Manuel II of Portugal
This article includes a list of generalreferences,butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations.(October 2011) |
Manuel II | |
---|---|
King of Portugal | |
Reign | 1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910 |
Acclamation | 6 May 1908 |
Predecessor | Carlos I |
Successor | Monarchy abolished |
Prime Ministers | |
Born | Belém Palace,Lisbon,Portugal | 15 November 1889
Died | 2 July 1932 Fulwell,Middlesex,England | (aged 42)
Burial | 2 August 1932 |
Spouse | |
House | Braganza[a] |
Father | Carlos I of Portugal |
Mother | Princess Amélie d’Orléans |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Signature |
DomManuel II[b](15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932), "the Patriot"(Portuguese:"o Patriota") or "the Unfortunate"("o Desventurado"), was the lastKing of Portugal,ascending the throne after theassassinationof his father,King Carlos I,and his elder brother,Luís Filipe,thePrince Royal.Before ascending the throne he held the title ofDuke of Beja.His reign ended with the fall of the monarchy during the5 October 1910 revolution,and Manuel lived the rest of his life inexileinTwickenham,Middlesex,England.
Early life
[edit]Manuel was born in the Palace of Belém, Lisbon, less than a month after his father KingCarlos Iascended the Portuguese throne. He was the third child[c]and second son of Carlos andAmélie of Orléans.
A member of theHouse of Braganza,he was baptised a few days later, with hismaternal grandfatheras godfather. The former EmperorPedro II of Brazil,Manuel II's paternal great-granduncle, who had been deposed from the Brazilian throne on thedayof Manuel's birth, attended the ceremony.
He received the traditional education of a member of the royal family, without the political preoccupations that befell his older brother, who was destined to become King. Although Manuel was raised as a member of the upper class he took a more populist tone after ascending to the throne, and abandoned many of the court protocols.[d]He studied history and languages, learning English and French from an early age.[2]He demonstrated a love of literature and reading,[3]unlike his older brother who was more interested in physical activities. Manuel's upbringing included horse riding, fencing, rowing, tennis and gardening. He was a great lover of music,[3]especially Beethoven and Wagner, and played the piano.
As a child, Manuel played with the children of Count of Figueiró, Count of Galveias and with other families of the Court. In 1902, he was taught Latin and German by Franz Kerausch, later instruction was by Father João Damasceno Fiadeiro (Portuguese history); Marquês Leitão (Mathematics); M. Boeyé (French and French literature); Alfredo King (English and English literature), Father Domingos Fructuoso (Religion and Morals) andAlexandre Rey Colaço(piano).[4]
In 1903, Manuel travelled with his mother and his brother toEgypt,on board the royal yachtAmélia.[5]According to R. Benton, the trip "may have been decisive in Manuel's decision to enter the Portuguese navy and make it a career." In the summer of 1904, the prince became a cadet in thePortuguese Navy.[6]He began his training in theEscola Naval in 1907.[7]
Lisbon regicide
[edit]Manuel's future in thePortuguese Navywas abruptly shelved on1 February 1908.On that day, the royal family returned from theDucal PalaceinVila ViçosatoLisbon.On their way to theroyal palace,the carriage carrying King Carlos and his family passed through theTerreiro do Paçoplaza where shots were fired by at least two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries:Alfredo Luis da CostaandManuel Buiça.It is unclear whether the assassins were attempting to kill the King, the Prince Royal or the prime minister,João Franco.The murderers were shot dead on the spot by the royal bodyguard. The King was killed; Prince Luís Filipe was mortally wounded; Prince Manuel was hit in the arm; Queen Amélie was unharmed.[8]It was Amélie's quick thinking that saved her younger son. About 20 minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died. Days later, Manuel II was proclaimed King of Portugal. The young King, who had not been groomed to rule,[9]sought to save the fragile position of theBraganzadynasty by dismissing João Franco and his entire cabinet in 1908. The ambitions of various political parties made Manuel's short reign a turbulent one. In free elections held on 28 August 1910, the republicans won only 14 seats in the legislature.
