Macau Grand Prix
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(April 2024) |
| Guia Circuit | |
 | |
| Race information | |
|---|---|
| Number of times held | 70 |
| First held | 1954 |
| Most wins (drivers) |  John MacDonald(4) |
| Circuit length | 6.120km (3.803miles) |
| Race length | 91.800km (57.042miles) |
| Laps | 12 |
| Last race (2023) | |
| Pole position | |
| Podium | |
| |
| Fastest lap | |
| |
| Macau Grand Prix | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Úc môn cách lan phi trị đại tái xa | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Úc môn cách lan phi trị đại tái xa | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Portuguese name | |||||||||||
| Portuguese | Grande Prémio de Macau | ||||||||||
TheMacau Grand Prix(Portuguese:Grande Prémio de Macau;Chinese:Úc môn cách lan phi trị đại tái xa) is an annualmotorsportroad racingevent for automobiles and motorcycles held on theGuia CircuitinMacau.The event includes the Formula 3 Macau Grand Prix and Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix title races, with other races fortouring,grand touring,sportsandFormula 4cars.
The first Macau Grand Prix was held in 1954 as asports carevent. In 1967, the Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix was introduced.[1]In 2008, aGT3race was added to the event, which became known as the FIA GT World Cup.
The Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix features many nationalFormula 3champions and drivers from around the world, with the winner being awarded the FIA Formula 3 World Cup.
Due to the challenging nature of the Guia Circuit, which consists of fast straights (a Formula 3 car can reach a top speed of 275 km/h (171 mph) at the end of the straight[2]), tight corners and uncompromising crash barriers; the Macau Grand Prix races are considered some of the most demanding in the world.[who?]Many current or formerFormula Onedrivers have participated in the event early in their careers and some of them have won the prestigious prize. Previous winners includeAyrton Senna,Michael Schumacher,David Coulthard,Ralf Schumacher,Ralph Firman,Takuma SatoandDan Ticktum.
History
[edit]The Macau Grand Prix was originally conceived in 1954 as a treasure hunt around the streets of the city,[3]but shortly after, it was suggested that the hunt's course could host a racing event for local motor enthusiasts.Production car racesjoined the event in 1957, which were superseded bytouring carsin 1972.
In 1961, the title race became anopen-wheelFormula Libreevent.
The race continued as an amateur race until 1966, when Belgian driver Mauro Bianchi entered the race in an Alpine A220 (chassis #1722).[4]Alpine Renault had also sent engineer Jean-Paul Castilleux to assist Bianchi with technical aspects of the car.[5]Bianchi's victory and exposure led to more professional racing teams entering the Grand Prix in the following years.
The motorcycle race was introduced in 1967, and in that year the first fatal tragedy struck the race: double championDodjie Laurelwas killed when he lost control of his car and crashed. This raised the alarm for more safety improvements for the race.Teddy Yipwas one of the main forces behind the Macau Grand Prix back in the 1970s and 1980s, leading this Grand Prix to be one of the world's most famous motor racing events. The Macau Grand Prix parties he hosted for many years at his home also became a central part of the social aspect of the Grand Prix.[citation needed]Prize money at this time was not substantial, with 1980 winnerGeoff Leesreceiving thirty-four dollars and 1981 winnerBob Earlreceiving thirty-six.[6]
In 1983, it was decided by the organisers that sinceFormula Pacificwas becoming obsolete, the race would be held as aFormula Threeevent. Initially, they wanted to run aF2race, but as they were unwilling to make any large circuit modifications, which included cutting down trees, the organisers decided to adopt Formula 3 cars for the feature race and it was sanctioned by FIA as the F3 World Cup title race. At the same time, Yokohama Tire was officially designated as the sole supplier of control tires for the competitors.[7]
This decision has seen the reputation of the event in the motorsport world increase rapidly, with the event attracting the best young drivers from Europe and Japan. The first F3 race was won by a youngAyrton Senna.The race in 1990 was a memorable one, asMichael SchumacherandMika Häkkinenwere involved in an incident when they were in first and second going into the final lap. At the main straight just after the Mandarin Oriental Bend, Häkkinen hit the back of Schumacher's car and crashed out when he attempted to overtake him.[8]Schumacher's car was able to continue with its rear wing damaged and eventually won the race with the best aggregate time. Other notable winners includeFormula OnedriversDavid Coulthard,Ralf SchumacherandTakuma Sato.Since the introduction of F3 races, the Macau GP has gradually become a stepping stone for many F3 drivers to higher class motor-racing competitions such as theFIA Formula 2 Championshipand Formula One. However, only three drivers in the field in the 2010s –Valtteri Bottasin 2011,Max Verstappenin 2014, andCharles Leclercin 2015—who have started this race have won a Formula One race, and 1995 was the last time a Macau Grand Prix winner won a Formula One race.
