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Mackerel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the species of fish. For its use as food, seeMackerel as food.
For other uses, seeMackerel (disambiguation).
Mackerel
Some species of mackerelmigrateinschoolsfor long distances along the coast and other species cross oceans
Global commercial capture of mackerel in millions of tonnes
reported by theFAO1950–2009[1]
This article is part of a series on
Commercial fish
Large predatory
Forage
Demersal
Mixed

Mackerelis a common name applied to a number of different species ofpelagic fish,mostly from the familyScombridae.They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "tiger-like "stripes on their backs with aniridescentgreen-blue quality.[2][3]Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations orfish stocksbased on geography. Some stocksmigratein largeschoolsalong the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area ofupwelling.From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans.

Smaller mackerel areforage fishfor larger predators, including larger mackerel andAtlantic cod.[4]Flocks of seabirds, whales, dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such astunaandmarlinfollow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high inomega-3 oilsand is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen.[1]Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of theking mackerel.[5]

Species

[edit]

Over 30 different species, principally belonging to the familyScombridae,are commonly referred to as mackerel. The term "mackerel" is derived fromOld Frenchand may have originally meant either "marked, spotted" or "pimp, procurer". The latter connection is not altogether clear, but mackerelspawnenthusiastically in shoals near the coast, and medieval ideas on animal procreation were creative.[6]

Scombroid mackerels

[edit]

About 21 species in the family Scombridae are commonly called mackerel. Thetype speciesfor the scombroid mackerel is theAtlantic mackerel,Scomber scombrus.Until recently,Atlantic chub mackereland Indo-Pacificchub mackerelwere thought to be subspecies of the same species. In 1999, Collette established, on molecular and morphological considerations, that these are separate species.[7]Mackerel are smaller with shorter lifecycles than their close relatives, thetuna,which are also members of the same family.[8][9]

Scombrini, the true mackerels

[edit]

The true mackerels belong to thetribeScombrini.[10]The tribe consists of seven species, each belonging to one of twogenera:ScomberorRastrelliger.[11][12]

True Mackerels (tribeScombrini)
Common name Scientific name Maximum
length 		Common
length 		Maximum
weight 		Maximum
age 		Trophic
level 		FishBase FAO IUCN status
Short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma
(Bleeker, 1851) 		34.5 cm (13.6 in) 20 cm (7.9 in) 2.72 [13] [14] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[15]
Island mackerel R. faughni
(Matsui, 1967) 		20 cm (7.9 in) 0.75 kg (1.7 lb) 3.4 [16] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[17]
Indian mackerel R. kanagurta
(Cuvier, 1816) 		35 cm (14 in) 25 cm (9.8 in) 4 years 3.19 [18] [19] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[20]
Blue mackerel Scomber australasicus
(Cuvier, 1832) 		44 cm (17 in) 30 cm (12 in) 1.36 kg (3.0 lb) 4.2 [21] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[22]
Atlantic chub mackerel S. colias
(Gmelin, 1789) 		3.91 [23] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[24]
Chub mackerel S. japonicus
(Houttuyn, 1782) 		64 cm (25 in) 30 cm (12 in) 2.9 kg (6.4 lb) 18 years 3.09 [25] [26] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[27]
Atlantic mackerel S. scombrus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		66 cm (26 in) 30 cm (12 in) 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) 12 years west
18 years east 		3.65 [28] [29] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[7]

Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels

[edit]

TheSpanish mackerelsbelong to the tribeScomberomorini,which is the "cousin tribe" of the true mackerels.[30]This tribe consists of 21 species in all—18 of those are classified into the genusScomberomorus,[31]two intoGrammatorcynus,[32]and a single species into themonotypicgenusAcanthocybium.[33]