King of Portugal and the Algarves
[edit]His first act was to meet with his Council of State and request the resignation of João Franco, whose policies may have been responsible for the tragedy. He appointed a government of national unity, presided over by AdmiralFrancisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral.[10]This quieted the republicans, but in retrospect was seen as weakness.
He opened the Royal Court Assembly on 6 May 1908 in the presence of national representatives, and affirmed his support of the Constitution. The King received general public sympathy, due to the deaths of his father and older brother. He was protected by his mother, Amélie, and sought out the support of the experienced politicianJosé Luciano de Castro.[11]Judging that the intervention of King Carlos was a reason for the events of 1908, he declared that he would reign, but not govern.[e]
For his part, the new King tried to increase the monarchy's connection with its subjects. The King visited several areas of the country. His trips included stops inPorto,Braga,Viana do Castelo,Oliveira de Azeméis,Santo Tirso,Vila Nova de Gaia,Aveiro,Guimarães,CoimbraandBarcelos.During these visits, his subjects were captivated by the young king, and he was received warmly. On 23 November he travelled to Espinho in open theVale do Vouga Railway.On his journeys, he ingratiated himself with the people with his candour and pious character.
However, he was not popular with republicans. One of them,João Chagas,the anti-monarchist journalist and propagandist of the Republican Party, warned the King of the problems that would develop when he declared:
- "...your Highness arrives too young into a very old world...!"
Social issues
[edit]During the 19th century, many intellectuals and politicians were preoccupied with the growth of the urbanproletariatas a consequence of theIndustrial Revolution.In Portugal, owing to lower levels of industrialisation, this was not an important question, but it was exacerbated by an economic crisis and the Republican Party, who believed arepublicwould resolve the problems. This was theQuestão Social(social question) of the times.
TheSocialist Partyhad existed since 1875, but it never had representation inParliament.This was not only because it was not popular, but also because theRepublican Partywas the principal channel of radical discontent within the political system. The King made some moves that did not infringe his constitutional restrictions, but which created incentives for the Socialist Party to lessen their support for the Republican Party. In 1909, Manuel invited the French sociologist,Léon Poinsard,to examine the social environment and report back to him. Poinsard wrote that the only way to combatclientelism,created by the system of rotational governments, would be a reorganisation of the local administrations. Enthusiastically, the King wrote to the President of the Council of MinistersWenceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima,to make him aware of the reorganisation of the Socialist Party (underAlfredo Aquiles Monteverde) and to remind him of the importance of working with the Socialists, "...so that, we will empty their supporters from the Republican Party, and orient them into a useful and productive force."
Notwithstanding the contacts made by the government of Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques with the Socialist Azedo Gneco, Venceslau de Lima considered this difficult after the Congresso Nacional Operário, which was boycotted by anarchists and republicans. For their part, the Socialists were enthusiastic about Royal support between Manuel and Aquiles Monteverde. Monteverde would later inform the King of the failure of the October 1909 trade union congress, but little was formalised between the socialists and the government, although they supported the work of Poinsard. During the government ofAntónio Teixeira de Sousa,in July 1910, that the government created a commission to study the establishment of an Instituto de Trabalho Nacional ( "Institute of National Work" ), that had three socialists and included Azedo Gneco. However, Aquiles Monteverde would complain that the commission lacked the resources to be effective: specifically that permanent members and unlimited transport, in order for the Socialists to promote their propaganda. Manuel II informed the government, through the Minister of Public Works, that he agreed with the establishment of the Instituto de Trabalho Nacional, but by September, it was too late for the constitutional monarchy.
