Jump to content

Valeria gens

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Valerius" redirects here. For other uses, seeValerius (name).
"Valerii" redirects here. For other uses, seeValerii (name).
DenariusofLucius Valerius Flaccus,consul in 100 BC, and later magister equitum to the dictator Sulla.

Thegens Valeriawas apatricianfamily atancient Rome,prominent from the very beginning of theRepublicto the latest period of theEmpire.Publius Valerius Poplicolawas one of theconsulsin 509 BC, the year that saw the overthrow of theTarquins,and the members of his family were among the most celebrated statesmen and generals at the beginning of the Republic. Over the next ten centuries, fewgentesproduced as many distinguished men, and at every period the name ofValeriuswas constantly to be found in the lists of annualmagistrates,and held in the highest honour. Several of theemperorsclaimed descent from the Valerii, whose name they bore as part of their official nomenclature.[1]

A number of unusual privileges attached to this family, including the right to burial within the city walls,[2][3]and a special place for its members in theCircus Maximus,where the unique honour of a throne was granted them.[4]The house built byPoplicolaat the foot of theVelian Hillwas the only one whose doors were permitted to open into the street.[5][6]The historianBarthold Georg Niebuhrconjectured that, during the transition from themonarchyto the Republic, the Valerii were entitled to exercise royal power on behalf of the Titienses, one of the threeRomulean tribesthat made up the Roman people.[7]

Although one of the most noble and illustrious families of the Roman aristocracy, from the very beginning the Valerii were notable for their advocacy ofplebeiancauses, and many important laws protecting the rights of the plebeians were sponsored by the Valerii.[8]As with many other ancient patrician houses, the family also acquired plebeian branches, which must have been descended either fromfreedmenof the Valerii, or from members of the family who, for one reason or another, had gone over to the plebeians.[1]

Origin

[edit]

According to tradition, the Valerii were ofSabinedescent, having come to Rome withTitus Tatius,shortly after the founding of the city.[9][10]However, theirnomen,Valerius,is a patronymic surname derived from the LatinpraenomenVolesusorVolusus,which in turn is derived fromvalere,to be strong.[11][12]Volesus,or Volesus Valerius, the eponymous ancestor of the gens, is said to have been a powerful warrior in the retinue of the Sabine king. Several generations later, another Volesus Valerius was the father of Publius, Marcus, and Manius, three brothers from whom the oldest branches of the family claimed descent.[13]

Praenomina

[edit]

The earliest of the Valerii known to history bore the praenomenVolesus,which continued to enjoy occasional use among the Valerii of the early Republic. However, moststirpesof the Valerii favouredPublius,Marcus,Manius,andLucius.Several branches of the family also usedGaius,while the Valerii Faltones employedQuintus,and the Valerii Asiatici of imperial times usedDecimus.Other names are seldom found among the Valerii, although in one instancePotitus,an ancient surname of the gens, was revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae during the first century. Examples ofAulus,Numerius,Sextus,Tiberius,andTitusare found in inscriptions.

Branches and cognomina

[edit]

The oldest branches of the Valerii bore the surnamesPoplicola, Potitus,andMaximus,withVolususbeing used by the first generations of thePotitiandMaximi.Later families bore variouscognomina,includingCorvusorCorvinus, Falto, Flaccus, Laevinus, Messalla, Tappo,andTriarius.Most other surnames found in Republican times belonged to freedmen orclientesof the Valerii. The surnamesAcisculus, Catullus, Flaccus,andBarbatusappear on coins. A few Valerii are known without any cognomina, but they achieved little of significance.[1]

Poplicola,also found asPublicolaandPoplicula,belongs to a class of surnames referring to the character of the bearer. Derived frompopulusandcolo,the name might best be explained as "one who courts the people."[14][15]The cognomen first appears in history as the surname given to Publius Valerius, one of the consuls chosen in 509 BC to serve alongsideLucius Junius Brutus.Despite his patrician background, he made a considerable effort to win the support of the plebeians, averting a breach between the two orders at the inception of the Republic.[16]Poplicolaseems to have been the original form, while in inscriptionsPublicolais more common, andPopliculais occasionally found.[17]Publicolais found in literary sources from the end of the Republic, includingLivyandCicero.[14]

