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Mangshi

Coordinates:24°26′01″N98°35′17″E/ 24.4337°N 98.5881°E/24.4337; 98.5881
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Mangshi
Mang thị
County-level city
Other transcription(s)
•PinyinMángshì
•Tai Nueaᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ
•JingphoMangshi Myu
•Burmeseမန်စီ
•Thaiเมืองข้อน
Clockwise: Urban skyline, Menghuan Pagoda, Mangshi Little Hall, Mangshi Square,Puti Temple
Etymology: Evolved form the ethnic name "MangThi"(Mangshi)
Nickname:
city of dawn
Location of Mangshi City in Dehong Prefecture within Yunnan province
Location of Mangshi City in Dehong Prefecture within Yunnan province
Mangshi is located in Yunnan
Mangshi
Mangshi
Location in Yunnan
Mangshi is located in China
Mangshi
Mangshi
Mangshi (China)
Coordinates (Mangshi government):24°26′01″N98°35′17″E/ 24.4337°N 98.5881°E/24.4337; 98.5881
CountryChina
ProvinceYunnan
Autonomous PrefectureDehong
Founded1996
Municipal seatMenghuan Subdistrict
Area
[1]: 536 
• Total2,900.91 km2(1,120.05 sq mi)
Elevation
933 m (3,061 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[2]
• Total439,931
• Density150/km2(390/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8(China Standard)
Postal code
678400
Phone code(0)692
Websitewww.dhms.gov.cn

Mangshi(Chinese:Mang thị;Wade–Giles:Mangshih;Tai Nüa:ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ;Jingpho:Mangshi Myu), former nameLuxi(Lộ tây),[3]is acounty-level cityand the seat ofDehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture,westernYunnanprovince, China. Mangshi has an area of 2,900.91 km2(1,120.05 sq mi), with an urban area of 18.66 km2(7.20 sq mi).[4]Han Chinese,Dai people(Tai Nuea branch) andJingpo people(Zaiwa branch) are the major ethnic groups. Luxi County was founded in 1949, and became a county-level city in 1996.

Etymology

[edit]
A stone with "Mang thị" script on the north entryroundaboutof the city

The name "Mangshi" first appeared in 1443, when the Tai NueatusiMangshiYuyi Zhangguansi(Mang thị ngự di trường quan tư) was established. In the history, an ethnicity named Mangshi (MangThi) lived in this area. The name of "MangThị"evolved from"Mang thi"(thepinyinare same).Luxi(LộTây) is the former name of Mangshi, meaning "west ofLu[Salween] River ".[5]: 460 

InTai Nuea language,the city name isMuangKhon[6]: 18 (ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ), written in Chinese is "MãnhHoán",meaning" city of dawn ".[5]: 460 

In 2008, 4,751 people participated in a public opinion survey in favour of restoring the historical name (Mangshi), with 96.96% supporting a name change to Mangshi.[3]In 2010, the name was formally changed. "Mangshi" is theproper nameof the city, however, the character "Thị"(shì) itself means "city".[7]The full name in Chinese language is "Mang thị"(Mangshi), the official English translation in theYearbook of Dehongis "Mangshi City".[8]

History

[edit]
Main article:Chiefdom of Mangshi
Fang Zhengde (Phóng chính đức), the 21stMangshi Tusi,which reigned between 1889 and 1910.[9]: 158 
Zhou EnlaiandBa Swewalked into the Mangshi China-Myanmar Border People's Party in 1956
Mangshi department store in 1958