Spanish Mackerels (tribeScomberomorini)
Common name Scientific name Maximum
length 		Common
length 		Maximum
weight 		Maximum
age 		Trophic
level 		FishBase FAO IUCN status
Wahoo Acanthocybium solandri
(Cuvierin Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) 		250 cm 170 cm 83 kg years 4.4 [34] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[35]
Shark mackerel Grammatorcynus bicarinatus
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 		112 cm cm 13.5 kg years 4.5 [36] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[37]
Double-lined mackerel G. bilineatus
(Rüppell, 1836) 		100 cm 50 cm 3.5 kg years 4.18 [38] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[39]
Serra Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus brasiliensis
(Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978) 		cm cm kg years 3.31 [40] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[41]
King mackerel S. cavalla
(Cuvier, 1829) 		184 cm 70 cm 45 kg 14 years 4.5 [42] [43] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[44]
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel S. commerson
(Lacepède, 1800) 		240 cm 120 cm 70 kg years 4.5 [45] [46] NT IUCN 3 1.svgNear threatened[47]
Monterey Spanish mackerel S. concolor
(Lockington, 1879) 		cm cm kg years 4.24 [48] VU IUCN 3 1.svgVulnerable[49]
Indo-Pacific king mackerel S. guttatus
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 		76 cm 55 cm kg years 4.28 [50] [51] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[52]
Korean mackerel S. koreanus
(Kishinouye, 1915) 		150 cm 60 cm 15 kg years 4.2 [53] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[54]
Streaked Spanish mackerel S. lineolatus
(Cuvier, 1829) 		80 cm 70 cm kg years 4.5 [55] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[56]
Atlantic Spanish mackerel S. maculatus
(Mitchill, 1815) 		91 cm cm 5.89 kg 5 years 4.5 [57] [58] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[59]
Papuan Spanish mackerel S. multiradiatus
Munro, 1964 		35 cm cm 0.5 kg years 4.0 [60] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[61]
Australian spotted mackerel S. munroi
(Collette & Russo, 1980) 		104 cm cm 10.2 kg years 4.3 [62] NT IUCN 3 1.svgNear threatened[63]
Japanese Spanish mackerel S. niphonius
(Cuvier, 1832) 		100 cm cm 7.1 kg years 4.5 [64] [65] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[66]
Queen mackerel S. plurilineatus
Fourmanoir, 1966 		120 cm cm 12.5 kg years 4.2 [67] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[68]
Queensland school mackerel S. queenslandicus
(Munro, 1943) 		100 cm 80 cm 12.2 kg years 4.5 [69] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[70]
Cero mackerel S. regalis
(Bloch, 1793) 		183 cm cm 7.8 kg years 4.5 [71] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[72]
Broadbarred king mackerel S. semifasciatus
(Macleay, 1883) 		120 cm cm kg 10 years 4.5 [73] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[74]
Pacific sierra S. sierra
(Cuvier, 1832) 		99 cm 60 cm 8.2 kg years 4.5 [75] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[76]
Chinese mackerel S. sinensis
(Cuvier, 1832) 		247 cm 100 cm kg years 4.5 [77] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[76]
West African Spanish mackerel S. tritor
(Cuvier, 1832) 		cm cm kg years 4.26 [78] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[76]

Other mackerel

[edit]

In addition, a number of species with mackerel-like characteristics in the familiesCarangidae,HexagrammidaeandGempylidaeare commonly referred to as mackerel. Some confusion had occurred between thePacific jack mackerel(Trachurus symmetricus) and the heavily harvestedChilean jack mackerel(T. murphyi). These have been thought at times to be the same species, but are now recognised as separate species.[79]

Other mackerel species
Family Common name Scientific name Maximum
length 		Common
length 		Maximum
weight 		Maximum
age 		Trophic
level 		FishBase FAO IUCN status
Scombridae
Gasterochisma 		Butterfly mackerel Gasterochisma melampusRichardson,1845 175 cm 153 cm kg years 4.4 [80] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[81]
Carangidae
Jack mackerel 		Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus(Linnaeus, 1758) 70 cm 22 cm 2.0 kg years 3.64 [82] [83] Not assessed
Blue jack mackerel T. picturatus(Bowdich, 1825) 60 cm 25 cm kg years 3.32 [84] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[85]
Cape horse mackerel T. capensis(Castelnau, 1861) 60 cm 30 cm kg years 3.47 [86] [87] Not assessed[88]
Chilean jack mackerel T. murphyi(Nichols, 1920) 70 cm 45 cm kg 16 years 3.49 [89] [90] DD IUCN 3 1.svgData deficient[85]
Cunene horse mackerel T. trecae(Cadenat, 1950) 35 cm cm 2.0 kg years 3.49 [91] [92] Not assessed
Greenback horse mackerel T. declivis(Jenyns, 1841) 64 cm 42 cm kg 25 years 3.93 [93] [94] Not assessed[95]
Japanese horse mackerel T. japonicus(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) 50 cm 35 cm 0.66 kg 12 years 3.4 [96] [97] Not assessed
Mediterranean horse mackerel T. mediterraneus(Steindachner, 1868) 60 cm 30 cm kg years 3.59 [98] [99] Not assessed
Pacific jack mackerel T. symmetricus(Ayres, 1855) 81 cm 55 cm kg 30 years 3.56 [100] LC IUCN 3 1.svgLeast concern[101]
Yellowtail horse mackerel T. novaezelandiae(Richardson, 1843) 50 cm 35 cm kg 25 years 4.5 [102] Not assessed
Gempylidae
Snake mackerel 		Black snake mackerel Nealotus tripes(Johnson, 1865) 25 cm 15 cm kg years 4.2 [103] Not assessed
Blacksail snake mackerel Thyrsitoides marleyi(Fowler, 1929) 200 cm 100 cm kg years 4.19 [104] Not assessed
Snake mackerel Gempylus serpens(Cuvier, 1829) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.35 [105] Not assessed
Violet snake mackerel Nesiarchus nasutus(Johnson, 1862) 130 cm 80 cm kg years 4.33 [106] Not assessed
*White snake mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides(Cuvier, 1832) 40 cm 25 cm kg years 3.86 [107] Not assessed
Hexagrammidae Okhotsk atka mackerel Pleurogrammus azonus(Jordan & Metz, 1913) 62 cm cm 1.6 kg 12 years 3.58 [108] [109] Not assessed
Atka mackerel P. monopterygius(Pallas, 1810) 56.5 cm cm 2.0 kg 14 years 3.33 [110] Not assessed
Still life with mackerel, lemon and tomato,Van Gogh,1886

