Maiar

TheMaiar(singular:Maia) are a fictional class of beings fromJ. R. R. Tolkien'shigh fantasy legendarium.Supernatural andangelic,they are "lesserAinur"who entered the cosmos ofEäin the beginning of time. The nameMaiaris in theQuenyatongue (one of severallanguages constructed by Tolkien) from theElvishrootmaya-"excellent, admirable".^{[T 1]}

Commentators have noted that since the Maiar are immortals but can choose to incarnate fully in Men's bodies on Middle-earth, they can be killed; Tolkien did not explain what happened to them then.^[1]Others have observed that their semi-divine nature and the fact that they can be sent on missions to work out the divine purpose makes them much like theangelsofChristianity.^[2]

Description

Lesser Ainur

Tolkien stated that "Maia is the name of the Kin of theValar,but especially of those of lesser power than the 9 great rulers ".^{[T 1]}

In theValaquenta,Tolkien wrote that the Maiar are "spirits whose being also began before the world, of the same order as the Valar but of less degree". According to the Valaquenta, many Maiar associated themselves with a particular Vala; for example, Salmar created for his lordUlmogreat conches who produce the music of the sea known as Ulumúri,^{[T 2]}while Curumo, who came to be known inMiddle-earthasSaruman,was withAulëthesmith.The being once known as Mairon also was with Aulë, before being corrupted byMelkorand becomingSauron,the main antagonist ofThe Lord of the Rings.^{[T 3]}Sauron continued his association with smithcraft by befriending the Elven-smiths ofEregionduring the Second Age, so that he could gain power over the other rings by forging hisOne Ring.^[3]On the other hand, certain Maiar likeOlórinandMeliandevelop associations with multiple Valar Lords and Queens.

Being of divine origin and possessing great power, the Maiar can wander the world unseen or shape themselves in fashion ofElvesor other creatures; these "veils", calledfanarinQuenya,could be destroyed, but their true-being could not. Rarely did the Maiar adopt their visible forms to Elves andMen,and for that reason, very few of the Maiar have names in their tongues, and the elves do not know how many of the Maiar exist.^{[T 3]}

Named Maiar

Only a few of the Maiar are named. These include the Chiefs of the Maiar, Eönwë the Herald ofManwë,King of the Valar, and Ilmarë the Handmaiden ofVarda,Lady of the Stars;^{[T 4]}Ossë and Uinen, spirits who ruled the seas and act under the Lord of WatersUlmo;^{[T 4]}Arien, guide of the sun and a spirit of fire uncorrupted by Melkor; Olórin, the wisest Maia, and Tilion, guide of the moon and the servant of the Huntsman of the Valar,Oromë.^{[T 5]}

Melkor(known inSindarinas Morgoth), the evil Vala, corrupted many Maiar into his service. Among Morgoth's most dangerous servants, they are calledÚmaiarin Quenya: these include Sauron, and Gothmog, Lord of theBalrogs,large demonic beings of flame and shadow armed with fiery whips,^{[T 6]}and are said to be perhaps more powerful thandragons.^{[T 7]}Morgoth is eventually overthrown when his fortresses are destroyed in theWar of Wrathby the hosts of the West led by Eönwë.^{[T 8]}Most of the Balrogs did not survive Morgoth's defeat, which marked the end of the First Age, although at least one hid deep beneath theMisty Mountainsuntil well into the Third Age.^{[T 9]}

The MaiaMelianwent toMiddle-earthprior to theFirst Age,where she later fell in love with theElven-king EluThingol,King Greymantle, and with him ruled the kingdom ofDoriath.When war with Morgoth came to Doriath, she used her powers to guard and defend her realm with an enchantment called the Girdle of Melian (List Melianin Sindarin).^[4]She had a daughter with Thingol namedLúthien,said to be the fairest and most beautiful of all the Children ofIlúvatar.Some of Melian's notable descendants through Lúthien includeElwing,Elrond,Arwen,Elendil,andAragorn.^[5]

Wizards

In aboutT.A.1100, the Valar sent five Maiar to Middle-earth to help contest the evil of Sauron. They had great skills of hand and mind and assumed the guise of Men, seemingly old but of great vigour.^{[T 10]}Their mission was to guide elves and men by gaining trust and spreading knowledge, not by ruling them with fear and force. They were known as the Istari or Wizards, and includedGandalfthe Grey (Olórin or Mithrandir, later Gandalf the White), Saruman the White (Curumo or Curunír; he later called himself Saruman of Many Colours),Radagastthe Brown (Aiwendil), and two "Blue Wizards" (named after their sea-blue robes) who are mentioned in passing within commentary about the development of Tolkien's legendarium, but do not appear in his narratives.^[6]

Interpretation

The theologianRalph C. Wooddescribes the Valar and Maiar as being whatChristians"would callangels",intermediaries between the creator, named asEru IlúvatarinThe Silmarillion,and the created cosmos. Like angels,they have free willand can therefore rebel against him.^[2]