The event received world championship status from 2005 to 2014 as the final round of theWorld Touring Car Championship.
Format
[edit]
The Macau Grand Prix race weekend normally starts on the Thursday and ends on the Sunday on the second or third week of November. The first two days (Thursday and Friday) are generally scheduled for practice and qualifying. All races are held on Saturday and Sunday, with the final rounds of the heavyweights Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix and the Touring Car Guia Race (the final 2 rounds of theWorld Touring Car Championship), as well as the FIA GT World Cup, held on the last day. Both the Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix and the Guia Race are sanctioned by theFIAand the winner of the Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix is awarded the FIA World Cup. Apart from the two major races held at the race weekend, the Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix is also one of the highlights of the weekend since it features former or current racers of theSuperbike World Championshipand stars of Britain's legendary open-road motorcycle races such as theIsle of Man TT.
Newly introduced intothe 2007 raceMacau GT Cup is the race for GT3 category cars. Since 2015 the winner of the race is awarded the FIA GT World Cup.
Over the years, the Macau Grand Prix's Guia Race for touring cars had belonged to theAsian Touring Car Championship,and the current GT Cup race was once theSupercar Cupfor road going exotic sports cars., theFormula Renaultrace, thePorsche Carrera Cup Asiarace, the scooter race for locals and in the past but on a less than frequent basis, aJackie Chanendorsed race for celebrity women drivers (partnered with pro racers) involvingMitsubishis,with whom Chan hold a sponsorship deal.
Races
[edit]Macau Grand Prix (1964–)
[edit]The title race was first held in 1954 as asports carrace. In 1961, it switched toFormula Libreregulations until 1974, whenFormula Pacificbecame the rule.1983was a start of the new era with the introduction of theFormula 3,which attracted drivers from European Formula 3 championships and theJapanese Formula 3 Championship.
2019introduced theDallara F3 2019machinery, with the entrants—all of them from theFIA Formula 3 Championship—using equal cars and engines for the first time.
In2020,2021and2022,the title race was run as a part ofChina's Formula 4 championshipwith exclusively local drivers and teams, as theCOVID-19 pandemicforced travel restrictions on internationalFIA F3drivers and teams.
For 2024, the race returned to the 1983–2018 format ofFormula Regionalwhere drivers of various European, North American, and Asian Formula Regional championships are eligible to participate.
International and national series to include the race:
- 1977 – 1982: Formula Pacific Championship[which?]
- 2004 – 2010: FIA Intercontinental Formula 3 Cup
- 2011:FIA Formula 3 International Trophy& FIA Intercontinental Formula 3 Cup
- 2012 – 2014: FIA Intercontinental Formula 3 Cup
- 2015: FIA Formula 3 Intercontinental Cup
- 2016 – 2019: FIA Formula 3 World Cup
- 2020 – 2022:F4 Chinese Championship
- 2023: FIA Formula 3 World Cup
- 2024: FIA Formula Regional World Cup
Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix (1967–)
[edit] | It has been suggested that this section besplitout into another article titledMacau Motorcycle Grand Prix.(Discuss)(April 2024) |
Macau is a special event for motorcycle riders. The Motorcycle Grand Prix has featured notable top-level riders, with winners of the race including MotoGP World ChampionKevin Schwantz,Superbike World ChampionCarl Fogarty,notable MotoGP riderRon Haslamand Isle of Man legendsMichael Rutter,Michael Dunlop,andJohn McGuinness.Because of the street circuit nature, the course is closer to the legendary British open-road races than a regulation MotoGP circuit.