During his reign he visited many parts of northern Portugal, in addition to Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, where he was appointed Knight of theOrder of the Garter,in November 1909. He cultivated a foreign policy that was close to Great Britain, which was not only the geo-political strategy that his father maintained, but it also reinforced his position on the throne by having a strong ally. The court also considered the marriage of a King of theHouse of Braganzato a British princess would secure the protection of theUnited Kingdomin any impending conflict. But, the country's instability, the assassination of the King and Prince Royal, and the drawn-out negotiations that were ended with the death ofEdward VII,ended these pretensions. The old British monarch, a personal friend of Carlos, would have been the great protector of the House of Braganza, and without him, the liberal government of Britain had no interest in maintaining the Portuguese monarchy.
Revolution
[edit]The stability of the government deteriorated; seven governments were established and fell in a period of 24 months. The monarchist parties continued to fragment, while the Republican Party continued to gain ground. The legislative elections on 28 August 1910 had elected 14 new representatives (resulting in an assembly that was divided: 9% Republican, 58% Government and 33% Opposition) which helped the revolutionary cause, but which made little importance since the Setúbal Congress (on 24–25 April 1909) had determined that the Republicans would take power by force.[12]The murder of a prominent republican precipitated thecoup d'étatthat had been so long in coming.[13]
During the waning days of King Manuel II's reign,Prior Sardobeseeched the monarch to bestowGafanha da Nazaréwith a parish, achieving royal recognition, marking the last town to receive such acknowledgment. This historic event was officially documented in Diário do Governo nº 206 on 16 September 1910.[14][page needed]
Between 4 and 5 October 1910, theRepublican Revolutionerupted in the streets of Lisbon. What started as a military coup commenced by soldiers, was joined by some civilians and municipal guards attacking the loyal garrisons and the royal palace, while the guns from the cruiserNRPAdamastoradded to the cannonade. ThePalace of Necessidades(then official residence of the young King) was bombarded, forcing Manuel to move to theMafra National Palace,where he rendezvoused with his mother, Queen Amélia, and his grandmother, the Queen MotherMaria Pia of Savoy.There was little apparent popular reaction to these events: pictures from the square in front of the City Hall in Lisbon, where the declaration of the Republic occurred, did not show an overwhelming multitude, and even some in the military were fearful that their actions would not be successful. One republican commander, Admiral Cândido dos Reis, even committed suicide when he believed that the events had not succeeded.
One day later, once it was clear that the Republicans had taken the country, Manuel decided to embark fromEriceiraon the royal yachtAmélia IVforPorto,with armed Republicans arriving as the ship departed. It is unclear whether his advisers motivated Manuel to change his intentions[f]or whether he was forced to change his destination en route,[15]but the Royal Family disembarked inGibraltarshortly later, after they received notice that Porto had fallen to the Republicans. Thecoup d'étatwas complete, and the Royal Family departed for exile,[g]arriving in theUnited Kingdom,where he was received by KingGeorge V.
Personal life
[edit]In the spring of 1912, Manuel visited Switzerland, where he metPrincess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern(1890–1966), daughter ofWilliam, Prince of Hohenzollern,and was deeply impressed by her. They were second cousins, both being great-grandchildren ofMaria II.
In the following year, on 4 September 1913, Manuel married Augusta Victoria. During the Mass, which was celebrated in the Chapel ofSigmaringen Castle,Manuel, wearing hisOrder of the Gartermedallion and the sash of the Three Portuguese Orders, stood on a crate containing soil brought from Portugal. The ceremony was conducted by CardinalJosé Sebastião de Almeida Neto,Patriarch of Lisbon,then exiled inSeville,who had baptised Manuel as a young prince; Manuel was also assisted by thePrince of Wales(Edward VIII) and KingAlfonso XIIIof Spain, as well as representatives of the royal houses of Europe (includingSpain,Germany,Italy,FranceandRomania,in addition to the principalities andGermankingdoms). After festivities which lasted two days, the couple went on their honeymoon to Munich, where the Princess fell ill and withdrew from the public.
The marriage, a calm and serene union, lasted until the death of the former king; the couple had no children.