The Valerii Potiti were descended fromMarcus Valerius Volusus,the brother of Poplicola, who fell in battle atLake Regillus.The surnamePotitusseems to be derived frompotio,to place someone under one's power, and might be translated as "leader".[15]This family flourished from the early years of the Republic down to the Samnite Wars, when the cognomen seems to have been replaced byFlaccus,a surname first borne by one of the Potiti, who must have been flabby or had floppy ears.[18]Potituswas later revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae, a practice that was common in aristocratic families toward the end of the Republic. As a distinct family, the Valerii Flacci continued down to the first century AD.[19]

Maximus,the superlative ofmagnus,"great",[i]was the cognomen of the Valerii descended from the third brother,Manius Valerius Volusus,who first bore the surname. The Valerii Maximi appear in history down to theFirst Punic War,after which time the surname was replaced byMessallaorMessala,a cognomen derived from the city ofMessanainSicilia.The first to bear this namereceived it after relieving Messana from aCarthaginianblockade in 264 BC. The Valerii Messallae held numerous consulships and other high offices in the Roman state, remaining prominent well into imperial times. Some of them had additional surnames, includingBarbatus,"bearded", as well asNigerandRufus,originally referring to someone with black or red hair. The namesValerius MaximusandValerius Messallaoccur as late as the third century, but the consular family of that age may have been descended from the Valerii through the female line, and more properly belonged to theVipstani.[20][21]

The branch of the Valerii Maximi that gave rise to the Messallae also bore the surnameCorvinus,a diminutive ofCorvus,a raven. The first of this family wasMarcus Valerius Corvus,who in his youth earned everlasting renown for his combat against a giantGaulin 349 BC. Corvus defeated his adversary with the help of a raven that repeatedly flew in the barbarian's face. He held the consulship six times, was dictator twice, and reached the age of one hundred. The two forms of this surname are interchangeable, but the hero is usually referred to asCorvus,whileCorvinusgenerally refers to his descendants.[22][23]

Another branch of the Valerii Maximi bore the surnameLactucinus,derived fromLactuca,lettuce, the cognomen of an early member of the family. Such names, referring to objects, were quite common at Rome. The first of this family was a son of the first Valerius Maximus, but the surname was of brief duration; the last mention of the Valerii Lactucinae is early in the fourth century BC.[24][23]

The cognomenLaevinus,meaning "left-handed", belonged to a family of the Valerii that was prominent for about a century, beginning with thePyrrhic War,in 280 BC. This family may have been another offshoot of the Valerii Maximi, as the surname first appears in connection with the trial ofSpurius Cassius Vecellinusin 485 BC. They continued long after they had ceased to have any importance in the Roman state, and the family is mentioned as late as the end of the first century AD.[25][26][27][18]

The Valerii Faltones flourished at the end of the third century BC, first appearing at the end of the First Punic War. Their relationship to the other Valerii is not immediately apparent, as none of the older stirpes of the gens used the praenomenQuintus,but they may have been a cadet branch of the Valerii Maximi, whose surname disappears around this time. The surnameFaltois another form ofFalco,referring to a falcon, and was commonly given to someone with inward-pointing toes, resembling talons.[ii][28][18][29]

The plebeian Valerii Triarii belong to the time of Cicero, in the first century BC. None of them rose higher than the rank ofpraetor,and the family was of brief duration. Their surname,Triarius,seems to allude to their military service; in the Roman army of this period, atriariuswas a soldier of the third rank, the heavily armed reserve infantry, often consisting of older, wealthier men, and the last line of defense in battle.[30][31]

Catullusseems to be another orthography ofCatulus,a surname of theLutatia gens,referring to a whelp, cub, or puppy. The Valerii Catulli appear in the first century BC, beginning with the renowned poet, and their surname continued through the first century of the Empire. One of the Catulli bore the additional surname ofMessalinus,previously associated with the Valerii Messallae, but it is unclear whether the Catulli were descended from the Messallae, or whether the surname entered the family at a later time. The pairing ofCatullus Messalinuswas also borne by one of the Valerii Asiatici, but again the nature of the relationship between these families is unknown.[23][32]