In 2014, the award-winning documentaryMacau Gladiatorsby German directorAndreas Knuffmannappeared.[9]The movie is about the 2013 edition of the Motorcycle Grand Prix and followed the Team ofFrank Heidgerwith the GermanDidier Grams(8th place) and his Belgian teammateMarc Fistette(DNF).
Macau Guia Race (1972–)
[edit] | It has been suggested that this section bemergedintoGuia Race of Macau.(Discuss)Proposed since April 2024. |
The firstGuia Racefor touring cars was held in 1972. The event was notable in that very few touring car races were held on street circuits at the time. From 2005 to 2014, the race became the final two rounds of theFIAWorld Touring Car Championship.In 2015 and 2016, the category was replaced by theTCR International Series.WTCCthen returned as the Suncity Group Macau Guia Race in 2017. From 2018 to 2019, the races were replaced by the newFIAWorld Touring Car Cup.Since then, Macau had never held any rounds of theWTCRanymore due to theCOVID-19pandemic. The Macau Guia Race was replaced by theTCR Asia Challengein 2022. The local pandemic was over at the beginning of 2023, which made international racers and teams be able to compete there again. The 2023Macau Guia Racewas held by the KumhoTCR World Tour.
Starting from 2008, the Macau Touring Car Cup was added in the calendar. It has been the final round of theChina Touring Car Championshipsince 2022.
- Held races (including title sponsors)
- 1972 – 1993: Guia Race of Macau
- 1994: Guia Race of Macau – Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship
- 1995 – 1999: Guia Race of Macau
- 2000: Guia Race – Asia Touring Car Series
- 2001: STDM Guia Race
- 2002 – 2003: SJM Guia Race
- 2004: SJM Guia Race – Worldwide Touring Car
- 2005: FIA WTCC LG – Guia Race of Macau – Presented by SJM
- 2006: FIA WTCC – Guia Race of Macau – Presented by SJM
- 2007: FIA WTCC – Guia Race of Macau
- 2008: FIA WTCC Canon – Guia Race of Macau
- 2009: FIA WTCC Marriott – Guia Race of Macau – Presented by SJM
- 2010 – 2012: FIA WTCC – Guia Race of Macau Presented by SJM
- 2013: FIA WTCC – Guia Race of Macau – Presented by Star River．Windsor Arch
- 2014: FIA WTCC – Guia Race of Macau – Presented by Suncity Group
- 2015 – 2016: Suncity Group Macau Guia Race 2.0T
- 2017: Suncity Group Macau Guia Race – FIA WTCC
- 2018 – 2019: Suncity Group Macau Guia Race – FIA WTCR
- 2020: Macau Guia Race
- 2021: Galaxy Entertainment Macau Guia Race
- 2022: Wynn Macau Guia Race – TCR Asia Challenge
- 2023: Macau Guia Race – Kumho TCR World Tour
Macau Touring Car Cup (2008–)
[edit]- Held races (including title sponsors)
- 2008 – 2013: CTM Macau Touring Car Race
- 2014 – 2017: CTM Macau Touring Car Cup
- 2018 – 2019: FOOD4U Macau Touring Car Cup
- 2020: Macau Touring Car Cup
- 2021: Melco Macau Touring Car Cup
- 2022: MGM Macau Touring Car Cup – China Touring Car Championship
- 2023: Macau Touring Car Cup – China Touring Car Championship
Macau GT Cup (2008–)
[edit] | It has been suggested that this section besplitout into another article titledMacau GT Cup.(Discuss)(April 2024) |
The Macau GT Cup was added in 2008, and has been one of the most important supporting races of the Grand Prix since then.
The FIA GT World Cup is a race forGT3-spec cars,organized by theStéphane Ratel Organisation(SRO) and theAutomobile General Association Macau-China(AAMC). The event was confirmed by theFIAat theWorld Motor Sport CouncilinGenevaon 20 March 2015.[13]The winning driver of the event is the winning driver of the Main Race, but the award for the FIA GT World Cup for Manufacturers is presented to the manufacturer supplying the cars with a manufacturer entry with the highest number of points after addition of the points of its two best cars awarded according to the result of the Main Race.
Starting in 2017, there is an age limit for drivers; drivers may be no older than 59 years 364 days, as bronze-level drivers are prohibited from participation. (Under FIA driver grading rules, any driver over 60 is a bronze driver, regardless of his accomplishments).