Exile
[edit]In exile, Manuel resided inFulwell Park,Twickenhamnow inLondon(where his mother had been born). At Fulwell Park he tried to recreate a Portuguese environment, as the attempts to restore him to his throne (1911,1912and1919) failed. He was active in the local community, attended services at theChurch of St James, Twickenham,and became godfather to several children.[16]In 1932 he donated a window to St James Church bearing the Braganza crest and depictingSt Anthonyto celebrate the 700th anniversary of the saint's death.[17]His influence is also recalled by a number of toponymic references in the area: Manuel Road, Lisbon Avenue, and Portugal Gardens. He followed political events in Portugal, and was concerned with the anarchy of theFirst Republic,fearing that it could provoke aSpanishintervention and risk the country's independence.
While in exile, there was one case where the former King's direct intervention had an effect. After the overthrow of the government ofGomes da Costa,by GeneralÓscar Fragoso Carmona,in 1926, Costa was appointed Ambassador to London. Given the rapid succession of ambassadors during this period, the British government refused to recognise the new official's credentials. As the ambassador was to negotiate the liquidation of the Portuguese debt to the United Kingdom, the Minister of Foreign Affairs asked Manuel to straighten out the situation. The former monarch was delighted by the opportunity to help his homeland and communicated with many of his British contacts (including, probably, KingGeorge V) in order to resolve the dispute. Even in exile Manuel continued to be a patriot, going as far as declaring in his 1915 testament his intention to transfer his possessions to the Portuguese State for the creation of a museum, and showing his interest in being buried in Portugal.
World War I
[edit]Manuel defended the entry of Portugal into theFirst World Warand its active participation. He asked monarchists to desist from restoration efforts as long as the war continued. He even met with republicans, and at one time, solicited his involvement in the Portuguese army. But, contrary to his hopes, a majority of the monarchists did not follow his pleas for cooperation. Many of them backed the aspirations of Germany, and had hoped to see the victory of the Kaiser as another channel to restore the monarchy. Manuel believed that supporting Great Britain would guarantee the retention of overseas colonies, which would have been lost to German aggression even if the Germans were supported in the conflict. Of his close subordinates who offered their support to the Republic, none were accepted.
Manuel attempted to make himself available tothe Allied Powers,wherever they saw use, but was disappointed when he was assigned a post in the British Red Cross. He characteristically put all his efforts into the role, participating in conferences, fund drives, visits to hospitals and the wounded soldiers on the front, which ultimately gave him a lot of gratification. The visits to the front were difficult on the French government, but his friendship with George V was sufficient to alleviate their concerns. Regardless, most of his efforts were not credited; years later, in an interview withAntónio Ferro,he lamented, "The operating room in the Portuguese Hospital in Paris, during the War, was constructed by me. Do you know what they put on the plaque? 'From a Portuguese in London'."[18]The King was also responsible for the creation of the Orthopedic Department atShepherd's Bush Hospitalwhich, at his insistence continued to function until 1925, in order to continue to treat the disfiguring effects of the war. A proof of his recognition by the British was by his friend King George V, who invited him to be with the King during the victory celebrations during the parade of soldiers in 1919.
Monarchy and its status
[edit]Since 1911, the Portuguese monarchists-in-exile had concentrated inGalicia,Spainin order to enter Portugal and restore the monarchy but without the tacit approval of the Spanish government. The monarchists were led by the charismaticHenrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro,a veteran of the African colonial campaigns. ThePaladin,as the Portuguese newspapers called him, believed that demonstrating a show of force would force the rural people to rise-up and support the restoration. But he was wrong; poorly prepared and badly financed, his forces encountered apathy from the rural population and the incursions ended with retreats into Galicia.
