Mike Mansfield

For other people named Michael Mansfield, seeMichael Mansfield (disambiguation).

"Senator Mansfield" redirects here. For the North Carolina Senate member, seeEric L. Mansfield.

Mike Mansfield
Mansfield in 1985
United States Ambassador to Japan
In office June 10, 1977 – December 22, 1988
President	Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	James Day Hodgson
Succeeded by	Michael Armacost
Senate Majority Leader
In office January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1977
Whip	Hubert Humphrey Russell B. Long Ted Kennedy Robert Byrd
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Robert Byrd
Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus
In office January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Lyndon Johnson
Succeeded by	Robert Byrd
Senate Majority Whip
In office January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1961
Leader	Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by	Earle Clements
Succeeded by	Hubert Humphrey
United States Senator fromMontana
In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Zales Ecton
Succeeded by	John Melcher
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMontana's1stdistrict
In office January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Jeannette Rankin
Succeeded by	Lee Metcalf
Personal details
Born	Michael Joseph Mansfield (1903-03-16)March 16, 1903 New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	October 5, 2001(2001-10-05)(aged 98) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Maureen Hayes ​ ​ (m.1932; died 2000)​
Children	1
Education	University of Montana(BA,MA) University of California, Los Angeles
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy United States Army United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1918–1919 (Navy) 1919–1920 (Army) 1920–1922 (Marine Corps)
Rank	Seaman(Navy) Private(Army) Private First Class(Marine Corps)
Battles/wars	World War I

Michael Joseph Mansfield(March 16, 1903 – October 5, 2001) was an AmericanDemocratic Partypolitician and diplomat who representedMontanain theUnited States House of Representativesfrom 1943 to 1953 andUnited States Senatefrom 1953 to 1977. As the leader of theSenate Democratic Caucusfrom 1961 to 1977, Mansfield shepherdedGreat Societyprograms through the Senate; his tenure of exactly sixteen years was the longest of anyparty leaderin Senate history, until the record was broken byMitch McConnellin 2023.

Born inBrooklyn,New York, Mansfield grew up inGreat Falls, Montana.He lied about his age to serve in theUnited States NavyduringWorld War I.After the war, he became a professor of history and political science at theUniversity of Montana.He won election to the House of Representatives and served on theHouse Committee on Foreign AffairsduringWorld War II.

In 1952, he defeated incumbent Republican SenatorZales Ectonto take a seat in the Senate. Mansfield served as Senate Majority Whip from 1957 to 1961. Mansfield ascended to Senate Majority Leader afterLyndon B. Johnsonresigned from the Senate to become vice president. In the later years of the Vietnam War, he opposed escalation of American involvement and supported PresidentRichard Nixon's plans forVietnamization.

After retiring from the Senate, Mansfield served asUnited States Ambassador to Japanfrom 1977 to 1988. Mansfield is the longest-serving American ambassador to Japan in history.Upon his retirement, he was awarded the nation's highest civilian honor, thePresidential Medal of Freedom.Mansfield also worked as a senior adviser on East Asian affairs toGoldman Sachs.

Early childhood

Mansfield was born on March 16, 1903, in theBrooklynborough of New York City. He was the son ofIrishimmigrants Patrick J. Mansfield and Josephine (née O'Brien) Mansfield.His father struggled to support the family, having to work several different jobs, ranging from a construction worker, hotel porter, and maintenance man.After Mansfield's mother died ofnephritisin 1910, his father sent Mansfield and his two sisters to live with his great-aunt and uncle inGreat Falls, Montana.

He attended local public schools, and worked in his relatives' grocery store.He turned into a habitual runaway, even living at a state orphanage inTwin Bridgesfor half a year.

Military service

At 14, Mansfield dropped out of school and lied about his age in order to enlist in theUS NavyduringWorld War I.He went on several overseas convoys on theUSSMinneapolisbut was discharged by the Navy after his real age was discovered.(He was the last known veteran of the war to die before he reached the age of 100 and the last World War I veteran to sit in the US Senate.) After his Navy discharge, he enlisted in theUS Army,serving as aprivatefrom 1919 to 1920.