Historically, Mangshi was divided among threetusiterritories. MangshiLu(Mang thi lộ), established byYuan dynastyin 1276, was the first time the region was integrated into the administrative system of a Chinese dynasty. Mangshi Lu was part of JinchiXuanfusi(Kim xỉ đẳng xử tuyên phủ tư), Yunnan Province. In 1277, the area was affected by thefirst Mongol invasion of Burma.Ming dynastyrepealed Mangshi Lu and set MangshiFu(Mang thi phủ) in 1382. Because Mangshi chief Dao Fangge (Đao phóng cách) helped the Ming dynasty army in theLuchuan–Pingmian campaigns,Ming dynasty made him the MangshiTusi(native chieftain), and founded the agency MangshiYuyi Zhangguansi(Mang thị ngự di trường quan tư) in 1443. In 1584, Ming dynasty created another tusi,ZhefangFuxuanfusi(Già phóng phó tuyên phủ tư) inZhefangarea, formerly part ofLongchuanXuanfusi(Lũng xuyên tuyên phủ tư). In 1640, Mangshi YuyiZhangguansiupgraded to MangshiAnfusi(Mang thị an phủ tư). In 1899,Qing dynastyset the 3rd tusi,MengbanTuqianzong(Mãnh bản thổ thiên tổng) in modern Mangshi Area.[10]: 9, 20–21 

InRepublic of China period,the Yunnan government appointed two "suppression commissars" (Đạn áp ủy viên) to Mangban (Mang bản) and Zhemao (Già mão) within the Mangshi area in 1913. Mangban suppression commissar administered MangshiAnfusiand MengbanTuqianzongterritories, and Zhemao suppression commissar administered ZhefangXuanfusiandMengmaoAnfusi(Mãnh mão an phủ tư,inRuili) territories. The two suppression commissars were replaced by an administrative commissar (Hành chính ủy viên) in 1915, and a district named Mangzheban Administrative District (Mang già bản hành chính khu) was established. At the same time, MengmaoAnfusiwas separated from the district, thus forming the boundaries of modern Mangshi. As a transition before formally establishing a county, Yunnan government set aShezhiju(Thiết trị cục,similar to a governing council) in Mangshi area named MangzhebanShezhiju(Mang già bản thiết trị cục) replacing Mangzheban District in 1929. The Administrative Bureau is a quasi-county level administrative division.Menggais the seat of the bureau. It changed the name to LuxiShezhiju(Lộ tây thiết trị cục) in 1934.Imperial Japanese Armyoccupied Luxi at 4May 1942 and retreated at 11 December 1944 whenCounterattack of Western Yunnanstarted. In 1949, Luxi Administrative Bureau finally became Luxi County (Lộ tây huyện), with the seat of county government at the town of Mangshi, and the firstcounty magistratewas the acting TusiFang Kesheng(Phương khắc thắng). The Tusi system and the central bureaucracy still coexisted.[10]: 10–11, 21–22 

Fang Kesheng refused to joinPeople's Republic of China,preferring to remain neutral. Eventually thePeople's Liberation Armyadvanced into Luxi in April 1950, and Fang Kesheng fled toTaiwan.His brother Fang Keguang succeeded be the acting tusi, and cooperated with theChinese Communist Party.The three tusi were killed during theland reformmovement in 1955.[9]: 160 Luxi County became Luxi City (county-level city) in 1996, and changed the name to Mangshi City in 2010.[11]: 2547 

Geography

[edit]
Mangshi River

Mangshi has an area of 2,900.91 km2(1,120.05 sq mi). There are two main plains in Mangshi named Mangshi Ba (Mang thị bá) and Zhefang Ba (Già phóng bá). The city of Mangshi is situated at the east of Mangshi Ba.Mountainsare the primarylandformsof Mangshi, making up approximately 84.48% of the territory. Mount Qingkou (Tinh khẩu sơn) is the city's highest point, with an altitude of 2,889.1 meters. Manxin River's (Mạn tân hà) estuary (atSalween River) is the lowest point, with an altitude of 528 metres inZhongshan Township.[10]: 52–53 The mountains are branches of westernGaoligong Mountains.[12]: 40 

