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Majeerteen

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This article is about the Somali clan. For the Sultanate, seeMajeerteen Sultanate.
Majeerteen
ماجرتين
Darod Somali clan
Ahmed Taajir, ruler of Bosaso in 1889
EthnicitySomaliaSomali
LocationSomaliaSomalia
EthiopiaEthiopia
KenyaKenya
YemenYemen
OmanOman
Descended fromAbdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti
Parent tribeHarti
Branches
LanguageSomaliaSomali
Arab LeagueArabic
ReligionSunniIslam

TheMajeerteen,(Somali:Majeerteen,Arabic:ماجرتين;also spelledMajerteen,Macherten,Majertain,orMijurtin)[1]alternately known asMohammedHarti,[2]are a prominent Somali sub-clan of theHarti,which falls under theDarodconglomerate of clans.[3][4]Traditionally, they inhabit extensive territories in theBari,Nugaal,andMudugregions of Somalia, spanning fromBosasotoGaracad,mainly inPuntlandstate. Additionally, Majeerteen populations are present in southern towns such asKismayo.[5]

Overview

TheMajeerteen Sultanatesplayed an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia.[6]The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole.

For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties".

Distribution

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions ofBari,NugalandMudug.[7]They can also be found inKismayoin southern Somalia due to migrations starting in the 19th century along with their fellow members of the largerHartisubclan, theDhulbahante,DishiisheandWarsangeli.

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in the land in-betweenMurcanyo,Bandar Siyad an ancient port town facing theGulf of Aden,andGaracada coastal port town, facing theIndian Oceanand all the land in between which corresponds to the area encompassing the Horn of Africa.[8]Therefore, the Majerteen are settled in what is literally considered to be 'the Horn of Africa'.

Some Majeerteen people are also found in theSomali RegioninEthiopia,specifically in theDollo Zonenear the Somalia border.[5]

The Majeerteen are part of Darod subclans within Somalia.[8]

The Majeerteen are more commonly found in the cities ofBosaso,GaroweandGalkacyowhich are all regional capitals ofBari, Somalia,Nugal, SomaliaandMudugrespectively.

TheOsman Mahmud(Cismaan Maxamuud), Omar Mahmud (Cumar Maxamuud), and Isse Mahmoud (Ciise Maxamuud) comprise the Maxamuud Saleebaan, along with Ali Saleebaan and Ugaar Saleebaan[citation needed]which all forms the major subclan of Saleebaan Maxamed (Majeerteen)[9]which a 2010 study identifies as both the main division of Majeerteen and a central and unifying entity in Puntland. During the 1960s, theOsman Mahamud,Ali Saleebaan (or Cali Saleebaan), Wadalmoge and Ciise

Part ofa serieson
Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn
Benadiri

Maxamuud formed a powerful business class inKismayo,[9]whileSiad Barreexploited a rivalry between the Cali Saleebaan and Cumar Maxamuud in an effort to weaken the Majeerteen in general.[9]Historically, the Majeerteen formed part of a coastal trading network around theRed Seaand theIndian Ocean,along with other subclans.[9]

History

Main articles:Majeerteen Sultanate,Sultanate of Hobyo,andSomali aristocratic and court titles

Majeerteen Sultanates

Ruins of aMajeerteen Sultanatecastle inBargal

Before the famousMajeerteen Sultanatethere was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken byOsman Mahamuudwho became the subsequent King and Sultan. TheMajeerteen Sultanatewas founded in the early-16th century and came to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourcefulKing(Boqor)Osman Mahamuud.[10]His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar,Nugaaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[11][12]

Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin,Yusuf Ali Kenadidwho founded theSultanate of Hobyoin 1878. Initially he wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, ruled by his cousinBoqorOsman Mahamud.However,Yusuf Ali Kenadidwas unsuccessful in his endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile inYemen.A decade later, in the 1870s, Yusuf Ali Kenadid returned from theArabian Peninsulawith a band ofHadhramimusketeersand a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the localHawiyeclans and establish the Kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.[10][13][14]

Majeerteen rulerAli Yusuf Kenadid,2nd Sultan of theSultanate of Hobyo.

As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army.[11][15]Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.[16]

Colonial Era

In the late 19th century, all extant northern Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the Dhulbahante.[17]Likewise, in late 1889,Boqor Osmanentered into a treaty with theItalians,making his realm an Italianprotectorate.His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.[18]

The relationship between theSultanate of Hobyoand Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow aBritishcontingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle againstMohammed Abdullah Hassan'sDervish forces.[18]Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled toAdenin Yemen and then toEritrea,as was his sonAli Yusuf,the heir apparent to his throne.[19]

Osman Yusuf Kenadid,the son of the first SultanYusuf Ali Kenadid,was a famous poet and scholar.Osman Yusuf Kenadidwas the inventor of the first phonetically standard script for the Somali language in the 1920s, theOsmanyaScript.[20]

Following a two year resistance byBoqor Osmanand Majeerteen rebels, Italian Somaliland came under the full authority of Rome by late 1927. Long-lasting Italiancostal bombardmentson urban settlements andnaval blockadeswere utilized by colonial forces to suppress the rebels.[21]

Lineage

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from theWorld Bank'sConflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamicsfrom 2005 and theUnited Kingdom'sHome Officepublication,Somalia Assessment 2001.[22][23]