Mansfield was aPrivate First Classin theUS Marine Corpsfrom 1920 to 1922.He served in the Western Recruiting Division at San Francisco until January 1921, when he was transferred to the Marine Barracks at Puget Sound, Washington. The following month, he was detached to the Guard Company, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island, California. In April, he boarded theUSAT Sherman,bound for thePhilippines.After a brief stopover at the Marine Barracks atCavite,he arrived at his duty station on May 5, 1921, the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Olongapo, Philippine Islands. One year later, Mansfield was assigned to Company A, Marine Battery, Asiatic Fleet. A short tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet took him along the coast of China before he returned to Olongapo in late May 1922.His service with the Marines established a lifelong interest in Asia.

That August, Mansfield returned to Cavite in preparation for his return to the United States and eventual discharge. On November 9, 1922, Marine Private Michael J. Mansfield was released on the completion of his enlistment. He was awarded the Good Conduct Medal, his character being described as "excellent" during his two years as a Marine.

Education

Following his return to Montana in 1922, Mansfield worked as a "mucker" and shoveled ore and other waste in thecopper minesofButtefor eight years.Having never attended high school, he took entrance examinations to attend theMontana School of Mines(1927–1928), studying to become a mining engineer.He later met a local schoolteacher and his future wife, Maureen Hayes, who encouraged him to further his education. With her financial support, Mansfield studied at theUniversity of MontanainMissoula,where he took both high school and college courses.He was also a member ofAlpha Tau Omegafraternity. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1933 and was offered agraduate assistantshipteaching two courses at the university. He also worked part-time in the registrar's office.He earned a Master of Arts degree from the University of Montana in 1934 with the thesis "American Diplomatic Relations with Korea, 1866–1910." From 1934 to 1942, he taught classes in Far Eastern and Latin American history and also lectured some years on Greek and Roman history.He also attended theUniversity of California, Los Angelesfrom 1936 to 1937.

U.S. Representative

In 1940, Mansfield ran for theDemocraticnomination for theHouse of RepresentativesinMontana's 1st congressional districtbut was defeated byJerry J. O'Connell,a former holder of the seat, in the primary. The general election was won byRepublicanJeannette Rankin,who had previously won what was formerly an at-large seat in the House in 1916 and served until her defeat in 1920.Mansfield decided to run for the seat again in the following election and won it by defeating the businessman Howard K. Hazelbaker after Rankin, who had voted against the entry of the United States into World War II, decided not to run for what would have been her third term.

A new-comer to the House, who is reportedly internationalist-minded, having been professor of history and political science at Montana State University for ten years. Though a supporter of the Administration's foreign policy, he is likely to be strongly critical of the smallness of China's share ofLend-Lease,and of what he fears is the Administration's tendency to regard the Atlantic as more important than the Pacific, and of its apparent reluctance to regard the Chinese as an ally on equal footing. His strongly pro-Chinese sentiments may tend to make him somewhat anti-British on this score.

Mansfield served five terms in the House, being re-elected in 1944, 1946, 1948, and 1950. His military service and academic experience landed him a seat on theHouse Foreign Affairs Committee.He went to China on a special mission for US PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltin 1944 and served as a delegate to the ninth Inter-American Conference inColombiain 1948.In 1951, he was appointed by PresidentHarry S. Trumanas a delegate to the United Nations' sixth session in Paris. During his House tenure, he also expressed his support forprice controls,a higherminimum wage,theMarshall Plan,and aid toTurkeyandGreece.He opposed theHouse Un-American Activities Committee,theTaft–Hartley Act,and theTwenty-second Amendment.

U.S. Senator

In 1952, Mansfield was elected to theSenateafter he had narrowly defeated the Republican incumbent,Zales Ecton.He served asSenate Majority Whipunder Majority LeaderLyndon B. Johnsonfrom 1957 to 1961.In 1961, after Johnson resigned from the Senate to become Vice President, Mansfield was unanimously elected the Democratic floor leader and thusSenate Majority Leader.Serving sixteen years, from 1961 until his retirement in 1977, Mansfield is the longest-serving Majority Leader in the history of the Senate.TheWashington Postcompared Mansfield's behavior as Majority Leader to Johnson's by saying, "Instead of Johnson's browbeating tactics, Mansfield led by setting an example of humility and accommodation."

External videos
Presentation by Mansfield in the Old Senate Chamber, reflecting on his experiences in and observations about the Senate, March 24, 1998,C-SPAN

Mansfield was critical of US involvement inLaos.On December 28, 1960, he opined that US aid to Laos had produced nothing but "chaos, discontent, armies on the loose, and a large mission of hundreds of officials inVientiane."

