Magnoliaceae

Magnoliaceae; Temporal range:Cenomanian- recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Magnolia virginiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Magnoliaceae; Juss.
Genera
	Magnolia(> 200 species); Liriodendron(2 species);

TheMagnoliaceae(/mæɡˌnoʊliˈeɪsii/) are aflowering plantfamily, themagnolia family,in theorder Magnoliales.It consists of twogenera:MagnoliaandLiriodendron(tulip trees).

Unlike mostangiosperms,whoseflowerparts are inwhorls(rings), the Magnoliaceae have theirstamensandpistilsin spirals on a conicalreceptacle.^[3]This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be abasalor early condition for angiosperms. The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated intosepalsandpetals,while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals. The poorly differentiatedperianthparts that occupy both positions are known astepals.

The family has about 219 species and ranges acrosssubtropicaleasternNorth America,MexicoandCentral America,theWest Indies,tropicalSouth America,southern and easternIndia,Sri Lanka,Indochina,Malesia,China,Japan,andKorea.

Genera

The number of genera in Magnoliaceae is a subject of debate. Up to 17 have been recognized, includingAlcimandra,Lirianthe,Manglietia,Michelia,Pachylarnax,Parakmeria,TalaumaandYulania.^[4]However, many recent studies have opted to merge all genera within subfamily Magnolioideae into the genusMagnolia.^[5]Thus, Magnoliaceae would include only two extant genera,MagnoliaandLiriodendron.^{[citation needed]}

Description

Themonophylyof Magnoliaceae is supported by a number of shared morphological characters among the various genera in the family. Most have bisexual flowers (with the exception ofKmeriaand some species ofMagnoliasectionGynopodium), showy, fragrant, radial, and with an elongated receptacle. Leaves are alternate, simple, and sometimes lobed. Theinflorescenceis a solitary, showy flower with indistinguishable petals and sepals.Sepalsrange from six to many;stamensare numerous and feature shortfilamentswhich are poorly differentiated from theanthers.Carpelsare usually numerous, distinct, and on an elongatedreceptacleor torus.^[3]Thefruitis an etaerio of follicles which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along the abaxial surface. Seeds have a fleshy coat,aril,and color that ranges from red to orange (exceptLiriodendron). Magnoliaceae flowers arebeetlepollinated, except forLiriodendron,which isbeepollinated. The carpels ofMagnoliaflowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land, crawl, and feast on them. The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird-dispersed, while the seeds ofLiriodendronare wind-dispersed.^{[citation needed]}

Biogeography

Due to its great age, the geographical distribution of the Magnoliaceae has becomedisjunctor fragmented as a result of major geologic events such asice ages,continental drift,andmountain formation.This distribution pattern has isolated some species, while keeping others in close contact. Extant species of the Magnoliaceae are widely distributed in temperate and tropical Asia from theHimalayasto Japan and southwest throughMalaysiaandNew Guinea.Asia is home to about two-thirds of the species in Magnoliaceae, with the remainder of the family spread across the Americas with temperate species extending into southernCanadaand tropical elements extending intoBraziland the West Indies.^{[citation needed]}

Systematics

Foundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research (18th-19th century)

The earliest botanical description of the Magnoliaceae as a family is in Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu'sGenera Plantarum,which describes eight genera included within the family (Euryandra,Drymis,Illicium,Michelia,Magnolia,Talauma, Liriodendrum,andMayna) as well as four genera closely related to the family (Dillenia,Curatella,Ochna,andQuassia).^[6]Bentham and Hooker'sGenera Plantarum,almost a century later, sorts the family's genera into three tribes: the Wintereae, including the generaDrimysandIllicium,the Magnolieae, including the generaTalauma, Magnolia, Manglieta, Michelia,andLiriodendron,and the Schizandreae, including the generaSchizandraandKadsura.^[7]In his following workAdansonia,Baillon recognizes Bentham and Hooker's changes and additions but proposes an alternative taxonomy where he sets aside theTulipiergenus and include all remaining genera under one Magnolieae tribe.^[8]From this basic separation, scholars have continued to debate the systematics of the family.