Asiaticus,the surname of the only major family of the Valerian gens to emerge in imperial times, belongs to a class of cognomina typically derived from the locations of military exploits.[33]In this instance the source of the name is not apparent, although it might allude to some connection with theCorneliiScipiones;Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticuswas the younger brother ofScipio Africanus,and his surname was passed down in his family for several generations. The Valerii Asiatici were closely connected with the imperial family from the time ofCaligulato that ofHadrian,and accounted for several consulships.[34]

Members

[edit]
This list includes abbreviatedpraenomina.For an explanation of this practice, seefiliation.

Early Valerii

[edit]

Valerii Poplicolae

[edit]

Valerii Potiti

[edit]
  • Marcus Valerius Vol. f. Volusus,the brother of Poplicola, was one of the Roman commanders against Lars Porsenna in 508 BC. As consul in 505 BC, he and his colleague triumphed over the Sabines. He was one of the ambassadors to theLatin Leaguein 501, and fell at the Battle of Lake Regillus, in 499.[61][62][6][63]
  • Lucius Valerius M. f. Vol. n. Potitus,one of thequaestorswho prosecuted Spurius Cassius Vecellinus in 485 BC. He was consul in 483 and 470 BC, and fought against theAequiduring his second consulship. He waspraefectus urbiin 464.[64][65][66]
  • Volesus Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, consular tribune three times from 415 to 404 BC, according to theFasti Capitolini.Münzer suggests that his praenomen should bePublius.[36][67][68]
  • Publius Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Lucius Valerius Potitus, consular tribune five times from 414 to 398 BC, may be the same person as Volesus Valerius Potitus.[36][67][68]
  • Lucius Valerius Vol. f. Potitus,[iii]the father of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, and perhaps also of his contemporary, Lucius Valerius Potitus.[36][67][68]
  • Lucius Valerius P. f. Potitus, the father of Lucius Valerius Potitus, twice consul and five times consular tribune, and perhaps also of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus.[36][67][68]
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. Vol. n. Potitus Volusus,consular tribune in 415, 407, and 404 BC, and consul in 410. As consul, he opposed the agrarian law of Marcus Maenius, and recovered the Arx Carventana from the Volsci, in consequence of which he was granted anovation.[69][70]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. P. n. Potitus,consular tribune in 414, 406, 403, 401, and 398 BC, and consul in 393 and 392; triumphed over the Aequi. Interrex for the purpose of holding the comitia in 392, andmagister equitumunder the dictatorMarcus Furius Camillusin 390, the year in which Rome was taken by the Gauls.[71][72][73]
  • Publius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Poplicola, consular tribune in 386, 384, 380, 377, 370, and 367 BC.[74][75]
  • Gaius Valerius (C. f. L. n.) Potitus, consular tribune in 370 BC.[76]
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Flaccus, consul in 331 BC. He is probably the progenitor of the Valerii Flacci.[77]
  • Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Potitus,magister equitumin 331 BC.[77]

Valerii Maximi

[edit]

Valerii Laevini

[edit]
  • Manius Valerius Laevinus, said to have numbered among a group of former military tribunes who were burned alive near theCircus Maximusin 485 BC, by the tribune of the plebs Publius Mucius Scaevola, allegedly for having conspired with Spurius Cassius Vecellinus.[99][100]
  • Publius Valerius Laevinus,consul in 280 BC, during the war withPyrrhus.Although defeated by Pyrrhus, he escaped with much of his army intact, defendedCapua,and successfully harried theEpirotearmy.[101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]
  • Publius Valerius P. f. Laevinus, father of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.
  • Marcus Valerius P. f. P. n. Laevinus,elected consul in 220 BC, but probably resigned together with his colleague due to a fault in the elections. He was praetorperegrinusin 215, and afterwardpropraetorfor several years, and consul for the second time in 210. He led a number of successful campaigns against Hannibal's allies during the Second Punic War, recovering much territory.[113][114][115][116][117][118]
  • Marcus Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, son of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC. Together with his brother, Publius, he staged funeral games to commemorate the death of their father in 200. Might be the same person as Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetor in 182 BC.[119]
  • Publius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, along with his brother Marcus, staged funeral games in 200 BC to commemorate the death of their father, Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.[120]
  • Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetorperegrinusin 182 BC.[121]
  • Gaius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus,half-brother of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189 BC, whom he accompanied to Greece. He was praetor in 179, with Sardinia as his province. Consulsuffectusin 176 BC, he fought against theLigures,and received a triumph the following year. He afterward served on ambassadorial missions to Greece and Egypt.[122][123]
  • Publius Valerius C. f. M. n. Laevinus, praetor in 177 BC, was assigned a portion ofCisalpine Gaul.[124]