An early supporter ofNgo Dinh Diem,Mansfield altered his opinion on theVietnam Warafter a visit to Vietnam in 1962. He reported toJohn F. Kennedyon December 2, 1962, that US money given to Diem's government was being squandered and that the US should avoid further involvement inVietnam.He was thus the first American official to comment even mildly negatively on the war's condition.

On September 25, 1963, Mansfield introduced Kennedy during a joint appearance with him at the Yellowstone County Fairgrounds, Kennedy expressing his appreciation afterward and adding, "I know that those of you who live in Montana know something of his character and his high standard of public service, but I am not sure that you are completely aware of what a significant role he has played in the last 3 years in passing through the United States Senate measure after measure which strengthens this country at home and abroad."

Mansfield delivered a eulogy on November 24, 1963, as President Kennedy's casketlay in state in the Capitol rotunda,saying, "He gave that we might give of ourselves, that we might give to one another until there would be no room, no room at all, for the bigotry, the hatred, prejudice, and the arrogance which converged in that moment of horror to strike him down."

During the Johnson administration, Mansfield, convinced that it was a blunder based on just aims, became a skeptic of US involvement in theVietnam War.In February 1965, he lobbied against escalating aerial bombardment ofNorth Vietnamin the aftermath ofPleiku,arguing in a letter to the president thatOperation Rolling Thunderwould lead to a need for "vastly strengthened... American forces."

In 1964, Mansfield, as Senate Majority Leader, filed a procedural motion to have theCivil Rights Act of 1964discussed by the whole Senate rather than by theJudiciary Committee,which had killed similar legislation seven years earlier.Mansfield voted in favor of theCivil Rights Acts of 1964and1968,as well as the24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitutionand theVoting Rights Act of 1965.Mansfield voted in favor of the initial Senate amendment to theCivil Rights Act of 1957on August 7, 1957,but did not vote on the House amendment to the bill on August 29, 1957.Mansfield did not vote on theCivil Rights Act of 1960or the confirmation ofThurgood Marshallto theU.S. Supreme Court.

He hailed the newRichard Nixonadministration, especially the "Nixon Doctrine"announced atGuamin 1969 that the US would honor all treaty commitments, provide anuclear umbrellafor its allies, and supply weapons and technical assistance to countries where warranted without committing American forces to local conflicts.

In turn, Nixon turned to Mansfield for advice and as his liaison with the Senate on Vietnam. Nixon began a steady withdrawal and replacement of US troops shortly after he took office in January 1969, a policy supported by Mansfield. During his first term, Nixon reduced American forces by 95%, leaving only 24,200 in late 1972; the last ones left in March 1973.

During the economic crisis of 1971, Mansfield was not afraid to reach across the aisle to help the economy:

What we're in is not a Republican recession or a Democratic recession; both parties had much to do with bringing us where we are today. But we're facing a national situation which calls for the best which all of us can produce, because we know the results will be something which we will regret.

Mansfield attended the November 17, 1976, meeting between President-electJimmy Carterand Democratic congressional leaders in which Carter sought out support for a proposal to have the president's power to reorganize the government reinstated with potential to be vetoed by Congress.

Mansfield Amendments

Two controversial amendments by Mansfield limiting military funding of research were passed by Congress.

• The Mansfield Amendment of 1969, passed as part of the fiscal year 1970 Military Authorization Act (Public Law 91-121), prohibited military funding of research that lacked a direct or apparent relationship to specific military function. Through subsequent modification the Mansfield amendment moved the Department of Defense toward the support of more short-term applied research in universities.The amendment affected the military, such as research funding by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).
• The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research through theAdvanced Research Projects Agency,which is largely independent of the military, to projects with direct military application.This controversial amendment greatly reduced ARPA funding for many university-based computer projects, thereby forcing many Americancomputer scienceexperts to move to private sector research facilities such asXerox PARC.However, for that very reason, the amendment is also credited with giving birth to the contemporary computer technology industry.

An earlier Mansfield Amendment, offered in 1971, called for the number of US troops stationed in Europe to be halved. On May 19, 1971, however, the Senate defeated the resolution 61–36.

