Lyuli
Mugat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| 23,500[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Uzbekistan | 12,000[2] |
 Tajikistan | 4,600[3] |
 Kyrgyzstan | 990[4] |
 Russia | 486[5] |
| Languages | |
| Persian Romani Turkic language(mixed speech and dialects) | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ghorbati,Abdals,Romani,Sinti | |
TheLyuli,JughiorJugi(self-names:MugatandGhorbati) are a branch of theGhorbatipeople living inCentral Asia,primarilyTajikistan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Kazakhstan,and southernKyrgyzstan;also, related groups can be found inTurkey,andthe Balkans,[6]Crimea,Southern Russiaand Afghanistan.[7]They speakethnolectsof the Persian and Turkic language and practiceSunni Islam.The termsLyuliandJugiare considered pejorative. They have a clan organization (the Lyuli word for "clan" istupar,the Jughi word isavlod). Division into sub-clans is also practiced. The Lyulicommunityis extremely closed towards non-Lyuli.[8]
Etymology[edit]
There are several names for the Lyuli:Jughi,Multani,BombayorLuli.However, they refer to themselves asMuğat(Мугат) orMughat(Persian:مغان), as well asGurbet(Arabic:غربات), which means "lonely".[6]The termMultanisignifies a person who originates from the city ofMultan(in modern-day Pakistan), because some of the Lyuli emigrated from Multan after theSiege of Multan, 1296–1297to Central Asia.[9]
History[edit]
The Lyuli originate fromNorth India.According to local traditions held by the Lyuli, their community already existed in the region by the time ofTimur.In time, the Lyuli began adopting the customs, languages, and the Islamic faith of their Central Asian neighbors. Many Lyuli were nomadic until the early 20th century, when they began living in urban areas.[10]The Lyuli had a presence inChinauntil vanishing from the historical record by the earlyQingperiod. Luoli was the Chinese name for them when they settled in China during theYuanandMing dynasty.[11]Hui during this time was not synonymous with Muslim during the Yuan, with there being Christian Hui, Jewish Hui and Gypsy Hui in addition to Muslim Hui. Muslim Hui themselves were a sub-set of Hui Hui. The term Hui Hui country ( hồi hồi quốc ) was originally used by Chinese in the Yuan dynasty to refer to theKhwarazmian Empirein Central Asia. During the Yuan dynasty Hui Hui became a catch all term used for people of multiple religions from west of China including Jews, Christians, Hindus and Muslims. Zhuhu Huihui ( chủ cốt hồi hồi ) was the specific term for Jews. Jewish and Muslim merchants who used false weights were punished by Yuan authorities in Hangzhou, the Muslims were "wealth merchants" and the Jews worked in the sugar bureau of Hangzhou.[12][13]There were also Gypsy Huihui (Luoli Huihui), Christian Green Eyed Huihui (Lüjing Huihui) and Indian Huihui (Xindu or Jingduhei Huihu).[14]
Lyuli in Kyrgyzstan[edit]
The Lyuli live in the south ofKyrgyzstan,inOsh Region.Theirliving standardis extremely low. Many Lyuli have no official documents. Education is conducted in Russian, Kyrgyz, or Uzbek, but many Muğat lack education. Lyuli society is working towards improvement of their living standards, education and knowledge of Kyrgyz and Russian, and preservation of their culture.[15][16]
Lyuli in Kazakhstan[edit]
The Kazakh Lyuli, also known Luli-Kazakhs, or Kazakh Luli, are a small ethnic group inKazakhstan.They are a subgroup of the broader Lyuli ethnic minority originating fromFergana Valleyregion inUzbekistanand southeastern regions of Kazakhstan:Almaty Region,andZambil.Their exact population size is unknown, but they are estimated to be a few hundreds. They speak a dialect ofKazakh languageand the majority has well integrated in Kazakhstan and also identifies as Kazakh. The Kazakh Lyuli have a distinct cultural identity, which is shaped by their nomadic lifestyle,Islamic faith,and heritage. They maintain unique cultural practices and traditions, such as their music and dance, as well as specific forms of clothing and hats. The Kazakh Lyuli have faced social, economic, and political marginalization and discrimination throughout their history, and their cultural survival remains a challenge in modern-day Central Asia. The Kazakh Lyuli are believed to have also migrated tothe Balkans,specificallyBosnia and Herzegovina,in the 19th century. Majority of them have a nomadic lifestyle and speak a dialect of the Kazakh language that is heavily influenced by Turkish. Today, in Balkans, there is a few hundreds of Kazakh Lyuli who have assimilated into the society and majority have obtained citizenships of countries they reside in.
Lyuli in Uzbekistan[edit]
There are approximately 12,000 Lyuli in Uzbekistan.[17]While children converse in their native language or mixed speech at home, poor educational standards and poverty have gradually reduced fluency rates in favour ofRussianorUzbek.
