Deodoro da Fonseca
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Deodoro da Fonseca | |
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![]() Official portrait, 1889 | |
President of Brazil | |
In office 15 November 1889 – 23 November 1891 | |
Vice President | None(1889–1891) Floriano Peixoto(Feb–Nov 1891) |
Preceded by | Office established[a] |
Succeeded by | Floriano Peixoto |
President of Rio Grande do Sul | |
In office 8 May 1886 – 9 November 1886 | |
Preceded by | Barão de Lucena |
Succeeded by | Miguel Calmon du Pin |
Personal details | |
Born | Alagoas da Lagoa do Sul,Alagoas,Empire of Brazil | 5 August 1827
Died | 23 August 1892 Rio de Janeiro,Federal District,Brazil | (aged 65)
Political party | Independent |
Spouse |
Mariana Cecília de Sousa Meireles
(m.1860) |
Relations | Hermes da Fonseca(nephew) |
Parent(s) | Manuel Mendes da Fonseca Galvão (father) Rosa Maria Paulina de Barros Cavalcanti (mother) |
Alma mater | Praia Vermelha Military School |
Signature | ![]() |
Military service | |
Branch/service | Brazilian Army |
Years of service | 1843-1892 |
Rank | Generalissimo |
Commands |
|
Battles/wars | Great Siege of Montevideo Praieira Revolt |
Awards | Order of the Southern Cross |
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca(Portuguese pronunciation:[mɐnuˈɛwdeoˈdɔɾudafõˈsekɐ];5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the firstpresident of Brazil.He was born inAlagoasin a military family, followed a military career, and became a national figure. Fonseca took office as provisional president after headinga military coupthat deposedEmperor Pedro IIand established theFirst Brazilian Republicin 1889, disestablishing theEmpire.After his election in 1891, he stepped down the same year under great political pressure when he dissolved theNational Congress.He died less than a year later.
Early life
[edit]Fonseca was born the third child of a large military family on 5 August 1827 in Alagoas da Lagoa do Sul,Alagoas,a town that now bears his name asMarechal Deodoro,inNortheast Brazil.He was the son of Manuel Mendes da Fonseca Galvão (1785–1859) and his wife, Rosa Maria Paulina de Barros Cavalcanti (1802–1873). During the Brazilian Empire, his older brother, Severino Martins da Fonseca, was nominated the first Baron of Alagoas. Another notable relative was the PortuguesehumanistFrancisco de Holanda(d. 1585), his remote uncle. Fonseca pursued a military career that was notable for his suppression of thePraieira revoltin Pernambuco in 1848, Brazil's response to that year'srevolutions in Europe.[1]He also saw action during theParaguayan War(1864–1870), attaining the rank of captain. In 1884 he was promoted to the rank offield marshal,and he later achieved the rank of full marshal. His personal courage, military competence, and manly personal style made him a national figure.
Political career
[edit]As Governor ofRio Grande do Sul,Fonseca was courted by republican intellectuals such asBenjamin ConstantandRuy Barbosain the café society ofSão Paulo.In 1886, alerted that the imperial government was ordering the arrest of prominent republicans, Fonseca went toRio de Janeiroand assumed leadership of the army faction that supported the abolition ofslavery in Brazil.
Emperor Pedro IIhad advocated the abolition of slavery for decades, freeing his own slaves in 1840, but he believed slavery should be done away with slowly to avoid damaging the Brazilian economy. The government, nominally headed by his daughter,Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil,abolished slavery entirely in 1888, during her third regency while her father was away from the country. Enraged oligarchs played a role in the subsequent coup d'état. Fonseca's prestige placed him at the head of the military coup that deposed the emperor on 15 November 1889, and he was briefly the head of the provisional government that called a Constituent Congress to draft a new constitution fora republic.Soon, however, he was in conflict with the civilian republican leaders. Hiselection as presidenton 25 February 1891, by a narrow plurality, was backed with military pressure on Congress.
Presidency
[edit]The Fonseca administration, divided by political and personal animosity between Fonseca and Vice PresidentFloriano Peixoto,encountered strong opposition within Congress, which chose a policy of obstruction. During the first months of his presidency, he permitted his ministers almost unrestricted control of their ministries.[2]Arbitrary presidential decrees, such as the concession of the port ofTorresto a private company and Decree 528, which opened the country to further immigration except by Africans, as well as the disastrous conduct ofeconomic policyduring thebubbleof theEncilhamento,strengthened the resistance in Congress, which coalesced around Peixoto and soured public opinion. That also caused republicans in the South to withdraw their support from the marshal and provisional government.[3]The situation reached a crisis stage when Fonseca dissolved the National Congress and declared a "state of emergency" on 3 November 1891. A group of deputies opposed the decision and found support among the high-ranking officers of the Navy, including Admiral Custódio José de Melo. The marshal found himself on the brink of a civil war. On 23 November 1891, he signed a resignation to no one in particular and turned over the presidency to Peixoto.
Death
[edit]He died in Rio de Janeiro on 23 August 1892. He was stricken with perilous bouts ofdyspnea,popularly referred to as "shortness of breath", and was buried in a family grave in theCaju Cemetery.However, in 1937, his remains were unearthed and transferred to a monument in Praça Paris, Rio de Janeiro.
Gallery
[edit]- Deodoro da Fonseca in art
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Marshal Fonseca in 1889, by Bror Kronstrand
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Fechamento do CongressobyAngelo Agostini(1892)
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Tomb monument of Deodoro da Fonseca in Rio de Janeiro.
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Marechal Deodoro da Fonsecaengraved byModesto Brocos(1890)
In popular culture
[edit]Fonseca has been portrayed twice by Brazilian actor and voice actorCastro Gonzagain the miniseriesAbolição(1988) andRepública(1989) respectively.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Fonseca gained power through leading themilitary coup of 15 November 1889.As a result, he became the first president of Brazil as head of a provisional government until his election in 1891. His predecessor as head of state wasEmperorPedro II,whom Fonseca overthrew.
References
[edit]- ^"Marshal Deodoro and The Fall of Dom Pedro II".JSTOR2511467.
{{cite journal}}
:Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^"Ruy Barbosa".JSTOR1006827.
{{cite journal}}
:Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^Simmons, Charles Willis (1963). "Deodoro da Fonseca, Fate's Dictator".Journal of Inter-American Studies.5(1): 45–52.doi:10.2307/165283.JSTOR165283.
- Charles Willis Simmons,Marshal Deodoro and the fall of Dom Pedro II,1966
External links
[edit]Media related toDeodoro da Fonsecaat Wikimedia Commons
- 1827 births
- 1892 deaths
- Leaders who took power by coup
- Marshals of Brazil
- Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
- Brazilian military personnel of the Paraguayan War
- Presidents of Brazil
- People from Alagoas
- 19th-century Brazilian politicians
- Candidates for President of Brazil
- 19th-century Brazilian male writers
- Brazilian abolitionists
- Brazilian Roman Catholics