Valerii Flacci

[edit]
  • Lucius Valerius Flaccus,magister equitumunder the dictator Marcus Aemilius Papus, 321 BC.[125][126]
  • Marcus Valerius L. f. Flaccus, father of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, the consul of 261 BC.[127]
  • Lucius Valerius M. f. L. n. Flaccus,consul in 261 BC, during the First Punic War. He fought against the Carthaginians in Sicily, but made little progress.[128][127]
  • Publius Valerius L. f. M. n. Flaccus,consul in 227 BC. During his year of office, the number of praetors was increased from two to four. In 219, he was one of the ambassadors sent to the Carthaginians to threaten war in response to the attack onSaguntum.He held several important commands during the early years of the Second Punic War.[129][130][131][132]
  • Lucius Valerius P. f. L. n. Flaccus,as a military tribune in 212 BC, led a daring attack on the camp of the Carthaginian generalHannonearBeneventum.He was consul in 195, and won important victories over the Gauls in that and the following year. In 184 he becameprinceps senatus,and served as censor withCato the Elder.[133][134][135][136][137][138]
  • Gaius Valerius P. f. L. n. Flaccus,a young man of poor character, was namedFlamen Dialisby the Pontifex Maximus in 209 BC, and to general astonishment proved himself worthy of the responsibility. He was curule aedile in 199, but as Flamen Dialis he could not take the oath of office. His brother, Lucius, took the oath for him. He was praetorperegrinusin 183, and in that capacity, introduced a Gallic embassy to the Senate.[139][140][141]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. P. n. Flaccus,consul in 152 BC, died during his year of office.[142][143]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus,Flamen Martialis,and consul in 131 BC. His colleague, Publius Licinius Crassus, was also Pontifex Maximus, and forbade Flaccus from taking the conduct of the war againstAristonicus,imposing a fine for Flaccus' attempted desertion of his religious office. Although compelled to remain at Rome, the fine was remitted by public vote.[144][145]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus,consul in 100 BC, withGaius Marius,acted to quell the unrest caused bySaturninusandGlaucia.He was censor in 97, andprinceps senatusby 86; in 82 he proposed thelex Valeriaappointing Sulla dictator, and in turn was nominatedmagister equitum,holding the post until Sulla's resignation in 79. He wasFlamen Martialisbefore 69.[146][147][148][149][150]
  • Gaius Valerius C. f. L. n. Flaccus,consul in 93 BC, and afterwards proconsul ofHispania Citerior,where he put down a revolt by theCeltiberi.Later he held a command in Gallia Narbonensis, probably also as proconsul, and celebrated a triumph for his victories in 81.[151][152][153][154]
  • Lucius Valerius C. f. L. n. Flaccus,as curule aedile in 99 BC, was accused byDecianus,one of the tribunes of the plebs. In 86, he was appointed consulsuffectusin the place ofGaius Marius,who died shortly after entering his seventh consulship. Sent againstMithridatesin the east, Flaccus was betrayed and murdered byGaius Flavius Fimbria.[155][156][157][158][159]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus (son ofLucius Valerius Flaccus), praetor in 63 BC, he assisted his colleague, Gaius Pomptinus, in arresting the envoys of theAllobroges.He then served as propraetor in Asia, and was accused of extortion in 59. Despite his probable guilt, he was successfully defended by Cicero in his oration,Pro Flacco.[160][161][162][163]
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. Flaccus, a friend ofAppius Claudius Pulcher.Cicero met him inCiliciain 51 BC.[164][165]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus, son of the praetor defended by Cicero, was brought before the court as an appeal to the judges' pity. During theCivil War,he fought on the side ofPompeius,and was killed atDyrrachiumin 48 BC.[166][167]
  • Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Flaccus,Flamen Martialisin the time of Cicero, whose brother,Quintus,heard him give an account of a marvelous occurrence.Joseph Hilarius Eckhelbelieved that he was the same Flaccus whom Cicero defended, which seems likely, as he would have inherited the priesthood from his father, the consul of 100 BC.[168][169][170]
  • Publius (Valerius) Flaccus, successfully accused Marcus Papirius Carbo of extortion while as governor of Sicily.[171]
  • Gaius Valerius Flaccus,a Latin poet, active during the latter half of the first century AD. He was a friend of Martial. His only surviving work is hisArgonautica,an unfinished poem about the voyage of theArgonautsin eight books.[172][173]
  • Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consulsuffectusin AD 128, serving from the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September.[174]

