Majhi dialect
| Majhi | |
|---|---|
| ਮਾਝੀ,ماجھی | |
| Native to | Pakistan,India |
| Region | Majhaof centralPunjab |
| Ethnicity | Majhi (Majhail) Punjabis |
| Shahmukhi Gurmukhī | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | majh1252 |
Majhi(Gurmukhi:ਮਾਝੀ,Shahmukhi:ماجھی,Punjabi:[mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨][1]) is the standarddialect of Punjabi[2]and is spoken in theMajharegion of thePunjab.The two most important cities in this area areLahoreandAmritsarbecause of their historic significance.
| Part ofa serieson |
| Punjabis |
|---|
 |
 Punjab portal |
Notable features
[edit] |
Verbs
[edit]Some Majhi sub-dialects use the past-tense inflection ofḍēhṇāਡਹਿਣਾ /ڈہݨاverb to form continuous tenses.
| Phrase | Majhi | Standard Written Punjabi |
|---|---|---|
| He was doing | ṓ karan ḍíā sī
ਉਹ ਕਰਨ ਡਿਹਾ ਹੀ اوہ کرن ڈہا سی |
ṓ kar ríā sī
ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ اوہ کر رہا سی |
| She is doing | ṓ karan ḍáī è
ਉਹ ਕਰਨ ਡਹੀ ਐ اوہ کرن ڈہی اے |
ṓ kar ráī è
ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کر رہی ہے |
- Alternate auxiliary verbs
han(ਹਨ /ہَن) is never used in spoken Majhi, it is replaced withnē(ਨੇ, ਨੇਂ /نے، نیں). E.g.ó kardēnē(ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇਨੇ/اوہ کردےنے)
First person singularā̃orjē(ਆਂ, ਜੇ /آں، جے) is used. E.g.mẽ karnāʷā̃/jē(ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾਆਂ,ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾਜੇ/میں کرناآں، میں کرناجے)
Third person singularīorè(ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ /اے، وے، ای) is used. E.g. ṓ kardāī(ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾਈ/اوہ کردا ای)
- Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for future-habitual aspect
| Phrase | Majhi | Standard Written Punjabi |
|---|---|---|
| I'll do | mẽ karnāʷā̃̀
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾਆਂمیں کرنا آں |
mẽ kardā hā̃
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂمیں کردا ہاں |
| Let's (m.) go home | asī kàr jāneā̃̀
ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾਨੇਆਂاسی گھر جانے آں |
asī̃ kàr jānde hā̃
ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂاسی گھر جاندے ہاں |
| We'll (f.) do | asī̃ karniyā̃ʷā̃̀
ਅਸੀ ਕਰਨੀਆਂਆਂاسی کرنِیاں واں |
asī̃ kardiyā̃ hā̃
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂاسی کردِیاں ہاں |
| You'll (sing.) do | tū̃ karnāaĩ̀
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾਐਂتُوں کرنا ایں |
tū̃ kardā haĩ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂتُوں کردا ہیں |
| You'll (f.pl.) do | tusī karniyā̃ò/je
ਤੁਸੀ ਕਰਨੀਆਂਓ/ਜੇتسی کرنِیاں او/جے |
tusī̃ kardiyā̃ ho
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹੋتسی کردِیاں ہو |
- Absent subject realised in auxiliary verb
ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਈکی کیتا ای:What have you (sing.) done?
ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਜੇکی کیتا جے:What have you (sing. formal / pl.) done?
ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੂکی کیتا سُو:What has he/she done?
ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਨੇکی کیتا نے:What have they done?
ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਈلڑائی کیتی ساای:You (sing.) made a fight.
ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਜੇلڑائی کیتی ساجے:You (sing. formal / pl.) made a fight
ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਸੂلڑائی کیتی ساسُو:He/She made a fight.
ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਨੇلڑائی کیتی سانے:They made a fight.