Modern Systematics Research (20th-21st century)

Dandy's taxonomic proposal in 1927 sets aside the genusLiriodendronas a part of the subfamily Liriodendreae and includes Bentham and Hooker's four genera in addition to four more (Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Alcimandra,andElmerrillia) within the Magnolieae tribe.^[9]Dandy's model with eleven genera was widely accepted until molecular evidence brought it into question (Figlar, 2019).^[10]Qiu et al. analyzed molecular data in 1995 to investigate the divergences within and between East Asian and East North American species ofMagnolia,presenting molecular evidence which shows that Dandy's sectionRytidospermumis not monophyletic.^[11]Azuma et al. employ both molecular phylogeny and parsimonious mapping of the chemistry of floral scents in 1999 to propose a phylogenetic tree where, unlike Dandy's taxonomy, they includeMicheliaspecies within theMagnoliagenus as a sister group to the subgenusYulaniaand also find that the sectionRytidospermumis not monophyletic, placing some of its members in a clade with the sectionOyama.^[12]

The most recent research on the family continues the debate over the genera of the family. Wang et al.'s study analyzes complete chloroplast genome sequences of 86 species in the Magnoliaceae and supports a phylogeny with fifteen major clades, two subfamilies, two genera, and fifteen sections, maintainingMagnolia's classification as one monophyletic genus.^[13]Dong et al. also placeMagnoliaas the sole genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae made up of fifteen sections.^[14]However, Yang et al. and Zhao et al. work with phylogenies of the Magnoliaceae that recognize several genera in the Magnolioideae.^[15]^[16]

Consensus and Debates Today

Although phylogenetic trees of the Magnoliaceae still include anywhere from 2 to 17 genera, the broad generic concept (where one genus,Magnolia,is in the Magnolioideae) is largely accepted as a practical construction upheld by molecular and morphological evidence.^[13]Even as debates over rank persist, monophyletic groups are largely established with opportunities for further research into endangered and extinct species. The family's place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life.^{[citation needed]}

The development ofDNAsequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family. The employment ofndhF and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within the Magnoliaceae. For example, the generaMagnoliaandMicheliawere shown to beparaphyleticwhen the remaining four genera of the Magnolioideae are split out. In fact, even many of the subgenera (Magnoliasubg.Magnolia,Magnoliasubg.Talauma) have been found to be paraphyletic. Although no completely resolvedphylogenyfor the family has yet been determined, these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages.^[17]

Economic significance

As a whole, the Magnoliaceae are not an economically significant family. With the exception of ornamental cultivation, the economic significance of magnolias is generally confined to the use of wood from certain timber species and the use of bark and flowers from several species believed to possess medicinal qualities. The wood of the American tuliptree,Liriodendron tulipiferaand the wood of the cucumbertree magnolia,Magnolia acuminata,and, to a lesser degree, that of the Frasier magnolia,Magnolia fraseri,are harvested and marketed collectively as "yellow poplar." This is a lightweight and exceptionally fine-grained wood, lending itself to precision woodworking for purposes such aspipe organbuilding.^{[citation needed]}

Magnolias have a rich cultural tradition in China, where references to their healing qualities go back thousands of years. The Chinese have long used the bark ofMagnolia officinalis,a magnolia native to the mountains of China with large leaves and fragrant white flowers, as a remedy for cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and indigestion. Certain magnolia flowers, such as the buds ofMagnolia liliiflora,have been used to treat chronic respiratory and sinus infections and lung congestion. Recently, magnolia bark has become incorporated into alternative medicine in the west, where tablets made from the bark ofM. officinalishave been marketed as an aid for anxiety, allergies, asthma, and weight loss. Compounds found in magnolia bark might have antibacterial and antifungal properties, but no large-scale study on the health effects of magnolia bark or flowers has yet been conducted.^{[citation needed]}

