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Magyar tribes

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The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled

TheMagyarorHungarian tribes(/ˈmæɡjɑːr/MAG-yar,Hungarian:magyar törzsek) orHungarian clanswere the fundamental political units within whose framework theHungarians(Magyars) lived, before theHungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basinand the subsequent establishment of thePrincipality of Hungary.[1][2]

Etymology[edit]

See also:Name of Hungary

The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th century chronicle,Gesta Hungarorum,the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian:'hét magyar'- Seven Magyars) ("VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur","seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[3]), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, calledMegyer.The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.[4][5][6]Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before theconquest of the Carpathian Basinwhen they still lived on thePontic-Caspian Steppe(in 837 "Ungri" mentioned byGeorgius Monachus,in 862 "Ungri" byAnnales Bertiniani,in 881 "Ungari" by theAnnales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms.

History[edit]

Main article:Hungarian prehistory
The Blood oathinEtelköz.

According toAndrás Róna-Tasthe locality in which the Hungarians, theManicha-Ergroup, emerged was between theVolgariver and theUral Mountains.[7]Others propose a region of origin which extends toWestern Siberia.[8][9][10]Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-Hungarian languagebegan.[7]

According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of theScytho-Siberiansocieties in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of theMezhovskaya cultureterritory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in thesteppe zoneduring theBronze Agetogether with theMansis.During theIron Age,the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with theSarmatians.Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with theHuns,this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors.[11]

Around 830 AD,[12][13]whenÁlmos,the futureGrand Prince of the Hungarians,was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (Jenő,Kér,Keszi,Kürt-Gyarmat,Megyer[hu],NyékandTarján)[14]formed a confederation[12]in Etelköz,[13] called"Hétmagyar"( "Seven Magyars" ). Their leaders, theSeven chieftains of the Magyars,besides Álmos, includedElőd,Ond,Kond,Tas,Hubaand Töhötöm, who took ablood oath,swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.[15]Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108clans.[16]

Before 881 AD threeTurkictribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars, but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined theHétmagyarconfederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, calledKabar,and later they played the roles ofvanguardandrear guardduring the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created theOn-ogur(Ten Arrows).[14]

Tribes[edit]

Hungarian chroniclers of the 13th century spoke ofMagna Hungaria(= modernBashkortostan) and reported that speakers of Hungarian were located there. It is theorized that the Magyars and Bashkirs had close contacts before the latter's migration west. There are many parallels that can be drawn between old Hungarian and Bashkir tribes.[17]Most of these names do not have such similarities in Central or Inner Asia, i.e. they may be a unique product of a local symbiosis.[18]NeméthandPeter B. Goldenhave compared the following names:

Hungarian Bashkir Constantine Porphyrogenitus
Nyék Negmen (tribal name) Νέκη
Gyarmat Yurmatı (tribal name) Κουρτουγερμάτου
Jenő Yeney (tribal name) Γενάχ
Keszi Kese (branch name) Καση
Gyula (title) Yulaman (clan name) Γυλᾶς
Tarján Tarxany (tribal name) Ταριάνου
Megyer/ Mišer-Yurmatı (of the Yurmatı) Μεγέρη
Magyar Možeriane, Možarka, etc., (ethnonym, toponym etc.)

Social organization[edit]

The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.[19]

Genetics[edit]

Magyars comprised seven clans and later three more clans made ofKabarpeople. Recent genetic research have shown that the first-generation Magyar core gene pool originated inCentral Asia/South Siberiaand, as Magyars were moving westward, admixing with additional strata of people ofEuropeanorigin, and people of theCaucasus.Burial samples of the Karos-Eperjesszög Magyars place them genetically closest toTurkic peoples,modernsouth Caucasian peoples,and modern Western Europeans to a limited degree, while no specific Finno-Ugric markers were found.[20]However, a 2008 study done on 10th-century Magyar skeletons did indeed find a few Uralic samples.[21]

See also[edit]

Sources[edit]

  • Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század),főszerkesztő: Kristó, Gyula, szerkesztők: Engel, Pál és Makk, Ferenc (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1994)
  • Kristó, Gyula:A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig)(Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár, Szeged, 1993)
  • Magyarország Történeti Kronológiája I. – A kezdetektől 1526-ig,főszerkesztő: Benda Kálmán (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1981)
  • Makkai, László (2001).Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526),In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001,ISBN0880334797

References[edit]

  1. ^George H. Hodos,The East-Central European region: an historical outline,Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
  2. ^S. Wise Bauer,The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade,W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586
  3. ^Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti,Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63,Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99
  4. ^György Balázs, Károly Szelényi,The Magyars: the birth of a European nation,Corvina, 1989, p. 8
  5. ^Alan W. Ertl,Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration,Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358
  6. ^Z. J. Kosztolnyik,Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063,Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3
  7. ^abAndrás Róna-Tas,Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history,Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319
  8. ^Zemplényi, Lili (2023-07-08)."The Khanty and the Mansi, the Closest Linguistic Relatives of the Hungarians | Hungarian Conservative".www.hungarianconservative.com.Retrieved2024-02-10.
  9. ^"A magyarság nyugat-szibériai gyökerei nyomában".www.btk.elte.hu(in Hungarian).Retrieved2024-02-10.
  10. ^"Hungarian | History, Culture & Language | Britannica".www.britannica.com.2024-01-31.Retrieved2024-02-10.
  11. ^Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár; Maár, Kitti; Varga, Gergely I.B.; Kovács, Bence; Kalmár, Tibor; Nyerki, Emil; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Tihanyi, Balázs; Marcsik, Antónia; Pálfi, György; Bernert, Zsolt; Gallina, Zsolt; Horváth, Ciprián; Varga, Sándor; Költő, László; Raskó, István; Nagy, Péter L.; Balogh, Csilla; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Götherström, Anders; George, Robert; Szalontai, Csaba; Szenthe, Gergely; Gáll, Erwin; Kiss, Attila P.; Gulyás, Bence; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett Ny.; Gál, Sándor Szilárd; Tomka, Péter; Török, Tibor (25 May 2022)."The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians".Current Biology.32(13): 2858–2870.e7.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093.PMID35617951.S2CID246191357.
  12. ^abCarl Waldman, Catherine Mason,Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1,Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508
  13. ^abPaul Lendvai,The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat,C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
  14. ^abKevin Alan Brook,The Jews of Khazaria,Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.
  15. ^http://www.kislexikon.hu/hetmagyar.html(Hungarian)
  16. ^John P. C. Matthews,Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956,Hippocrene Books, 2007, p. 69
  17. ^Peter Benjamin Golden.The Migrations of the Oghuz.pp. 65–67.
  18. ^Denis Sinor (1990).The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia.Vol. 1. p. 245.
  19. ^Makkai 2001, pp. 415-416.
  20. ^Juhász, Pamjav, Fehér, Csányi, Zink, Maixner, Pálfi, Molnár, Pap, Kustár, Révész, Raskó, Török (July 15, 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y‑chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery]." (PDFArchived2018-07-19 at theWayback Machine)Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z
  21. ^Csányi, B.; Bogácsi-Szabó, E.; Tömöry, Gy.; Czibula, Á.; Priskin, K.; Csõsz, A.; Mende, B.; Langó, P.; Csete, K.; Zsolnai, A.; Conant, E. K.; Downes, C. S.; Raskó, I. (1 July 2008). "Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin".Annals of Human Genetics.72(4): 519–534.doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x.ISSN1469-1809.PMID18373723.
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