Mangshi Riveris the "mother river" of Mangshi,[13]and has a drainage basin of 1,881 km2(726 sq mi),[14]: 90–91 about 61.3% of area of Mangshi.Longchuan River(Long xuyên giang) is the border river between Mangshi andLianghe CountyandLongchuan Countyon the north and west.Salween Riveron the southeast tip of Mangshi marks the international border between Mangshi andMyanmar'sShan State.[10]: 59 [5]: 185 

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Mangshi, elevation 914 m (2,999 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.4
(92.1) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.7
(96.3) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		35.7
(96.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.2
(80.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		20.2
(68.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.6
(60.1)
Record low °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		1.5
(34.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.2
(31.6)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 19.9
(0.78) 		19.6
(0.77) 		26.5
(1.04) 		65.4
(2.57) 		147.2
(5.80) 		267.2
(10.52) 		371.9
(14.64) 		339.0
(13.35) 		170.3
(6.70) 		131.6
(5.18) 		38.3
(1.51) 		9.7
(0.38) 		1,606.6
(63.24)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 3.2 4.0 5.8 10.6 16.2 23.3 27.8 25.1 19.0 13.4 5.5 2.6 156.5
Averagerelative humidity(%) 76 70 64 66 73 83 87 85 83 81 79 79 77
Mean monthlysunshine hours 227.9 217.8 228.8 211.8 190.3 111.8 79.4 111.9 140.1 169.3 209.9 220.1 2,119.1
Percentpossible sunshine 68 68 61 55 46 27 19 28 38 48 64 67 49
Source:China Meteorological Administration[15][16]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Manghai Border Passway atManghai Town
Street inFengping Town
Zhongshan Townshipgovernment

Mangshi currently comprises 12 administrativetownship-level subdivisionsincluding onesubdistrict,fivetownsand sixtownships.[17]

Name Name
in Chinese 		Code[18] Founded
[5]: 459–495  		Area (km2)
[11]: 2552–2572  		Population
2010 Census[19] 		Density
Menghuan Subdistrict Mãnh hoán nhai đạo 533103001 2008 23.15 99,970 4318.36
Mangshi Town Mang thị trấn 533103101 1936 349.5 46,353 132.63
Zhefang Town Già phóng trấn 533103102 1936 422 51,477 121.98
Mengga Town Mãnh kiết trấn 533103103 1936 389 24,344 62.58
Manghai Town Mang hải trấn 533103104 1988 105 5,641 53.72
Fengping Town Phong bình trấn 533103105 1998 381 69,586 182.64
Xuangang Township Hiên cương hương 533103201 1936 163.7 21,501 131.34
Jiangdong Township Giang đông hương 533103202 1988 220.8 25,240 114.31
Xishan Township Tây sơn hương 533103203 1988 257 12,296 47.84
Zhongshan Township Trung sơn hương 533103204 1988 278 10,170 36.58
Santaishan Palaung Ethnic Township Tam đài sơn đức ngang tộc hương 533103205 1988 158 7,068 44.73
Wuchalu Township Ngũ xóa lộ hương 533103206 1988 202 16,245 80.42

Economy

[edit]
China Construction BankDehong branch company in north of city
Paddy field close town ofManghai

As of 2016, Mangshinominal GDPwas CN¥ 9.628 billion, about 0.65% of the province's GDP, ranking 44th among county-level administrative units in Yunnan; its nominal GDP per capita was CN¥ 23,307, 66th in the province, lower than Yunnan average (CN¥ 30,949).[1]: 522, 524 

In 1958, Yunnan government regulated trade in border areas, and thetown of Mangshiwas excluded from the zone of border trade.[20]: 211 In 1980, province government openedManghai(Mang hải), Mangbing (Mang bính) andXiaogai(Tiểu nhai) as border trade markets.[20]: 201 AfterHu Yaobang,theGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Partyinspected Dehong prefecture in 1985, Mangshi abolished all border checkpoints, and made the whole territory a border trade zone.[21]: 645 The border trade and othertertiary sectorswas prosperous in the 1990s. The proportion ofthree industrial sectorsin 1978 was 65.6: 16.3: 18.1,[21]: 647 and in 2016, 23.2: 20.5: 56.3.[1]: 524 