References

^"Magnoliales".www.mobot.org.Retrieved2023-06-18.
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161(2): 105–121.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.hdl:10654/18083.
^^a ^bZomlefer, Wndy B. (1994).Guide to Flowering Plant Families.The University of North Carolina Press. pp.430.ISBN 978-0-8078-4470-0.
^"Magnoliaceae in Flora of China @ efloras.org".www.efloras.org.Retrieved2018-02-23.
^Figlar, Richard B. (June 2012)."Magnolia Classification Information".www.magnoliasociety.org.Retrieved2018-02-23.
^Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789).Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera plantarum:secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV.Parisiis: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.284.
^Bentham, George; Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1862).Genera plantarum:ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita.Londini: A. Black.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.747.
^Baillon, H (1866).Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques.Paris, France: H. Baillon and F. Savy.
^Dandy, J. E. (1927)."The Genera of Magnolieae".Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew).1927(7): 257–264.doi:10.2307/4107601.ISSN 0366-4457.JSTOR 4107601.
^"Magnolia Classification Information".www.magnoliasociety.org.Retrieved2024-01-04.
^Qiu, Yin-Long; Parks, Clifford R.; Chase, Mark W. (December 1995)."Molecular divergence in the eastern Asia– eastern North America disjunct sectionRytidospermumofMagnolia(Magnoliaceae) ".American Journal of Botany.82(12): 1589–1598.doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x.ISSN 0002-9122.
^Azuma, Hiroshi; Thien, Leonard B; Kawano, Shoichi (September 1999)."Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents".Journal of Plant Research.112(3): 291–306.Bibcode:1999JPlR..112..291A.doi:10.1007/pl00013885.ISSN 0918-9440.S2CID 206862607.
^^a ^bWang, Yu-Bing; Liu, Bin-Bin; Nie, Ze-Long; Chen, Hong-Feng; Chen, Fa-Ju; Figlar, Richard B.; Wen, Jun (2020-05-25)."Major clades and a revised classification ofMagnoliaand Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming ".Journal of Systematics and Evolution.58(5): 673–695.doi:10.1111/jse.12588.ISSN 1674-4918.
^Dong, Shan-Shan; Wang, Ya-Ling; Xia, Nian-He; Liu, Yang; Liu, Min; Lian, Lian; Li, Na; Li, Ling-Fei; Lang, Xiao-An; Gong, Yi-Qing; Chen, Lu; Wu, Ernest; Zhang, Shou-Zhou (2021-04-08)."Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications ofMagnolias.l. (Magnoliaceae) ".Journal of Systematics and Evolution.60(1): 1–15.doi:10.1111/jse.12727.ISSN 1674-4918.S2CID 234277919.
^Yang, Lin; Tian, Jinhong; Xu, Liu; Zhao, Xueli; Song, Yuyang; Wang, Dawei (2022-08-28)."Comparative Chloroplast Genomes of Six Magnoliaceae Species Provide New Insights into Intergeneric Relationships and Phylogeny".Biology.11(9): 1279.doi:10.3390/biology11091279.ISSN 2079-7737.PMC9495354.PMID 36138758.
^Zhao, Jianyun; Chen, Hu; Li, Gaiping; Jumaturti, Maimaiti Aisha; Yao, Xiaomin; Hu, Ying (2023-11-16)."Phylogenetics Study to Compare Chloroplast Genomes in Four Magnoliaceae Species".Current Issues in Molecular Biology.45(11): 9234–9251.doi:10.3390/cimb45110578.ISSN 1467-3045.PMC10670740.PMID 37998755.
^Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions".American Journal of Botany.88(12): 2275–2285.doi:10.2307/3558389.JSTOR 3558389.PMID 21669660.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Hunt, D. (ed). 1998.Magnolias and their allies.International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society.ISBN 0-9517234-8-0