In 2020 to 2022, the Macau GT Cups were not held by SRO as a part of FIA GT World Cup due to the local pandemic ofCOVID-19.FIA GT World Cup returned in 2023.
In 2018 theGreater Bay Area Lotus Cupwas added to the GP events. This was a single make race with all competitors driving aLotus Exige.The race was a joint promotion between Automobile General Association Macao-China (AAMC), Hong Kong Automobile Association (HKAA) and Zhuhai Motorsports Association. The drivers were from Hong Kong, Macau and mainland China.[14]
Except the Macau GT Cup, the Greater Bay Area GT Cup has been on the calendar since 2019, which replaced the Greater Bay Area Lotus Cup. The race includes talented GT drivers mainly from theGreater Bay Area.In 2023, it was separated as the GT3 and GT4 Cups.
- Held races (including title sponsors)
- 2008 – 2010: Macau GT Cup
- 2011: Windsor Arch Macau GT Cup
- 2012 – 2013: City of Dreams Macau GT Cup
- 2014: Macau GT Cup
- 2015 – 2019: SJM Macau GT Cup – FIA GT World Cup
- 2020: Macau GT Cup
- 2021: Sands China Macau GT Cup
- 2022: Galaxy Entertainment Macau GT Cup
- 2023: Macau GT Cup – FIA GT World Cup
| Year | Winning Driver | Winning Manufacturer | Car |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macau GT Cup | |||
| 2008 |  Darryl O'Young
|
not applicable | Porsche 997 GT3Cup |
| 2009 |  Keita Sawa
|
Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 | |
| 2010 | Keita Sawa
|
Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 | |
| 2011 |  Edoardo Mortara
|
Audi R8 LMS GT3 | |
| 2012 | Edoardo Mortara
|
Audi R8 LMS GT3 | |
| 2013 | Edoardo Mortara
|
Audi R8 LMS GT3 | |
| 2014 |  Maro Engel
|
Mercedes-Benz SLS AMGGT3 | |
| FIA GT World Cup | |||
| 2015 | Maro Engel
|
Mercedes-Benz
|
Mercedes-Benz SLS AMGGT3 |
| 2016 |  Laurens Vanthoor
|
Audi[15]
|
Audi R8 LMS |
| 2017 | Edoardo Mortara
|
Mercedes-Benz
|
Mercedes-AMG GT3 |
| 2018 |  Augusto Farfus
|
BMW
|
BMW M6 GT3 |
| 2019 | Raffaele Marciello
|
Mercedes-Benz
|
Mercedes-AMG GT3 |
| Macau GT Cup | |||
| 2020 |  Ye Hongli
|
not applicable | Mercedes-AMG GT3 |
| 2021 | Darryl O'Young
|
Mercedes-AMG GT3 | |
| 2022 | Maro Engel
|
Mercedes-AMG GT3 | |
| FIA GT World Cup | |||
| 2023 | Raffaele Marciello
|
Mercedes-Benz
|
Mercedes-AMG GT3 |
Source:[16]
| |||
Greater Bay Area GT Cup (2018–)
[edit]- Held races (including title sponsors)
- 2018: Suncity Group Greater Bay Area Lotus Cup
- 2019: Suncity Group Greater Bay Area GT Cup
- 2020: Greater Bay Area GT Cup
- 2021: MGM Greater Bay Area GT Cup
- 2022: Melco Greater Bay Area GT Cup
- 2023: Greater Bay Area GT Cup (GT3 & GT4)
Circuit
[edit]
The 3.8 miles (6.2 km)Guia Circuitfeatures a combination of fast straights and tight corners, with the circuit's minimum width being only seven metres. It is recognised as one of the most challenging circuits in the world.[17]The circuit had a Grade 2 (Restricted) FIA track license in October 2023.[18]
Major accidents
[edit] | It has been suggested that this section bemergedintoGuia Circuit.(Discuss)Proposed since April 2024. |
As of 2024, there has been a total of 17 deaths from accidents at or related to the circuit; in total, nine motorcyclists, five car drivers, one spectator, official and bystander each. Eight of those are from Hong Kong.[19]
1967:Arsenio Laurel:Killed when he lost control of hisLotus41 and hit the corner sea wall, now called Mandarin Bend. He was trapped in his Formula car and burned.[20]
1971: David Ma: whilst qualifying, he lost control of hisLotus 47under braking for the Statue Corner, striking into a lamp post. Ma was killed instantly. The wrecked remains of his car was dumped at sea on its return trip.[21][22]
1972: Chan Shui Fat: at the Guia Race, his Mini Cooper went out of control at more than 100 mph and left the road. Chan jumped out of the car before it crashed into a wall and burst into flames. He died from internal bleeding shortly after being admitted to hospital.[23][19]