Asian rice,sugarcane,tea,coffee,macadamia nutand fruits (banana,pineapple,mango,jackfruitetc.) are the main agricultural products of Mangshi, especially coffee. Mangshi has 19,056 ha. ofpaddy field,9,165 ha. of sugarcane field, 7,504 ha. of macadamia forest, 5,870 ha. of coffee field and 5,469 ha. of fruit field in 2018.[22]Asian Coffee Associationwas established at Mangshi in 2017.[23]13 countries are members of the association.[24]Hogood Coffeeis the largest domesticinstant coffeeproducer in China,[25]and the 10th largestcivilian-run enterpriseof Yunnan.[26]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
191949,105—
193239,618−1.64%
194750,832+1.68%
1953109,718+13.68%
1964152,763+3.05%
1982244,411+2.65%
1990292,183+2.26%
2000337,406+1.45%
2010389,891+1.46%
Source:Annals of Luxi Countyetc.[10]: 40–41 [27][28]: 6 

In 2016, Mangshi had a total population of 415,700 over the whole county-level city,[1]: 533 of which 171.2 thousand resided in the city core, thesubdistrictofMenghuan.[29]

According to the2010 census,Mangshi has 204,083Hancitizens, 52.34% of total population. Othermain ethnicitiesareDaiandJingpo,which has a population with 132,421 and 29,208.[28]: 101–121 Mangshi has the largest number ofPalaung peoplein any county-level subdivision of China, with a population of 9,986,[28]: 101–121 which mainly live inSantaishan Palaung Ethnic Township.[Note 1][10]: 39 

Historically,Dai peoplelived in the plains.[10]: 420 Jingpo peopleimmigrated to the mountains from theTibetan Plateauin the 16th century.[10]: 425 Han Chinese became the majority because of theMing conquest of Yunnanand severalSino-Burmese wars,and the subsequent stationing of Chinese army in the area.[5]: 227 

Culture

[edit]
Wuyun Temple(Ngũ vân tự) is the first temple of Mangshi which built in 1665.[10]: 460 
AManauplace in Nongqiu Village (Lộng khâu thôn),Zhefang.

Dai peoplein Mangshi speakTai Nuea language,[10]: 420 whileJingpo peoplespeakZaiwaandJingpho.Zaiwa is the most populous branch of Jingpo in Mangshi.[10]: 426 

Almost all the Dai andPalaung peoplefollowsTheravada Buddhism.Many villages have their own Buddhist temple,[10]: 422 called "Zhuangfang"(TrangPhòng) or "Miansi" (MiếnTự;'Burmese temple'). They are the center for religion activities and education, and also the entertainment venues for villagers.[30]: 154, 156 Expenditure of the temple and the monk life costs are paid by the villagers. An average Dai farmer spends one-fifth of his annual income for religion-related activities in 1988.[10]: 422 In Jingpo folk religion, various gods as well as ancestral spirits are worshipped.[10]: 451 

Water-Sprinkling Festival(in Thailand called "Songkran") andManauare the grandest festivals of the Dai and Jingpo. They are both statutory holidays in Dehong Prefecture.[31]The 15,000-capacityDehong Stadium,a football stadium, is also used for cultural events.[citation needed]

Transport

[edit]
G320 Highwayin Mangshi

TusiFang Keming (Phương khắc minh) of Mangshi and Duo Jianxun (Đa kiến huân) of Zhefang built a road linking Mangshi andWandingin 1926. An Indian engineer was invited to design the route. The road was completed in 1931, and became a part of theBurma Roadin 1937.[10]: 152 In modernChina National Highways network,this road is part ofG320 Highway.[32]: 42 Longling-Ruili Expresswayopened on 31 December 2015, and is the firstexpresswayof Mangshi. It forms part ofG56 Hangzhou–Ruili ExpresswayandAH14.[33]A provincial highway,Mangshi-Lianghe Expresswayis currently under construction.[34]Another provincial expressway,Ruili-Menglian Expressway,is planned.[35]

Although Mangshi has a 68.23 km-long borderline with Myanmar, it has no nationalport of entry.There are threeborder crossingwithout customs control into Myanmar serving the locals. They are Manghai (Mang hải), Zhongshan (Trung sơn) and Bangda (Bang đạt).[36]: 162 Manghai linksMong Koin Myanmar, also known as Monekoe.