U.S. ambassador to Japan

1978 painting of Mansfield

Mansfield retired from the Senate in 1976 and was appointed ambassador to Japan in April 1977 byJimmy Carter,a role that he retained during theReagan administrationuntil 1988. While serving in Japan, Mansfield was highly respected and was particularly renowned for describing the US-Japan relationship as the "most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none."Mansfield's successor in Japan,Michael Armacost,noted in his memoirs that for Mansfield, the phrase was a "mantra." While in office, Mansfield also fostered relations between his home state of Montana and Japan. The state capital ofHelenais the sister city toKumamoto,on the island ofKyushu.

Honors

TheMaureen and Mike Mansfield Libraryat theUniversity of Montana,Missoula,is named after him and his wife Maureen,as was his request when informed of the honor. The library also contains the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center, which is dedicated toAsian studies,and, like theMaureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation,"advancing understanding and co-operation in US-Asia relations." TheMike Mansfield Federal Building and United States CourthouseinButtewas renamed in his honor in 2002.

TheMontana Democratic Partyholds an annual Mansfield-Metcalf Dinner named partially in his honor.

In 1977, Mansfield received the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards.

In 1977, he was awarded theLaetare Medalby theUniversity of Notre Dame,the oldest and most prestigious award forAmerican Catholics.

On January 19, 1989, Mansfield and Secretary of StateGeorge P. Shultzwere awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomby PresidentRonald Reagan.In his speech, Reagan recognized Mansfield as someone who has "distinguished himself as a dedicated public servant and loyal American."In 1990, he was given both theUnited States Military Academy,Sylvanus Thayer Awardand Japan'sOrder of the Rising Sunwith Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon. This is Japan's highest honor for someone who is not a head of state.

In 1999, Missoula's daily newspaper, theMissoulian,chose Mansfield as The Most Influential Montanan of the 20th Century.

Final years and death

Just a few months before his death, Mansfield appears behindHoward Baker,the new U.S. Ambassador to Japan withPresidentGeorge W. Bush,June 26, 2001

Through his last years, Mansfield lived in Washington, D.C., where he remained active; he performed speaking engagements well into his nineties, and worked from his office at Goldman Sachs until the week before he died.

Mansfield's wife, Maureen, died on September 20, 2000.He died from heart failure atWalter Reed Army Medical Centerjust over one year later, on October 5, 2001, at the age of 98.He was survived by his daughter, Anne Fairclough Mansfield (1939–2013),and one granddaughter.

Theburial plotof Pvt. and Mrs. Mansfield can be found in section 2, marker 49-69F ofArlington National Cemetery.

See also

• List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
• Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation

General references

Print

• Oberdorfer, Don (2003).Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat.Soho Press.ISBN1-58834-166-6.
• Olson, Gregory A. (1995).'Mansfield and Vietnam, a Study in Rhetorical Adaptation.Michigan State University Press.online
• Valeo, Francis R. (1999).Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976.New York: M. E. Sharpe.ISBN0-7656-0450-7.online
• Whalen, Charles and Barbara (1985).The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Cabin John, Maryland: Seven Locks Press.ISBN9780932020345.

Web

• "The Honorable Michael J. Mansfield".Who's Who in Marine Corps History.History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived fromthe originalon April 29, 2007.RetrievedApril 22,2006.
• Thorne, Christopher (October 11, 2001)."Laid to Rest, A Tribute to Mike Mansfield".Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon October 14, 2004.RetrievedJuly 19,2006.

This article incorporatespublic domain materialfrom websites or documents of theUnited States Marine Corps.

External links

• Arlington National Cemetery
• The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation,US-Asia relations
• The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Centerat theUniversity of Montana
• United States Congress."Mike Mansfield (id: m000113)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Legislative Summary: Statement by Senator Mike MansfieldArchivedDecember 24, 2013, at theWayback Machine,John F. Kennedy Library,1964
• Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – January 19, 1989ArchivedNovember 7, 2009, at theWayback Machine
• Mike Mansfield Papers(University of Montana Archives)
• Mansfield's America Oral History Project(University of Montana Archives)
• Don Oberdorfer Interviews with Mike Mansfield Oral History Project(University of Montana Archives)
• A film clip"Longines Chronoscope with Michael Mike Mansfield"is available for viewing at theInternet Archive
• AppearancesonC-SPAN