Lyuli in Russia[edit]
Starting from the early 1990s, the Lyuli beganmigratingintoSouthern Russiancities, most noticeably aroundrailway stationsandmarkets.At first,Russiansmistakenly identified them asTajik refugeesor ethnicUzbeksdue to their traditional Central Asian robes.Russian Romaemphasize that the Lyuli are distinct from them and not part of theRomani society and culture,and are considered to be of Indo-Turkic people origin.[8]They are a frequent target of Russianfar right skinheads.[18]
Lyuli in Tajikistan[edit]
2,234 Lyuli lived in Tajikistan in 2010.[19]
Jugi in Iran[edit]
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Mazanderani,Persian | |
| Religion | |
| Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Abdal of Turkey |
Jugi peopleare aNomadgroup, who believe once came fromEgypt,[9]living inMazandaran ProvinceofIranand inCentral Asia,called as Central Asian Gypsy and confused with European Romani people or Doms and Loms.[20][21][22][23]
Anatolia, Balkans and Crimea peninsula[edit]
The Ottoman Archives of the 18th and 19th century, cite 4 clans of the so-calledTürkmen Kıptiwho spoke a Turkik dialect with few Romani words in their jargon and who wereAleviofBektashi Order,as a separate group inRumelia.They migrated fromCentral AsiatoAnatolia.AtDulkadiroğlu, Kahramanmaraş,they were registered in the 16th asGurbetat the time of theOttoman Empire,and settled finally in theBalkansandCrimean Khanate.[7]Turkish Romafrom Varna in Bulgaria who called themself Usta Millet or Mehter, claimed to be descendants of this special tribe.[24]
Culture[edit]
In the past the Lyuli used to work as wandering musical entertainers,fortune-tellers,peddlersand beggars. Women also worked as tailors for other non-Lyuli women, including making hairnets for veils. Some subgroups specialized in other trades like woodworking.[10]Modern Lyuli are now settled and work in diverse occupations including in education, factories, business and more.[10]
The Lyuli are devout Sunni Muslims, but some traces of pre-Islamic beliefs have continued to endure.[10]
The Lyuli face discrimination from others and social marginalization.[16][17]Some suffer from poverty and isolation.[17]
See also[edit]
- Gudar people
References[edit]
- ^"Lyuli people group in all countries | Joshua Project".
- ^"Lyuli in Uzbekistan".
- ^"Lyuli in Tajikistan".
- ^"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".
- ^"НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ".Perepis2002.ru.Archived fromthe original(XLS)on 2016-02-29.Retrieved2016-02-09.
- ^ab"TÜRKİYE'DE YAŞAYAN ÇİNGENELERİN SANATSAL OLARAK ELE ALINIŞI"(PDF).Dspace.trakya.edu.tr(in Turkish).Retrieved2022-07-04.
- ^abMarushiakova; Popov, Vesselin (2014)."Migrations and Identities of Central Asian 'Gypsies'"– viaResearchGate.
- ^ab(in Russian)Николай Бессонов. Цыгане и пресса. Эпопея о люлиArchived2007-02-19 at theWayback Machine- Some photos of Lyulis
- ^abMarushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (2016).Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus.Springer.ISBN9783319410562.
- ^abcdAkiner, Shirin (1986).Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union.Routledge. p. 371.ISBN978-1-136-14274-1.
- ^"Legendary gypsies once in China".www.chinadaily.com.cn.Retrieved2023-04-20.
- ^"Zhuhu Referred to Jews".
- ^"Chinese Terms for Jews".
- ^Duturaeva, Dilnoza. Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations. Leiden: Brill, 2022. pp. 115–162 Chapter 5 Qarakhanid Allies and China
- ^"Интернет-Журнал" Оазис "Народ без прав"(in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon September 23, 2015.
- ^ab"Kyrgyzstan: For Marginalized Lyuli, Kyrgyz Language is an Antidote to Isolation | Eurasianet".Eurasianet.Retrieved2020-12-07.
- ^abcSalopek, Paul (January 17, 2017)."Trading in Tresses".National Geographic.RetrievedJanuary 18,2017.
There are about 12,000 Mugats in Uzbekistan. Uzbeks refer to them, often with contempt, as Lyuli or Gypsies, though there is scant genetic evidence linking them to the world's Roma diaspora, because they are self claimed to be Indo-Turkic people. The group divides itself into a caste system that suggests a migration from the Indian subcontinent into Central Asia centuries ago. Traditionally the Mugat were wandering nomads musicians and entertainers. Today they live in tight-knit neighborhoods that are considered no-go zones by other Uzbeks. They are one of the world's marginal peoples. Many survive by begging, or by recycling scrap metal or plastic bottles.
- ^Osborne, Andrew (29 January 2005)."Russia's far-right on rise".The New Zealand Herald.The Independent.Retrieved15 October2011.
- ^"Natives of India. Who Are Tajik Gypsies?".5 March 2019.
- ^The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Luli
- ^Gypsy
- ^Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
- ^"View of Central Asian Gypsies – Lyuli. The overview of current socio-economic problems | Review of Nationalities".reviewofnationalities.com.Retrieved2021-09-03.
- ^Yılgür, Egemen (2021)."Turcoman Gypsies in the Balkans: Just a Preferred Identity or More?".In Ki︠u︡Chukov, Khristo; Zakhova, Sofii︠a︡; Dumunica, Ian; Duminica, Ion (eds.).Romani History and Culture: Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Vesselin Popov.LINCOM GmbH.ISBN9783969390719– viaResearchGate.
External links[edit]
- Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov. 2016. Gypsies of Central Asia and Caucasus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Perceptions of Identity: Luli in Uzbekistan,a visit to a Luli community and brief summaries of interviews
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