For his part, Manuel supported these incursions the best way he could, but his financial resources were limited. He also faced a group of monarchists who were not clear supporters of his claim to the throne: one attack was made under a blue and white flag, but without the crown, while Paiva Couceiro himself declared at one time that his movement was "neutral" and wanted a plebiscite on the form of the new regime. It was only after he traded correspondence with Couceiro that the King was able to support the Galician monarchists, who had promised to support theConstitutional Charter of 1826.The second incursion, in 1912, although better prepared did not succeed because the Spanish government was forced to cede to Republican diplomats the illegality of monarchist encampments in Galicia and disarmed the remaining combatants within its territory. Manuel was never able to restore his kingdom by force and always defended that the monarchists should organise internally in order to reach power legally (by elections). This was not accepted by militant monarchists who, in the following years, continued their badly prepared attempts to restore the monarchy (for example on 20 October 1914), creating anarchy in the streets. His preoccupation worsened at the beginning of the Great War: Manuel was fearful that the United Kingdom would ally with Spain, in light of Portugal's instability, and that Spain would want to annex Portugal, as the price for Spain's entry into the War.
Dover Pact
[edit]After the failure of the first monarchist incursion, and with Manuel appearing relatively unenthusiastic for a restoration of the monarchy (and entirely against armed counter-revolution), another group of royalists attempted to legitimise the claims of the descendants ofMiguel Ito the throne. In order to counter this, the King allegedly entered into direct negotiations withthe Duke of Braganza'srepresentatives: he attempted to establish himself as the rightful king and, according to theIntegralismo Lusitanogroup, he recognised the descendants of Miguel as being in line to the throne of Portugal. There are no proof of an encounter between Manuel II and Miguel inDoveron 30 January 1912. The results of the supposed meeting remain controversial: although there was an accord on challenging the republic, there remained no clear agreement on hereditary lines of succession, and Manuel still retained his claim to the throne.
Monarchy of the North
[edit]Some monarchists continued unsuccessful counter-revolutionary activities during the War, while the former King continued to condemn their actions and to exhort them to restore the monarchy at the ballot-box. This option seemed viable after thedictatorshipof GeneralPimenta de Castro(January 1915) broke the momentum of theDemocratic Party,who attempted to garner sympathies from the conservative right, by removing restrictions imposed on monarchist groups on 5 October. Between April and May 1915, 55 monarchist centres opened (33 in the north and 12 in the centre of the country), causing many republicans to close ranks and on 14 May 1915 the revolution returned to the streets, when 15,000 armed civilians and the soldiers from the Navy tried to maintain the loyalty of the Army to the government. After three days of combat 500 deaths and more than 1,000 wounded, the Democratic Party retained control and the monarchist groups were once again declared illegal. During theSidónio Paisgovernment, Pais cultivated support from conservative factions and incorporated a re-establishment of a regime based on universal male suffrage. His assassination allowed moderate republicans to re-establish control, but the creation of military juntas in the provinces of the north, with monarchist tendencies, created expectations of a possible monarchist restoration through a military coup d'état.
Manuel continued to plead for calm at the end of the War; while not abandoning the possibility of taking action in the future, he insisted on waiting to the end of peace negotiations in Paris: he was fearful that continued anarchy in Portugal would prejudice its negotiating position. But, for Paiva Couceiro and the other Integralists, this was the moment: they awaited the royal authorisation of the King's adjunct Aires de Ornelas. Receiving a memorandum that requested this authorisation, and convinced that this action would not occur immediately, Ornelas wrote on the margin,Go on. Palavras de El-Rei,and signed the document. On 19 January 1919 a thousand soldiers and some artillery, under the command of Paiva Couceiro occupied Porto, in order to restore the Constitutional Monarchy, and its King Manuel II. A provisional government was established that controlledMinho,Trás-os-Montes(with the exception ofChaves,MirandelaandVila Real), as well as part of the district of Aveiro, but contrary to Couceiro's expectations, the rest of the country did not rise.