The term "mackerel" is also used as a modifier in the common names of other fish, sometimes indicating the fish has vertical stripes similar to a scombroid mackerel:

By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as themackerel tabby cat,[111]and to inanimate objects such as thealtocumulus mackerel skycloud formation.[112][113]

Characteristics

[edit]
Like other scombroids, mackerel such as thisAtlantic mackerelare superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer thantuna.[114][115]

Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includestunaandbonito.Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Theirscales,if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, their bodies are cylindrical with numerousfinletson thedorsalandventralsides behind thedorsalandanal fins,but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.[114]

Thetype speciesfor scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel,Scomber scombrus.These fish areiridescentblue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.[28][116][failed verification]

The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background.[117]However, fish have anoptokinetic reflexin theirvisual systemsthat can be sensitive to moving stripes.[118]For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position.[117][119]

Mackerel, such as thesePacific jack mackerel,usually have vertical stripes on their sides which provide "schooling marks", visual clues that help them stay in formation as theyschool.[117]

A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998,E J Dentonand D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."[120]

Mackerel range in size from smallforage fishto largergame fish.Coastal mackerel tend to be small.[121]The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish arecold-blooded,but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures.Endothermicbony fishesare all in the suborderScombroideiand include thebutterfly mackerel,a species of primitive mackerel.[122]

Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec,[123][124]while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec.[114]

Distribution

[edit]
King mackerelscruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour.[125][126]

Most mackerel species have restricted distribution ranges.[114]

Some mackerel species migrate vertically. Adultsnake mackerelconduct adiel vertical migration,staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.[127]

Lifecycle

[edit]
Gannetsand other seabirds fuel themselves with mackerel

Mackerel are prolificbroadcast spawners,and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.[114]Theireggsandlarvaearepelagic,that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed onzooplankton.As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such ascopepods,forage fish,shrimp,andsquid.In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna,billfish,sea lions,sharks,andpelicans.[26][43][128]

Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel.[129]Bryde's whalesfeed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, includingskimming the surface,lunging,andbubble nets.[130]

Fisheries

[edit]
Global capture of mackerel in tonnes reported by theFAO1950–2009
↑ Scombroid mackerels[1]
↑ Non-scombroid mackerels[1]
Main commercial species
Thechub mackerelis the most intensively fished mackerel in the scombroid family.
Chilean jack mackerel have been overfished and the population may be in danger of collapsing. Here an entireschoolof about 400 tons is encircled by a purse seiner.
A fresh catch from an African beach

Chub mackerel,Scomber japonicus,are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.[1]As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught withdrift netsand suitabletrawls,but are most usually caught withsurround netsat night by attracting them with lampara lamps.[131]

The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. Just these two species (Chub mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) account for about 75% of the total catch of scombroid mackerels.[1]

Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished nonscombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel.[1][90]The species has beenoverfished,and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.[132][133]

Smaller mackerel behave likeherrings,and are captured in similar ways.[134]Fish species like these, whichschoolnear the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.[135][136]

Suitably designedtrollerscan also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels.[137]Fish aggregating devicesare also used to target mackerel.[138]

Management

[edit]

TheNorth Seahas been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.[139]

The Southeast US region spans theGulf of Mexico,theCaribbean Sea,and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing ofkingandSpanish mackereloccurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers.Gillnetswere banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had bounced back.[140]

As food

[edit]
Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store
Three freshly caught and gutted Mackerel from Mount's Bay in Cornwall
Main article:Mackerel as food

Mackerel is an importantfood fishthat is consumed worldwide.[141]As anoily fish,it is a rich source ofomega-3 fatty acids.[142]The flesh of mackerel spoils quickly, especially in the tropics, and can causescombroid food poisoning.Accordingly, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated orcured.[143]

Mackerel preservation is not simple. Before the 19th-century development of canning and the widespread availability of refrigeration, salting and smoking were the principal preservation methods available.[144]Historically in England, this fish was not preserved, but was consumed only in its fresh form. However, spoilage was common, leading the authors ofThe Cambridge Economic History of Europeto remark: "There are more references to stinking mackerel in English literature than to any other fish!"[134]In France, mackerel was traditionally pickled with large amounts of salt, which allowed it to be sold widely across the country.[134]

For many years mackerel was regarded as 'unclean' in the UK and other places due to folklore which suggested that the fish fed on the corpses of dead sailors.[145]A 1976 survey of housewives in Britain undertaken by theWhite Fish Authorityindicated a reluctance to departing from buying the traditional staples of cod, haddock or salmon. Less than 10% of the survey's 1,931 respondents had ever bought mackerel, and only 3% did so regularly. As a result of this trend, many UKfishmongersduring the 1970s did not display or even stock mackerel.[145]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgBased on data sourced from the relevantFAO Species Fact Sheets
  2. ^"Mackerel. Scientific name: Scomber scombrus".The Wildlife Trusts.Retrieved2 August2022.
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Further reading

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[edit]
Look upmackerelin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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