Valerii Messallae

[edit]

Valerii Faltones

[edit]
  • Publius Valerius, grandfather of Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto, the consuls of 239 and 238 BC.[36]
  • Quintus Valerius P. f. (Falto), father of the consuls Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto.[36]
  • Quintus Valerius Q. f. P. n. Falto,consul in 239 BC; as the first praetorperegrinusin 242, commanded the Roman fleet at theBattle of the Aegates,and triumphed over the Carthaginians.[36][259][260][261]
  • Publius Valerius Q. f. P. n. Falto,consul in 238 BC, he suffered a defeat at the hands of theBoiiand Ligures, but counterattacked and routed them. He was refused a triumph in consequence of his earlier defeat, and because his counterattack before reinforcements could arrive was considered rash.[262][263][264]
  • Marcus Valerius Falto,one of the senatorial envoys sent toAttalus IofPergamonin 205 BC. As curule aedile in 203, he and his colleague secured a large supply of Spanish grain, which they were able to sell to the poor for onesestertiusper bushel. He was praetor in 201, withBruttiumas his province.[265][266]

Valerii Tappones

[edit]
  • Lucius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 195 BC, opposed the repeal of theLex Oppiawith Cato the Censor. He was praetor in 192, he obtained Sicily as his province. In 190 he was one of the triumvirs for settling new colonists at Placentia and Cremona.[267][268]
  • Gaius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 188 BC, proposed that the franchise be extended to theFormiani,Fundani,andArpinates.[269]

Valerii Triarii

[edit]
  • Lucius Valerius Triarius, perhaps the same person as Gaius Valerius Triarius, the legate ofLucullus.[270]
  • Gaius Valerius Triarius,praetorcirca78 BC, and propraetor in Sardinia in 77, subsequently served as a legate under Lucullus in the war against Mithridates. In 68 and 67, he put Mithridates on the defensive, but overextended himself, and was attacked at a disadvantage. His forces were utterly defeated with great loss of life, and Triarius was only saved by the arrival of Lucullus.[271][272][273][274][275][276][277]
  • Publius Valerius C. f. Triarius, in 54 BC accusedMarcus Aemilius Scaurus,first ofrepetundae(extortion) and then ofambitus(bribery). Cicero defended Scaurus on both occasions.[278][279]
  • Gaius Valerius (C. f.) Triarius,a friend of Cicero, and a supporter of Pompeius during the Civil War. At theBattle of Pharsalusin 48 BC, Pompeius, acting on Triarius' advice, ordered his troops to stand fast against Caesar's charge. Triarius apparently died during the war, leaving Cicero as the guardian of his children.[280][281][282][283]
  • Valeria (C. f.) Paula, sister of Cicero's friend Gaius Valerius Triarius, was divorced in 50 BC, and subsequently marriedDecimus Junius Brutus Albinus.[284][285]

Valerii Catulli

[edit]

Valerii Asiatici

[edit]