In Lisbon, Aires de Ornelas was caught completely by surprise, but he could not escape with other monarchists to the safety of the 2nd Regimental Lancers, in Ajuda. There the number of refugees, who suffered as the republican reprisals increased, and the commander removed his forces and those civilians, marching them to Monsanto, where the 4th, 7th and 9th Cavalry and the 30th Infantry Battery from Belém were entrenched. Aires de Ornelas wavered in his support, which risked the possibility that Integralists would transfer their loyalty to Miguel's supporters, or assume the leadership of the monarchist movement. In a small area, and circled by Republican forces, the monarchists surrendered on 24 January. With the failure of the Restoration in the centre and south of the country, luck turned on Paiva Couceiro. On 13 February a part of the Republican National Guard deserted and restored the Republic in Porto. Those monarchists who did not escape were incarcerated and subsequently sentenced to long-term imprisonment. The King, in exile, did not hear of the failure and was informed only after reading the reports in the newspapers.
Paris Pact
[edit]Although it is not likely that such a pact took place, it is said that in 1922, with cooling of relations between monarchists of theIntegralismo Lusitanoand the King, and mindful that his marriage to Augusta Victória had not produced heirs, Manuel, in a Paris meeting in April 1922, represented by his adjunct Aires de Ornelas, and Miguelist representativesInfanta Adelgundes,who was by now calling herself Duchess of Guimarães, and tutor toDuarte Nuno,agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession would pass to Duarte Nuno. Integralists disagreed because, in their view, the agreement failed to make reference to the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, which was fundamental to their assertions. Integralismo Lusitano withheld their support, and on September 1925, Aldegundes, in a letter to Manuel, repudiated the agreement owing the continue operation of the Constitutional Newspaper (the Integralist paper was closed as part of the accord) and the lack of Integralist participation.
Bibliographer
[edit]Manuel was always an avid reader and, during his exile, dedicated himself to the study of literature, penning treatises onMedievalandRenaissanceliterature in Portugal. Following the First World War and with more free time, apart from his contacts with monarchist organisations, he dedicated himself to these studies (a tradition that was instilled in him by his father). Initially, he was interested in writing a biography, and began research on a biography ofManuel I of Portugal,who he believed was badly treated by other historians. He contracted the services of the bibliographer Maurice Ettinghausen in 1919, to find older books for his project, and was helped by the dissolution of many private collections after the implementation of the Republic.
By 1926, Manuel had abandoned the idea of a biography and concentrated on descriptions of older books in his library (itself, a complete library of older works). More than a simple list, the work allowed Manuel to write of the glories of Portugal, writing not just a bibliography but also an examination of the authors and the context of their writings. His interpretation was scientifically rigorous, and resulted in a final work that was marked by a nationalism and the exaltation of ancestral valor. His examples were limited and illustrated by facsimiled copies of the works, both written in English and Portuguese. The first volume of the workLivros Antigos Portuguezes 1489–1600, da Bibliotheca de Sua Magestade Fidelíssima Descriptos por S. M. El-Rey D. Manuel em Três volumeswas published in 1929. Manuel delivered, by hand, a copy of his work to his friendGeorge VatWindsor Castle.The work was received well by critics, and the King dedicated himself to the second volume, which covered the period 1540 to 1569. But the project was terminated prematurely in 1932, when Manuel died unexpectedly: the third volume was posthumously published under the supervision of his librarian,Margery Winters.His completed works gave the King a respectful reputation among Portuguese historians, and his bust was added to the entrance atrium of theNational Libraryin Lisbon.
Death, aftermath, and legacy
[edit]King Manuel died unexpectedly in his residence on 2 July 1932, viasuffocationfollowing an attack of "acuteoedemaof theglottis",aswelling of the narrow opening at the upper end of the larynx,[19]ortracheal oedema.[20]The Portuguese government, at that time led byAntónio Oliveira de Salazar,authorised his burial in Lisbon, after astate funeral.His body arrived in Lisbon on 2 August 1932, on board the British cruiserHMSConcordwhich had made the journey from the United Kingdom and sailed into theTagus Riverto deliver the coffin of the former King. The body was received atPraça do Comércio,where a crowd of people had gathered to follow the coffin toSão Vicente de Foraand the roads were inundated with people interested in seeing the funeral procession. His body was interred in theRoyal Pantheon of the House of Braganzain theMonastery of São Vicente de Fora.