Dali–Ruili railwayis under construction, with two stations in Mangshi:MangshiandMangshi West.[37]

Dehong Mangshi International Airportis the only airport in Dehong Prefecture. It saw 1,652,533 passengers and 13,982 flights in 2017.[38]

Society

[edit]
Dehong Sports Center
Square and the library of Dehong Teachers' College

Dehong Sports Centeris located on the west of Mangshi, with a 21,000-capacity stadium, a 3,200-capacity basketball gym, a 2,150-capacity aquatics center, a 6-courts tennis gym and other outdoor sports fields. The sports center was built in 2008, and has a building area of 36,813.49m2.[39]

Dehong People's Hospitalis aTertiary B-levelhospital established in 1954 in southeast of Mangshi.[21]: 551 It has 1,200 beds and the service area covered up Dehong,Longling,Tengchongand part ofMyanmar.[40]

Dehong Teachers' College(Đức hoành sư phạm cao đẳng chuyên khoa học giáo) is the mainhigher educationcollege of Dehong, established in 2006.[21]: 491 It is a technical college but under the working for upgrade to anundergraduate educationuniversity.[41]Many Burmese students are studying abroad in the college.[42]

Dehong's media is multilingual, reflecting its diverse ethnic makeup. Dehong TV Station was established in 1991, with programs inChinese,Tai Nuea,JingphoandZaiwa.Dehong TV Station is the only TV station that uses four languages in China.[21]: 522 Dehong Unity News(Đức hoành đoàn kết báo) is the official newspaper of Dehong Prefecture Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The newspaper using five languages:Chinese,Tai Nuea,Jingpho,ZaiwaandLisu.It is the only newspaper that uses five languages in China.[21]: 518 Pauk-Phaw,the first Burmese newspaper of China, was founded in Mangshi in 2015 and is published byDehong Unity Newspaperoffice. It serves the 50,000 Burmese who live in China.[43]

Tourism

[edit]
Tiecheng Pagoda
Mengbanaxi Exotics Garden

3.3 million tourists visited Mangshi in 2015, and generated a tourism income of CN¥ 5.09 billion for the city.[4]Puti Temple,[44]Wuyun TempleandFoguang Templeare well knownBuddhist templesin Mangshi.[30]: 155 Tiecheng Pagoda,Fengping PagodaandMenghuan Pagodaare well knownBuddhist pagodas.[10]: 462 Tiecheng Pagoda, also known as "Shubao Pagoda" (Chinese:ThụBaoTháp;lit.'pagoda wrapped by tree'), was built inQianlong era,Qing dynasty.A seed fell in the crack of the pagoda about 200 years ago, and now, the pagoda is wrapped by thebodhi tree.[45]: 262 [30]: 53 Mengbanaxi Exotics Garden,a garden for valuable ancient trees and tree fossils, is the only AAAA state-level tourist destination of Mangshi.[46]

Friendly cities

[edit]

Mangshi currently maintains friendship agreements with the following foreign

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Other major area of Palaung people in China:Zhenkang County(2,374),Ruili City(1,783),Longchuan County(1,454),Gengma County(1,158),Longyang District(1,075)

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Đức hoành châu đệ thất thứ toàn quốc nhân khẩu phổ tra chủ yếu sổ cư công báo"(in Chinese). Government of Dehong Prefecture. 11 June 2021.
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