Mandarese people
 Traditional Mandar Wedding atMandar,West Sulawesi,2011. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Approximately 1 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia | |
| West Sulawesi | 565,225 |
| South Sulawesi | 489,986 |
| South Kalimantan | 49,322 |
| East Kalimantan | 33,000 |
| Languages | |
| Mandar,Mamasa,Mamuju,Indonesian | |
| Religion | |
| Islam[1] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
TheMandareseare an ethnic group in theIndonesianprovince ofWest SulawesiinSulawesi.TheMandar languagebelongs to the Northern subgroup of theSouth Sulawesi languagesgroup of theMalayo-Polynesianbranch of theAustronesian languagefamily. The closest language to Mandar is theToraja-Sa'danlanguage.[2]
Identity[edit]
Before there was a regional expansion, the Mandarese along with theBugis people,Makassar peopleandTorajapeople formed a cultural diversity in South Sulawesi. Although politicallyWest SulawesiandSouth Sulawesiare divided by a border, the Mandarese are historically and culturally close knitted to their cognate relatives inSouth Sulawesi.The term "Mandar" is actually a unified name among the seven coastal kingdoms (Pitu Ba'ba'na Binanga)[3]and seven river kingdoms (Pitu Ulunna Salu).[4]In terms of ethnicity, the Pitu Ulunna Salu or commonly known as Kondo Sapata are classified as a part of theTorajagroup (Mamasa Regencyand part ofMamuju Regency), while at Pitu Ba'ba'na Binanga itself there are a variety of dialects and languages.[5]The strength of these fourteen kingdoms complement each other and the termSipamandar(meaning, brotherhood and unification of the Mandarese community)[6]as one people through a covenant that was sworn by their ancestors at Allewuang Batu in Luyo.
History[edit]
The Mandarese are made up of seventeen kingdoms. Seven upstream kingdoms which are calledPitu Ulunna Salu,seven estuary kingdoms that are known asPitu Ba'bana Binangaand three kingdoms that are calledKakarunna Tiparittiqna Uhai.[7]
The seven kingdoms that merged in thePitu Ulunna SaluAlliance region are:[4]
- Rante BulahangKingdom
- AralleKingdom
- TabulahangKingdom
- MambiKingdom
- MatangngaKingdom
- TabangKingdom
- BambangKingdom
The seven kingdoms that merged in the Pitu Baqbana Binanga Alliance region are:[3]
- BalanipaKingdom
- SendanaKingdom
- BanggaeKingdom
- PamboangKingdom
- TapalangKingdom
- MamujuKingdom
- BenuangKingdom
The three kingdoms that calledKakaruanna Tiparittiqna Uhaiin theLembang Mapiregion are:[8][9]
- AluKingdom
- TuqbiKingdom
- TaramanuqKingdom
The upstream kingdoms are well versed with the conditions of the mountains while the estuary kingdoms are experienced with the conditions of the ocean. With the boundaries on the south which bordersPinrang Regency,South Sulawesi,on the eastern side borders withTana Toraja Regency,South Sulawesi,on the north part borders withPalu,Central Sulawesi,and on the west coast border isStraits of Makassar.
Throughout the history of Mandar kingdoms, many notable freedom fighters arose against theDutch East Indiessuch as Imaga Daeng Rioso, Puatta I Sa'adawang, Maradia Banggae,[10]Ammana Iwewang,[11]Andi Depu,[12]Mara'dia Batulaya and so forth, although later regions occupied by the Mandarese was successfully captured by theDutch East Indies.From the zeal of the Mandarese which is referred as "the spirit ofAssimandarang"until later in 2004 the Mandar region became recognized as a province inIndonesiaasWest Sulawesi.
Social structure[edit]
The Mandarese people are dominated by the vestiges of traditional relations. Feudal nobility, including royal rulers of the pastmara'dia(prince), participates with the administrative and governmental system.[13]
However, the following interesting trend was observed in Mandarese society is that many women left their traditional work at theloomand began to engage in the fish trade instead.[14]
Culture[edit]
In Mandarese culture, they are quite similar to theBugispeople. They engage in fisheries by exporting dried, salted or fermented fish[15]and also in agriculture by cultivating coconut palm, dried rice, coffee, tobacco, as well as forestry. It is believed that the Mandarese people are some of the best sailors inSulawesi,[16]who serve in the sea transportation sector.