Grant C. Sterling, writing inMythlore,states that the Maiar resemble the Valar in being unable to die, but differ in being able to choose to incarnate fully in forms such as men's bodies. This means that, like Gandalf and the Balrogs, they can be killed. He notes that Sauron's inability ever to take bodily form again after his defeat could be the result of having given his power to theOne Ring,but that the fate of slain Maiar remains unclear.^[1]

Jonathan Evans,writing in theJ.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia,calls the Maiar semidivine spirits, and notes that each one is linked with one of the Valar. He states that they have "perpetual importance in the cosmic order", noting the statement inThe Silmarillionthat their joy "is as an air that they breathe in all their days, whose thought flows in a tide untroubled from the heights to the deeps."^[3]^{[T 11]}Evans notes, too, that Arien and Tilion are central in Tolkien's myth of the Sun and Moon.^[3]

References

Primary

^^a ^bTolkien, J. R. R.,"Words, Phrases and Passages",Parma Eldalamberon17, p. 174.
^Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,Chapter 1: "Of the Beginning of Days"
^^a ^bTolkien 1977,"Valaquenta"
^^a ^bTolkien 1977,Valaquenta,"Of the Maiar"
^Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,Chapter 11: "Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor".
^Tolkien 1977describes the fiery whips;Tolkien 1985describesMorgoth's prisoners tortured by Balrogs with scourges; and the Balrog in Moria (Tolkien 1954a,"The Bridge of Khazad-dûm" ) is armed with a "whip of many thongs".
^Tolkien 1984b,Part II, "Turambar and the Foalókë", p.85: "yet of all are they [dragons] the most powerful, save it be the Balrogs only."
^Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,ch. 24, p. 252.
^Tolkien 1955,Appendix A (III).
^Tolkien 1980,"The Istari", pp. 388 ff.
^Tolkien 1977,p. 95

Secondary

^^a ^bSterling, Grant C. (1997)."The Gift of Death".Mythlore.21(4). article 3.
^^a ^bWood, Ralph C.(2003).The Gospel According to Tolkien.Westminster John Knox Press. p.13.ISBN 978-0-664-23466-9.
^^a ^b ^cEvans, Jonathan(2013) [2007]. "Maiar". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 401–402.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
^Hesser, Katherine (2013) [2007]. "Melian". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 412–413.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
^Fontenot, Megan N. (March 5, 2020)."Exploring the People of Middle-earth: Melian, Divine Enchantress and Deathless Queen".Tor.com.RetrievedFebruary 15,2021.
^Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. "Wizards". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge.pp. 709–710.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.

Sources

Tolkien, J. R. R.(1954a).The Fellowship of the Ring.The Lord of the Rings.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.OCLC 9552942.
Tolkien, J. R. R.(1955).The Return of the King.The Lord of the Rings.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.OCLC 519647821.
Tolkien, J. R. R.(1977).Christopher Tolkien(ed.).The Silmarillion.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
Tolkien, J. R. R.(1980).Christopher Tolkien(ed.).Unfinished Tales.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.
Tolkien, J. R. R.(1984b).Christopher Tolkien(ed.).The Book of Lost Tales.Vol. 2. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 0-395-36614-3.
Tolkien, J. R. R.(1985).Christopher Tolkien(ed.).The Lays of Beleriand.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 0-395-39429-5.

[pe17-1] Tolkien, J. R. R.,"Words, Phrases and Passages",Parma Eldalamberon17, p. 174.

[4] Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,Chapter 1: "Of the Beginning of Days"

[Valaquenta-5] Tolkien 1977,"Valaquenta"

[Maiar-7] Tolkien 1977,Valaquenta,"Of the Maiar"

[8] Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,Chapter 11: "Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor".

[9] Tolkien 1977describes the fiery whips;Tolkien 1985describesMorgoth's prisoners tortured by Balrogs with scourges; and the Balrog in Moria (Tolkien 1954a,"The Bridge of Khazad-dûm" ) is armed with a "whip of many thongs".

[10] Tolkien 1984b,Part II, "Turambar and the Foalókë", p.85: "yet of all are they [dragons] the most powerful, save it be the Balrogs only."

[11] Tolkien 1977,Quenta Silmarillion,ch. 24, p. 252.

[AppADurin-12] Tolkien 1955,Appendix A (III).

[15] Tolkien 1980,"The Istari", pp. 388 ff.

[17] Tolkien 1977,p. 95

[Sterling_1997-2] Sterling, Grant C. (1997)."The Gift of Death".Mythlore.21(4). article 3.

[Wood_2003-3] Wood, Ralph C.(2003).The Gospel According to Tolkien.Westminster John Knox Press. p.13.ISBN 978-0-664-23466-9.

[Evans_2013-6] Evans, Jonathan(2013) [2007]. "Maiar". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 401–402.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.

[Hesser_2013-13] Hesser, Katherine (2013) [2007]. "Melian". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 412–413.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.

[Deathless-14] Fontenot, Megan N. (March 5, 2020)."Exploring the People of Middle-earth: Melian, Divine Enchantress and Deathless Queen".Tor.com.RetrievedFebruary 15,2021.

[Drout_2013-16] Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. "Wizards". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge.pp. 709–710.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.

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