1979: Tong Zheng Hui: at the ACP saloon car support race, Tong'sToyota Corolla coupeand Bobby ChungDatsun Sunnycollided with each other and caught fire at Excelsior Bend, killing Tong and hospitalizing the other with serious injuries. The third driver involved, Wong Weng Kwong, was critically injured after crashing into barrier at the same place immediately before collision.[19]
1974:Dieter Glemser:during practice for the Guia Race, he lost control of his Zakspeed Ford Escort RS 1600 when it suffered from a blowout. The car hit a sea wall, spun across the rain-soaked track and ploughed into the mostly unprotected crowd, consisting of several young spectators. One of them, an eight-year-old child, later died of his injuries and five children between six and ten received hospital treatment. The accident led Glemser, the 1971 Guia Race winner, to retire from racing months later.[24][19]
1998: At the Supercar Cup (the predecessor of GT World Cup), aFerrari 348caught fire due to an oil leak, this almost spread to the Ferrari ofAaron Kwok,causing him to park up and bail out. The driver parked the burning car in the pits with two firefighters trying to extinguish the fire. A Porsche 911T lost control spun out of control after hitting the oil slick, striking into two firemen and three track officials, before crashing into a barrier, destroying the car frontally. The fireman later died from his injuries.[19]
2000:Frans Verschuur: during the warm-up session for the Guia touring car race, his Renault Megane suffered a brake failure as he entered Lisboa. The car ploughed into several tyre barriers before hitting a parked car and then continued on before hitting a truck, killing a pedestrian (a tourist who was not part of the event), injuring three others and while Verschuur suffered back and leg injuries. The incident led to his team, Renault Dealer Team Holland, to pull out of the race as a mark of respect.[25]
2012:Philip Yau:In a WTCC-specChevrolet Cruzein theCTMTouring Car Cup invitational, a part failure led to the car making contact with the Turn 2 (Mandarin Oriental) wall at speeds over 200 km/h. The rescue team tried to put out the fire with the fire extinguisher. The driver was airlifted to the hospital, but died shortly afterwards.[19]
2018:Sophia Flörsch:Suffered a spinal fracture after her Formula 3 car became airborne after contact leading into Lisboa corner, flipping over the catch fencing and striking a photographers' bunker.[26][27]
Motorcycle fatalities:
- Shea Lun Tsang 1973[19]
- Lam Sai-Kwan 1977[19]
- Chan Wai Chi 1983[19]
- Zoe Maximo Rosario 1993[19]
- Tung Sai-Wing 1993[19]
- Katsuhiro Tottori 1994[19]
- Bruno Bonhuil 2005[19]
- Luis Carreira 2012[19]
- Daniel Hegarty 2017[19]
Controversy
[edit]To keep the Grand Prix or not
[edit]The society of Macau is developing rapidly. During every edition of the Grand Prix, traffic in the outer harbour area becomes severely disrupted. In 2007, politicianStanley Au Chong-kitpointed out that the Macau Grand Prix should be suspended as it wastes money and brings negative impacts to locals. Meanwhile, affairs commentatorTam Chi Keungsuggested to move the Grand Prix event toCotai.[28][29][30][31]Later, in 2020, former president of the Macau SAR Sports BureauManuel Silverioalso suggested to move the Macau Grand Prix to Cotai instead during an interview ofTDM Canal."It might be the appropriate time to use a new circuit. For instance, in Cotai, so that it can relieve a great amount of pressure for visitors and locals." This suggestion never happened as he wasn't the president of the bureau anymore.[32]
Holding the event under COVID-19 pandemic in 2020
[edit]Due to travel restrictions, foreign racers and riders were not able to attend the 67th edition of the Grand Prix, making the event downgraded to "Greater Bay Areaonly ". The Motorcycle Grand Prix was cancelled, and visitors to Macau were lower than expectations. However, the Macau SAR Government persisted in holding the Grand Prix using 250 million patacas which caused dissatisfaction among local people. The Macau SAR Secretary for Social Affairs and Culture and the president of the Macau Grand Prix Organising Committee (MGPOC)Ao Ieong Urefused to answer questions from local media.