  • Shiekh Darod (Daarood bin Ismaciil)
    • Marehan
      • Red Dini
      • Reer Hassan
      • Cali Dheere
    • Kabalah
      • Absame
        • Ogaden
          • Makabul
          • Tolomoge
          • Mohamed Zubeir
          • Aulihan
          • Bah-geri
        • Jidwaaq
          • Abaskuul
          • Bartire
          • Yabaree
      • Koombe
        • Geri
        • Harti
          • Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
          • Dishiishe (Dishishe)
          • Warsangali (Warsengeli)
          • Majeerteen(Mijerteen)
          • Wabeeneeye
          • Idigfale (Muuse Noleys)
          • Danweyne (Abdalle Noleys)
          • Amaanle
          • Guddoonwaaq
          • Filkucaag
          • Amartiwaaq
          • Tabale
          • Ali Jibraahiil
          • Nuux Jibrahiil
          • Cabdirixiin Ibraahim
          • Cabdale Ibrahim
          • Adan Ibrahim
          • Reer Maxamud
          • Wadalmoge
            • Maxamed Muuse
              • Ismail Maxamed
              • Cali Maxamed
              • Abokor Maxamed
              • Nuux Maxamed
              • Baraale Maxamed
            • Idiris Muuse
              • Reer Faahiye
              • Reer Ciise
              • Rooble Cawlyahan
              • Ilka Dheer
          • Reer Umar
          • Reer Maxamuud
            • Abukar Maxamuud
              • Faarax Ismacil
              • Ciise Ismacil
              • Maxamed Ismacil
            • Qaasin Maxamuud
              • Maxamed Qaasin
              • Axmed Qaasin
              • Aadan Qaasin
              • Bare Qaasin
              • Ibraahim Qaasin
          • Reer Bicidyahan
          • Siwaaqroon
            • Abdirahman
              • Adan Abdiraxman
                • Ibrahim Abdisamad
                • Yoonis Abdisamad
                • Mohamud Abdisamad
              • Cawlyahan (Obokor Abdiraxman)
                • Ciise Cawlyahan
                • Jibriil Cawlyahan
                • Hashim Cawlyahan
            • Mohammed
          • Ugaar Saleebaan
            • Ibrahim Aadan
            • Hussein Aadan
          • Ismail Saleebaan
          • Ali Saleebaan
            • Bicidyahan Ali
            • Auliyahan Ali
            • Omar Ali
            • Adam Ali
            • Ismail Ali
          • Maxamuud Saleebaan

Groups

  • Taargooye,an exclusively Majeerteen Darawiish administrative division and disbanded in 1910 when its constituents became mutinous[24]
  • TheSomali Salvation Democratic Front(SSDF) was a predominantly Majeerteen political group from the 1980s to 1990s

Notable people

Actors

Royalty

Military

Enterprisers

Politicians

See also

References

  1. ^Central Intelligence Agency(2002)."Ethnic Groups".Somalia Summary Map.Perry–Castañeda Library.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2010.Retrieved18 May2010.
  2. ^Hunt, John Anthony (1951).A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484.To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 140.
  3. ^Africa.Africa Journal Limited. 1982.
  4. ^"Caselaw and Decisions".Refugee Survey Quarterly.13(2–3): 198–219. 1994-07-01.doi:10.1093/rsq/13.2-3.198.ISSN1020-4067.
  5. ^abHumphrey, James Harry (6 May 2018).Issues in Contemporary Athletics.Nova Publishers.ISBN9781594545955.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2017.Retrieved6 May2018– via Google Books.
  6. ^"Information on the Majerteen Clan and the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS), Somalia [SOM1546]".24 July 1989.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-12-30.Retrieved2017-12-30.
  7. ^Royal African Society,African Affairs,Volume 101, (Oxford University Press: 2002) p.101.
  8. ^ab"Somalia's Complex Clan Dynamics".fragilestates.org.10 January 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2017.Retrieved6 May2018.
  9. ^abcdMarchal, Roland (May 2010)."The Puntland State of Somalia: A Tentative Social Analysis"(PDF).Sciences Po.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2015-09-24.Retrieved2015-08-15.
  10. ^abHelen Chapin Metz,ed.,Somalia: a country study,(The Division: 1993), p.10.
  11. ^abHorn of Africa,Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
  12. ^Transformation towards a regulated economy,(WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.
  13. ^Lee V. Cassanelli,The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900,(University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
  14. ^Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).A Political Chronology of Africa.Europa Publications. p. 378.ISBN1857431162.
  15. ^Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
  16. ^Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67.Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
  17. ^Jardine, Douglas (1923).Mad Mullah of Somaliland.Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.
  18. ^abThe Majeerteen Sultanates[full citation needed]
  19. ^Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993).Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920).Zed Books. p. 129.ISBN0-86232-444-0.
  20. ^"Yasin Osman Kenadid • Puntite".puntite.com.1 August 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2017.Retrieved6 May2018.
  21. ^Carpanelli & Scovazzi 2020,p. 16.
  22. ^Worldbank,Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and DynamicsArchived2018-06-16 at theWayback Machine,January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. ^Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan StructureArchived2011-07-16 at theWayback Machine,p. 43
  24. ^Samatar, Said (1982).Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism.p.214.ISBN9780511735370.'Abdalla Qoriyow, the prestigious Islamic magistrate of the Dervish capital, who took part in the conspiracy. 108 Ahmad Fiqi, also a conspirator, was the Dervish expert on Qur'anic exegesis. 109 Reference to the Sayyid's brother-in-law, Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, whose involvement in the conspiracy was particularly bad news for the Sayyid... After a week of intense fighting, the Sayyid emerged victorious, but not before several Dervish clans, like the Reer Samatar Khalaf Majeerteen, were decimated
  25. ^"Controversial Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Muslim turned atheist, to resign from Dutch Parliament - Asian Tribune".www.asiantribune.com.Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2011.Retrieved6 May2018.

Bibliography

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