A traditional musical instrument is a two-stringedlute.[17]The traditional house of the Mandarese is calledboyang.[18]Customary festivals such asSayyang Pattu'du(Dancing horse),[19]andPassandeq(Sailing on anoutrigger canoe)[20]are practiced by the Mandarese. In South Pulau Laut District,Kota Baru Regency,the Mandarese practice theMappando'esasi(Sea bathing) ceremony.[21]Traditional food such as Jepa,[22]Pandeangang Peapi, Banggulung Tapa and so on are Mandarese specialty.
The Mandarese are predominantly Muslim. The Mandarese adopted Islam in the early 17th century.[23]
References[edit]
- ^Martin van Bruinessen(2013).Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "conservative Turn".p. 147.ISBN9789814414562.Retrieved17 March2018.
- ^Toby Alice Volkman (1990).Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia.Passport Books.ISBN978-0-8442-9906-8.
- ^abCharles F. Keyes (2006).On The Margins of Asia:Diversity In Asian States.Association for Asian Studies. p. 242.ISBN978-0-924304-48-4.
- ^abDrs. Abd. Muis Mandra."Pitu Ulunna Salu, Adaq Tuo (Hukum Hidup)".Kampung Mandar.Retrieved2017-05-12.
- ^L. T. Tangdilintin (1985).Tongkonan (rumah adat Toraja): arsitektur & ragam hias Toraja.Yayasan Lepongan Bulan Tana Toraja. p. 15.OCLC572001383.
- ^Sejarah dan dialog peradaban: persembahan 70 tahun Prof. Dr. Taufik Abdullah.Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 2005. p. 728.ISBN978-97-936-7384-4.
- ^Muhammad Ridwan Alimuddin (2005).Orang Mandar Orang Laut: Kebudayaan Bahari Mandar Mengarungi Gelombang Perubahan Zaman.Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.ISBN978-979-9100-27-6.
- ^Drs. Abd. Muis Mandra."Paliliq Massedang, wilayah Tiparittiqna Uhai Mandar".Kampung Mandar.Retrieved2017-05-12.
- ^"Kerajaan Alu".Arekindo.Retrieved2017-05-12.
- ^Sulbar, dulu, kini, dan esok: sebuah jalan terjal menuju provinsi.Yapensi. 2006. p. 27.ISBN97-932-7432-8.
- ^Bustan Basir Maras (2007).Ziarah tanah Mandar.Annora Media. p. 71.OCLC212205023.
- ^Aminah P. Hamzah (1991).HajjahAndi DepuMaraddia Balanipa: biografi pahlawan.Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. pp. 2–3.OCLC29430243.
- ^Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin.The Museum. 1988. p. 68.OCLC23943078.
- ^Volkman, Toby Alice (1994). "Our garden is the sea: Contingency and improvisation in Mandar women's work".American Ethnologist.21(3): 564–585.doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00060.
- ^Melani Budianta;Manneke Budiman; Abidin Kusno; Mikihiro Moriyama, eds. (2017).Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, November 7-9, 2016: Topics in Arts and Humanities.CRC Press.ISBN978-13-518-4660-8.
- ^Insight Guides (2016).Insight Guides Indonesia.Apa Publications (UK) Limited.ISBN978-17-867-1031-4.
- ^Gini Gorlinski (1999). Dieter Christensen (ed.). "South Sulawesi Strings by Philip Yampolsky".Yearbook for Traditional Music.International Council for Traditional Music's Yearbook for Traditional Music. Vol. 31: 200.ISSN0740-1558.
- ^Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal (2005).Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 161.M. Nijhoff.
- ^"Sayang Pattudu Tarian Kuda Khas Sulawesi Barat".Pesona Mandar. 27 August 2017.Retrieved2018-09-09.
- ^Hariandi Hafid (30 July 2017)."Horst H. Liebner, berguru tradisi maritim hingga ke Sulawesi".Beritagar.Retrieved2018-09-09.
- ^Fadjeriansyah (13 March 2014). Rian (ed.)."Pesta Mapandaoesasi Kurang Perhatian".Gema Saijaan.Retrieved2018-09-09.
- ^Fauzan (29 January 2017)."Nikmatnya Buka Pagi dengan Roti Singkong dan Ikan Tuing-Tuing".Liputan6.Retrieved2018-09-09.
- ^Bruinessen, Martin van (2013).Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "conservative Turn".Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 147.ISBN978-981-4414-56-2.