Tone
[edit]Unlike typical Punjabi, Majhi does not always write tonalhin script. Thus, syllables often drop thehletter (ਹ /ہ) when written although this does not affect the pronunciation.
| Standard Written | Majhi | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ਹਾਂہاں | ਆਂآں | /ã̀ː/ | am |
| ਨਹੀਂنہیں | ਨਈਂنئیں | /ˈnə.ĩ̀ː/ | no, not |
| ਤੁਹਾਡਾتہاڈا | ਤੁਆਡਾتواڈا | /tʊ.ˈàɖ̆.ɖaː/ | your/yours |
| ਹੈہے | ਐاے | /ɛ̀ː/ | is |
Variation
[edit]Because of the lack of standardisation in Shahmukhi, words with the six tonal consonants (gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh, ṛh) which are now unaspirated and voiceless word-initially[a](k, c, ṭ, t, p)[3]have multiple spellings. The wordkàr(house) for example is sometimes written asgharگھرorkarکر.
- ^aṛhdoes not occur word-initially and is always voiced.
Falling-tone, in general, is not well represented, and low-tone words in both major scripts have various spellings, e.g.tuā̀ḍḍā(your/yours):تواڈاਤੁਆਡਾ, ਤਵਾਡਾ,تاڈاਤਾਡਾ,تہاڈاਤੁਹਾਡਾ etc., though the pronunciation remains consistent.
Other Features
[edit]Nasalisation oftusī̃(ਤੁਸੀਂ /تُسِیں) andasī̃(ਅਸੀਂ /اَسِیں) are lost in Majhi; pronouncedtusī(ਤੁਸੀ /تُسی) andasī(ਅਸੀ /اَسی) respectively.
Sometimes when speaking fast in Majhi, thessound rounds to ahsound, as in words likeasī(ਅਸੀ /اَسی),sāḍā(ਸਾਡਾ /ساڈا),pēse(ਪੈਸੇ /پیسے), being heard asahī,hāḍā,andpēherespectively.
hē(gā) sīis used instead ofsīgā.
Theēvẽclass of adverbial pronouns are used for "how" rather thanēddā̃.
Northern Majhi
[edit]Northern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in the northern side of theMajharegion inPakistan,such as in the areas ofGujratandSialkot.
In these areas, word-initial 'h' is very faint, acting more as a low-tone marker, until it completely disappears in upper dialects likeDogri.Words such ashatthਹੱਥہَتّھ(hand) are pronounced more likeàtth.
Northern Majhi also uses theēñjclass of adverbial pronouns for "how" in place ofēvẽ.
Another notable difference is the use of-dāinstead of-gāto indicate future tense.
| Standard | Northern Majhi | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| karegā | karedā | [he] will do |
| khāvegī | khāvedī | [she] will eat |
| jāoge | jāode | [you] (pl.) will go |
Examples of Majhi
[edit]| Sentence | IPA | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Gurmukhi | ||
| تُوں لہور جاندا سیں | ਤੂੰ ਲਹੌਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੈਂ | /t̪ũː ləɔ̀ːɾᵊ d͡ʒaːn̪d̪aː sɛ̃ː/ | You used to go to Lahore |
| میں پہلوں ای آکھدا ساں | ਮੈਂ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਈ ਆਖਦਾ ਸਾਂ | /mɛ̃ː pɛ́ːlːõː ìː aːkʰːᵊdaː sãː/ | I used to tell it from before |
| اودݨ بھرجائی کتھے سن | ਓਦਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸਨ | /oːdːəɳᵊ pə̀ɾᵊd͡ʒaːiː kɪtʰːeː sən̪ᵊ/ | Where were the sisters-in-law that day? |
References
[edit]- ^Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016).Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar.Abingdon-on-Thames:Routledge.p. 88.ISBN978-1-138-79385-9.LCCN2015042069.OCLC948602857.OL35828315M.WikidataQ23831241.
- ^Grierson, George A.(1916).Linguistic Survey of India.Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1,Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī.Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 609.
- ^Bowden, A.L. (2012)."Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study"Archived 17 April 2018 at theWayback Machine.