Lye

For other uses, seeLye (disambiguation).

Pellets of potash lye (potassium hydroxide)

Pellets of soda lye (sodium hydroxide)

Alyeis analkali metal hydroxide.Traditionally it was obtained by usingrainwatertoleachwood ashes, which are stronglyalkalineand highlysoluble in water,of theirpotassium hydroxide(KOH), producing lye water, acausticbasicsolution. Then the lye water would either be used as such, as forcuring olivesbefore brining them, or evaporated of water to leavecrystallinelye behind."Lye" most accurately refers tosodium hydroxide(NaOH), but historically has been conflated to include other alkali materials, most notably potassium hydroxide.

Today, lye is commercially manufactured using amembrane cellchloralkali process.It is supplied in various forms such as flakes, pellets, microbeads, coarse powder or asolution.Lye has traditionally been used as a major ingredient in soapmaking.

Etymology

The English wordlye/ˈlaɪ/hascognatesin allGermanic languages,and originally designated a bath or hot spring.

Uses

Food

Lyes are used tocuremany types of food, including the traditional Nordiclutefisk,olives(making them less bitter), cannedmandarin oranges,hominy,lye rolls,century eggs,pretzels,candied pumpkins, andbagels.They are also used as a tenderizer in the crust of baked Cantonesemoon cakes,in "zongzi"(glutinous ricedumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves), in chewy southernChinese noodlespopular in Hong Kong and southern China, and in Japaneseramen noodles.Lye provides the crisp glaze on hard pretzels. It's used inkutsinta,a type of rice cake from the Philippines together withpitsi-pitsî.In Assam, north east India, extensive use is made of a type of lye called khar in Assamese and karwi in Boro which is obtained by filtering the ashes of various banana stems, roots and skin in their cooking and also for curing, as medicine and as a substitute for soap. Lye made out of wood ashes is also used in thenixtamalizationprocess ofhominycorn by the tribes of the Eastern Woodlands inNorth America.

In theUnited States,food-grade lye must meet the requirements outlined in theFood Chemicals Codex(FCC),as prescribed by theU.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA).Lower grades of lye that are unsuitable for use in food preparation are commonly used asdrain cleanersand oven cleaners.

Soap

Both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in makingsoap.Potassium hydroxide soaps are softer and more easily dissolved in water than sodium hydroxide soaps. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are not interchangeable in either the proportions required or the properties produced in making soaps.

"Hot process" soap making also uses lye as the main ingredient. Lye is added to water, cooled for a few minutes and then added to oils and butters. The mixture is then cooked over a period of time (1–2 hours), typically in aslow cooker,and then placed into a mold.

Household

Bottles ofalkaline drain cleanerscontaining lye

Lyes are also valued for their cleaning effects. Sodium hydroxide is commonly the major constituent in commercial and industrialoven cleanersand cloggeddrain openers,due to itsgrease-dissolving abilities. Lyes decompose greases viaalkaline ester hydrolysis,yieldingwater-solubleresidues that are easily removed by rinsing.

Tissue digestion

Sodium or potassium hydroxide can be used to digest tissues of animal carcasses. Often referred to asalkaline hydrolysis,the process involves placing the animal carcass into a sealed chamber, adding a mixture of lye and water and the application of heat to accelerate the process. After several hours the chamber will contain a liquid with coffee-like appearance,and the only solids that remain are very fragile bone hulls of mostlycalcium phosphate,which can be mechanically crushed to a fine powder with very little force.Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposingroadkilldumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.Due to its low cost and easy availability, it has also been used to dispose of corpses by criminals.Italianserial killerLeonarda Cianciulliused this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted to having disposed of more than 300 bodies with it.

Fungus identification

Main article:Chemical test in mushroom identification

A 3–10% solution ofpotassium hydroxide(KOH) gives a color change in some species of mushrooms:

• InAgaricus,some species such asA. xanthodermusturn yellow with KOH, many have no reaction, andA. subrutilescensturns green.
• Distinctive change occurs for some species ofCortinariusandboletes

Safety

First aid

Sources recommend immediate removal of contaminated clothing/materials, gently brushing/wiping excess off of skin, and then flushing the area of exposure with running water for 15–60 minutes while contacting emergency services.

Protection

Personal protective equipmentincluding safety glasses, chemical-resistant gloves, and adequate ventilation are required for the safe handling of lye. When in proximity to lye that is dissolving in an open container of water, the use of a vapor-resistant face mask is recommended. Adding lye too quickly can cause a runaway thermal reaction which can result in the mixture boiling or erupting.

Storage

Lye in its solid state isdeliquescentand has a strong affinity for moisture in the air. As a result, lye will dissolve when exposed to open air, absorbing large amounts of atmospheric moisture. Accordingly, lye is stored in air-tight (and correspondingly moisture tight) containers. Glass is not a good material to be used for storage as severe alkalis are mildly corrosive to it. Similar to the case of other corrosives, the containers should be labeled to indicate the potential danger of the contents and stored away from children, pets, heat, and moisture.

Hazardous reactions

The majority of safety concerns with lye are also common with most corrosives, such as their potentially destructive effects onliving tissues;examples are theskin,flesh,and thecornea.Solutions containing lyes can causechemical burns,permanent injuries, scarring andblindness,immediately upon contact. Lyes may be harmful or even fatal if swallowed; ingestion can causeesophageal stricture.Moreover, thesolvationof drysolidlye is highlyexothermicand the resultingheatmay cause additional burns or ignite flammables.

The reaction between sodium hydroxide and some metals is also hazardous.Aluminium,magnesium,zinc,tin,chromium,brassandbronzeall react with lye to producehydrogengas. Since hydrogen isflammable,mixing a large quantity of lye with aluminium could result in an explosion. Both the potassium and sodium forms are able to dissolve copper.

See also

• Slaked lime(calcium hydroxide)

Further reading

• McDaniel, Robert (1997).The Elegant Art of Handmade Soap: Making, Scenting, Coloring, and Shaping.Iola, WI: Krause Publications.ISBN0-87341-832-8.

External links

• "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act".US Food and Drug Administration.
• "Food Chemicals Codex".United States Pharmacopeia. Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2012.Retrieved30 January2008.