By some he was given the nicknameO Patriota('The Patriot'), for his preoccupation with the national identity;O Desventurado('The Unfortunate'), because he lost his throne to the Republic; andO EstudiosoorO Bibliófilo('The Studious' or 'The Bibliophile') for his love for Portuguese literature. Monarchists also referred to him asO Rei-Saudade('The Missed King'), for the longing that was felt when the monarchy was abolished.
His death has been regarded as suspicious by some because he had been playingtennison 1 July and was apparently in excellent health. An incident surrounding his sudden death was mentioned in the autobiography of Harold Brust, a member ofScotland YardSpecial Branchin charge of protecting public figures. In his memoirs, Brust speaks of an incident which probably occurred in 1931 in which an intruder was discovered in the grounds of Fulwell Park who, when arrested, the Police confirmed as being a prominent member of a Portuguese republican terrorist group known as theCarbonáriaand who was subsequently deported toLisbon.To date the identity of the intruder has not been confirmed. Questions remain as to the reason for the man's intrusion.[21]
Since neither the Dover nor Paris Pacts resolved the issue of succession and there are no known documents proving them, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne. King Manuel also made it clear that the Portuguese royal family (including the Brazilian branch of the ImperialHouse of Orléans-Braganzaand the Portuguese family branch of the descendants of theInfanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Braganzaandthe Duke of Loulé) would end with the last dynastic male heir of the House of Braganza (himself), the collateralMiguelist linehaving been furthermore excluded from the throne by thePortuguese Cortes,in December 1834, and categorically throughthe Constitution of 1838(the article 98). Still, the monarchistIntegralismo Lusitanomovement supported (since 1920 asmiguelist) and acclaimedDuarte Nuno, Duke of Braganzaas King of Portugal in 1932, at the death of Manuel II. Their justification, ironically, included the fact that both branches had met to determine the line of succession in Dover and Paris, even though those accords were both later repudiated.
After King Manuel's death, the Portuguese National Assembly, underAntónio de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship, authorised the return of the banned branch of the Braganzas (ex-King Miguel's descendants) on 27 May 1950, repealing the laws of exile of 19 December 1834 and 15 October 1910,[22]and founded, with the sale of the King's English estate and some of his remaining personal possessions, the Foundation of the House of Braganza, according to King Manuel's desire to leave his personal fortune to the Portuguese people.
Honours
[edit]National[23]
- Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders
- Gold Medal of the Royal Humanitarian Society of Porto
He became Grand Master of all Portuguese orders upon his accession to the throne.
Foreign[23]
- Austria-Hungary:
- Gold Jubilee Court Medal,1898
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen,1909
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,21 November 1904
- Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter,16 November 1909
- Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of King George V,22 June 1911
- British War Medal (1914–1918),26 July 1919
- France:
- Legion of Honour(Grand Cross)[h](France),31 December 1905
- French Royal Family:Knight of the Holy Spirit
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta:Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion,22 January 1907
- Holy See:Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem,2 February 1908
- Spain:
- Knight of the Golden Fleece,14 May 1908
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III,15 February 1909
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. Andrew,17 May 1908
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky,17 May 1908
- Knight of the White Eagle,17 May 1908
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class,17 May 1908
- Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class,17 May 1908
- Kingdom of Italy:
- Knight of the Annunciation,27 May 1908[24]
- Gold Medal of Merit for theMessina Earthquake,1908
- Belgium:
- Order of Leoopold(Grand Cordon) (Belgium) (military),12 July 1908
- German Empire:
- Netherlands:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion,21 September 1908
- Kingdom of Romania:Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I,1908
- Sweden:Knight of the Seraphim,27 February 1909
- Denmark:Knight of the Elephant,24 March 1909
- Monaco:Grand Cross of St. Charles,13 August 1909
- Norway:Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar,9 September 1909
- Empire of Japan:Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
Ancestry
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^"While remainingpatrilinealdynasts of the duchy ofSaxe-Coburg and Gothaaccording to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944Almanach de Gotha,Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the1838 Portuguese constitutiondeclared, with respect toFerdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza "
- ^Also rendered as Manoel in Contemporary Portuguese
- ^The second child was Maria Ana, who died shortly after her birth.