The Macau SAR Sports Bureau issued a press release stating that holding the Macau Grand Prix doesn't only proves that the government is confident in pandemic prevention, and also the determination to promote post-epidemic economic recovery. Holding the Macau Grand Prix could show the demonstration of Macau's anti-epidemic results to the world, restoring tourists' confidence and intention to travel to Macau, and drive the tourism, hotel and catering industries. It also hoped to promote the recovery of the construction, transportation and automobile maintenance industries through the linkage effect of the Grand Prix, thus boosting the economy, creating jobs, increasing employment for citizens, and minimising the impact of the epidemic on society and people's livelihood. The Sports Bureau believed that holding the Macau Grand Prix is meaningful to Macau, therefore hoped the society and citizens to understand and fully support the event.[33]
Switching from F3 to FR as the Grand Prix event
[edit]In May 2024, theFIAannounced that from 2024 onwards, the Macau Grand Prix would featureFormula Regionalmachinery, replacing the FIA F3 World Cup.[34]The Macau Grand Prix Organising Committee (MGPOC) issued a statement regarding the change, saying that theFRcars would be more suitable for Macau and the Macau Grand Prix would continue being the only organiser of the aforementionedFIAWorld Cup.[35]F3racersGabriele Minì,who finished the2023 Macau Grand Prixin third,Laurens Van HoepenandNikita Bedrinexpressed their unimpressed opinion on the change.[36]MacaneseFormula 4racer Tiago Golovko Rodrigues also expressed his thoughts on the event. He pointed out that the switch would bring both positive and negative effects. For the positive, theFRWorld Cup would attract more and younger racers participating in the event.[37]On the other hand, the great tradition within motorsport and Macau is lost. "In theSAR,F3is one of the most prestigious races in the world and brings more interest thanFR.We will also probably never have a car as fast asF3racing here anymore. "said Rodrigues.[38]DoubleFormula 4Macau Grand Prix winnerCharles Leongshared the same opinion as the cost of participating inFormula Regionalis less than inFormula 3,and said that the FR World Cup would not be less competitive.[39]Moreover,André Coutoexpected that the competitiveness and level of excitement wouldn't be affected.[40]During an interview after a press conference of a sporting event in Macau, the principal of the Macau SAR Sports Bureau, Pun Weng Kun stated that the Sports Bureau disagreed on views saying that the FR World Cup would lower the influence of the Macau Grand Prix and the new competition would attract more international drivers.[41][42]
See also
[edit]- Guia Circuit
- Grand Prix Museum,opened during the 40th Macau Grand Prix in 1993
- World Touring Car Championship
References
[edit]
- ^Chan, Pedro (19 November 2016)."Hickman wins Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix".www.atimes.com.Retrieved21 November2016.
- ^Takuma Sato's demonstration of a hot lap around the Guia Circuit, Macau Grand Prix Committee official websiteArchived2006-11-01 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Fernando Macedo Pinto, one of the founders of the Macau Grand Prix"(in Portuguese). Blog Macau Antigo.Retrieved2010-10-20.
- ^Smith, Roy (2010).Alpine & Renault: The Sports Prototypes, Volume 1, 1963–1969.Veloce Publishing Limited. pp. 108–110.ISBN978-1-84584-191-1.
- ^Smith, Roy (2010).Alpine & Renault: The Sports Prototypes, Volume 1, 1963–1969.Dorchester, Dorset, England: Veloce Publishing Limited. p. 108.ISBN978-1-84584-191-1.
- ^Lerner, Preston (25 November 2021)."Bob Earl: America's only Macau Grand Prix winner".Motor Sport magazine.Retrieved25 November2021.
