three police officers, and wounded four other policemen, according to local authorities, who said the incidents were likely "politically motivated."
- ^Quan vu đồng ý lạc phổ huyện hàng quế hương triệt hương thiết trấn đích phê phục ( tân chính hàm ［2016］292 ).Tân cương dân chính(in Simplified Chinese). 5 December 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2018.Retrieved19 December2019– viaInternet Archive.
2016 niên 11 nguyệt 20 nhật, tự trị khu nhân dân chính phủ đồng ý triệt tiêu lạc phổ huyện hàng quế hương kiến chế, thiết lập hàng quế trấn, kỳ hành chính khu vực giới tuyến, chính phủ trú địa cập lệ chúc quan hệ bất biến.
- ^Dake Kang; Yanan Wang (1 December 2018)."China's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members".Associated Press.Retrieved18 December2019.
In recent years, the government has even encouraged Uighurs and Han Chinese to tie the knot. Starting in 2014, Han-Uighur spouses in one county were eligible to receive 10,000 yuan ($1,442) annually for up to five years following the registration of their marriage license. Such marriages are highly publicized. The party committee in Luopu county celebrated the marriage of a Uighur woman and a "young lad" from Henan in an official social media account in October 2017. The man, Wang Linkai, had been recruited through a program that brought university graduates to work in the southern Xinjiang city of Hotan. "They will let ethnic unity forever bloom in their hearts," the party committee's post said. "Let ethnic unity become one's own flesh and blood."
- ^Juozapas Bagdonas (16 November 2019)."Tracking Down the Fruits of Xinjiang's Forced Labor Industry".The Diplomat.Retrieved17 December2019.
Hetian Haolin Hair Accessories was registered in the Beijing Industrial Park in Hotan's Lop county on January 19, 2018. A re-education camp in the same compound was identified by Radio Free Asia as the location of the famous picture showing hundreds of detainees listening to a de-radicalization speech. According to Haolin's spokesman, the company has already employed 5,000 new workers in its first year of business – more than 2 percent of the entire county's population. Data from ImportGenius shows that the company has made a total of 159 international shipments, which first went through ports in Vietnam and on to buyers from four U.S. cities. All of these companies belong to an entity called I&I Hair Corporation with headquarters in Newcastle, Georgia. With the last shipment having taken place on October 28, possibly more than a thousand tons of synthetic hair products made by detainees in Lop county have been ordered by the American company. I&I Hair runs a brand called "Oh Yes Hair" with a wide selection of braids and other hair products advertised on its Facebook page.
- ^Shi Yinglun, ed. (8 July 2019)."Tianjin helping Xinjiang's football development in China".Xinhua News Agency.Archived fromthe originalon July 8, 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
Tianjin, paired with Hetian city, provided football equipment and training materials with pictures and videos to local youth players and football coaches this month. Two professional football coaches from Tianjin also guided students' training sessions. Lgamberdi, a football coach in a primary school of Luopu County, said though the equipment and coaches were limited, students still showed great enthusiasm in playing football. "With this new equipment, we will strive to perform better in competitions and cultivate more footballing talents," Lgamberdi said.
- ^Albert, Eleanor."Citing Forced Labor Concerns, US Issues Ban on Xinjiang Cotton".thediplomat.com.The Diplomat.Retrieved4 December2020.
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Thống kế dụng khu hoa đại mã danh xưng 653224001000 thành khu nhai đạo bạn sự xử 653224100000 lạc phổ trấn 653224101000 sơn phổ lỗ trấn 653224102000 hàng quế trấn 653224201000 bố á hương 653224203000 kháp nhĩ ba cách hương 653224205000 đa lỗ hương 653224206000 nạp ngõa hương 653224207000 bái thập thác cách lạp khắc hương 653224208000 a kỳ khắc hương 653224401000 lương chủng tràng 653224402000 lạc phổ huyện bắc kinh nông nghiệp khoa kỹ kỳ phạm viên khu 653224403000 lạc phổ huyện bắc kinh công nghiệp viên khu
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Sơn phổ lỗSampul {... - ^huaxia, ed. (17 September 2020)."Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang".Xinhua News Agency.Retrieved20 September2020.
For example, a villager named Arapat Ahmatjan from Charbagh Township, Lop County, Hotan Prefecture
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