- ^In the annualBeija-mão Real( "Kiss the Royal Hand" ) ceremony, on 1 January, he declined to have the attending dignitaries kiss his hand.[1][page needed]
- ^Both Manuel and his mother were convinced that King Carlos had compromised himself by intervening openly in politics. With this in mind, Manuel preferred to keep aside, and tried not to be compromised with the leaders of the parties.
- ^Commander Castelo Branco had warned the King that it was dangerous to take such a route.
- ^TheMarquês de Soveralhad already suggested that KingGeorge Vsend an escort to Gibraltar to protect the Royal Family. In response, the British government suggested that the personal yachtVictoria and Albertshould be sent in order not to create tensions with the republican government in Lisbon.
- ^French:Légion d'honneur - Grand-croix
References
[edit]- ^Nobre 2002.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 20.
- ^abBenton 1975,p. 18.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 19.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 23.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 24.
- ^Newitt 2019,p. 286.
- ^Benton 1975,pp. 42–43.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 45.
- ^Benton 1975,pp. 48–49.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 49.
- ^Proença 2006,p. 100.
- ^Hindley 1979,p. 23.
- ^Rezende 1936.
- ^Honrado 1993,pp. 91–93.
- ^"King Manoel II of Portugal: Royal exile at Fulwell Park".Twickenham Museum. Archived fromthe originalon 29 November 2014.Retrieved22 November2014.
- ^Youngs, Robert (5 March 2014)."A history of Roman Catholicism in Strawberry Hill"(PDF).Strawberry Hill Residents Association. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 November 2014.
- ^Ferro 1954,pp. 108–109.
- ^Benton 1975,p. 197: "Death was attributed to suffocation following an attack of 'acute oedema of the glottis', a swelling of the narrow opening at the upper end of the larynx."
- ^Mayflower Books 1980,p. 221: "He died on 2 July 1932, aged only forty-three, of a tracheal oedema, childless."
- ^Luís Guerreiro, 2007–2010,Centenário do RegicídioArchived29 May 2010 at theWayback Machine
- ^Law no. 2040 of 1950 (published in theDiário do Governono. 99/1950, Series I of 1950-05-27, page 323)
- ^abBragança, Jose Vicente de (2016)."King Dom Manuel II in the Great War and his Honours".Pro Phalaris.14:6–9, 16.Retrieved19 March2020.
- ^Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920).Calendario generale del regno d'Italia.p.57.
Bibliography
[edit]- Great Dynasties.New York: Mayflower Books Inc. 1980.ISBN0-8317-3966-5.
- Benton, Russell Earl (1975)."The Downfall of a King: Dom Manuel II of Portugal".LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2818.
- Ferro, António (1954).D. Manuel II, O Desventurado(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand.
- Guerreiro, Luís (2007)."Memorial do Regicido"(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Aliança Internacional Monárquica Portuguesa. Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2010.Retrieved18 May2010.
- Hindley, Geoffrey (1979).The Royal Families of Europe.London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.ISBN0-07-093530-0.
- Honrado, Fernando (1993).Da Ericeira a Gibraltar vai um Rei(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Acontecimento. pp. 91–93.
- Newitt, Malyn (15 October 2019).The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640–1910.Reaktion Books.ISBN978-1-78914-165-8.
- Nobre, Eduardo (2002).Paixões Reais(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Quimera Editores Lda.
- Proença, Maria Cândida (2006). "D. Manuel II".Reis de Portugal(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores.
- Rezende, João Vieira (1936).Monografia da Gafanha(in Portuguese). Ílhavo: Gráfica Ilhavense.
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