- ^"HISTORY of MACAU GP｜YOKOHAMA TIRE｜59th. MACAU GRANDPRIX [30th. Official Tyres supplier of MACAU F3]".
- ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Hakkinen Vs Schumacher Macau Grand Prix 1990".YouTube.
- ^Macao Gladiators,facts about the movie.
- ^Alladin, Unus (8 November 2020)."Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix cancelled as pandemic bites hard on showpiece two-wheel race".South China Morning Post.Retrieved23 June2023.
- ^Barstow, Ollie (29 October 2021)."Macau Grand Prix Motorcycle Race Left Off 2021 Schedule Again".Visordown.Retrieved23 June2023.
- ^"Motorcycle Grand Prix Winners".Macau Grand Prix Committee. pp.2,3,4,5,6,7.Retrieved23 June2023.
- ^"GT World Cup in Macau confirmed".Motorsport.com.Smith, Sam. March 21, 2015.RetrievedNovember 22,2015.
- ^Marques, Renato (14 November 2018)."Preview | Greater Bay Area Lotus Cup to make GP debut".Macau Daily Times.
- ^"FIA GT World Cup won by driver on his roof".20 November 2016.
- ^"Macau GT Cup Winners".Macau Grand Prix Committee. pp.2,3.Retrieved23 June2023.
- ^"Lewis Hamilton column: Racing has become more strategic".BBC Sport.
- ^"LIST OF FIA LICENSED CIRCUITS UPDATED ON: 2023-10-22"(PDF).FIA.22 October 2023.Retrieved24 October2023.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^abcdefghijklmno"Úc môn tái xa 50 niên 16 danh xa thủ tang mệnh cảng tương chiêm bán sổ".on.cc đông võng(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 18 November 2017.Retrieved2021-03-21.
- ^"The racing legends".The Manila Times.18 August 2019.Retrieved2020-06-29.
- ^"Motorsport Memorial -".
- ^"Hong Kong Driver Killed".The New York Times.1971-11-20.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2021-03-21.
- ^"Motorsport Memorial -".
- ^"Motorsport Memorial -".
- ^"Tourist killed in Macau race warm-up".2000-11-19.Retrieved2021-03-21.
- ^"Sophia Floersch fractures spine after airborne crash in Formula 3".The Guardian.Reuters. 2018-11-18.Retrieved2021-03-21.
- ^"Macau Grand Prix 2018– F3 accident (Sophia Flörsch)".YouTube.Very Nice Peanuts.Retrieved22 June2022.
- ^Phong hỏa đài 2007-11-22 (Part 1 of 4),retrieved2023-12-24
- ^Phong hỏa đài 2007-11-22 (Part 2 of 4),retrieved2023-12-24
- ^Phong hỏa đài 2007-11-22 (Part 3 of 4),retrieved2023-12-24
- ^Phong hỏa đài 2007-11-22 (Part 4 of 4),retrieved2023-12-24
- ^"Suggestion to move the GP to Cotai".www.facebook.com.Retrieved2023-12-24.
- ^"2.5 ức đại tái xa dịch hạ kiên trì cử bạn nhạ tranh nghị thể dục cục: Ý nghĩa trọng đại ký xã hội lý giải chi trì ｜ luận tẫn môi thể AAMacau".aamacau.com.Retrieved2023-12-24.
- ^"Formula Regional machinery set for ultimate challenge in Macau FIA FR World Cup".Federation Internationale de l'Automobile.2024-05-22.Retrieved2024-06-03.
- ^"Latest Activity | Macau Grand Prix".www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo.Retrieved2024-06-03.
- ^"F3 drivers unimpressed by controversial Macau GP Formula Regional switch".
- ^"TDM".www.tdm.com.mo.Retrieved2024-06-03.
- ^Dias, Erico (2024-06-07)."'I am confident in my ability' says Formula driver Tiago Rodrigues ".Macao News.Retrieved2024-06-07.
- ^"TDM".www.tdm.com.mo.Retrieved2024-06-04.
- ^"TDM".www.tdm.com.mo.Retrieved2024-06-03.
- ^"Úc môn nhật báo".appimg.modaily.cn.Retrieved2024-06-03.
- ^"TDM".www.tdm.com.mo.Retrieved2024-06-04.
Notes
[edit]