Others

[edit]
  • Valerius of Ostia, an architect, who designed the covered theatre built for the games of Libo (probably the Lucius Scribonius Libo who, while curule aedile in 193 BC, celebrated theMegalesia).[304]
  • Marcus Valerius M. f. Artema, an architect, mentioned in an extant inscription.[305][306]
  • Decimus Valerius L. f., avascularius,or maker of bronze vases, fromTusculum.[306][307]
  • Valerius Aedituus,a Roman poet, who probably lived about 100 BC. Two epigrams quoted in theNoctes AtticaeofAulus Gelliusare attributed to him.[308][309]
  • Gaius Valerius Caburnus, a Gaul who was grantedRoman citizenshipby Gaius Valerius Flaccus, the consul of 93 BC. He was the father of Gaius Valerius Procillus.[310]
  • Quintus Valerius Soranus,an orator, scholar, and poet, much admired by Cicero; he had been tribune of the plebs, but the year is uncertain. He was put to death in 82 BC, ostensibly for revealing thesacred name of Rome,but more probably because he was proscribed by Sulla as a partisan of Marius.
  • Valerius Nepos, one ofMilo's accusers.[311]
  • Lucius Valerius Antias,sent with five ships by Publius Valerius Flaccus in 215 BC, during the Second Punic War, to convey the Carthaginian ambassadors to Rome.
  • Valerius Antias,theannalist,lived during the first century BC.
  • Publius Valerius Cato,a scholar and poet who lived during the first century BC.
  • Quintus Valerius Orca,praetor in 57 BC, and subsequently proconsul of Africa. He served under Caesar during the Civil War.[312][313]
  • Lucius Valerius Praeconinus, a legate under Caesar's command, who was defeated and slain by theAquitaniin 57 BC.[314]
  • Gaius Valerius C. f. Procillus, a Gallic chief who became one of the friends and allies of Caesar during his conquest ofGaul.He served as Caesar's interpreter and emissary, and was rescued by Caesar after being captured byAriovistus,to whom he had been dispatched as an ambassador.[310]
  • Valerius Valentinus, accused Gaius Cosconius, probably of extortion in his province. Cosconius was apparently guilty, but his acquittal was secured when a bawdy poem by Valentinus was read in court.[315]
  • Lucius Valerius Acisculus,triumvir monetalisin 45 BC.
  • Valerius Ligur, praetorian prefect in the time of Augustus.[316]
  • Valerius Largus, earned the ire of Augustus by accusingGaius Cornelius Gallus.[317]
  • Valerius Gratus,asprocuratorofJudaeafrom AD 15 to 27, fought to deliver the country from robbers, assisted the proconsul Quinctilius Varus in putting down a revolt, and appointed several successive high priests, of whom the last wasCaiaphas.He was followed byPontius Pilate.[318]
  • Valerius Naso, a former praetor, who was appointed to oversee the construction of a temple in honour ofTiberiusatSmyrnain AD 26.[319]
  • Valerius Capito, had been banished byAgrippina the Younger,but after her death,Nerorecalled him.[320]
  • Valerius Ponticus, banished in AD 61.[321]
  • Valerius Fabianus, a man of senatorial rank, was degraded in AD 62 by thelex Cornelia Testamentaria,after forging a will purportedly belonging to a wealthy relative, Domitius Balbus, in order to claim the latter's fortune.[322][323]
  • Marcus Valerius Probus,a grammarian who flourished from the time of Nero to the end of the first century. He was quite learned, but published little of importance, and seldom took pupils.[324]
  • Valerius Marinus, announced as consul designate byGalbain AD 69, he never took office, as Vitellius succeeded to the empire first.[325]
  • Marcus Valerius Paulinus, a friend and early ally of Vespasian, who had been appointed procurator ofGallia Narbonensisin AD 69. He served in the Jewish War, and is said to have been consul in AD 101, early in the reign of Trajan.[326][327][328]
  • Gaius Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis Valerius Festus,a partisan ofVespasian,whom he secretly served as legate in Africa. After Vespasian's accession, Festus was named consulsuffectusin AD 71, serving from the kalends of May to the kalends of July.[329][330]
  • Valerius Theon, asophist,and the author of a commentary onAndocides.Some scholars suppose him to be the same person as the sophistAelius Theon.[331][332]
  • Publius Valerius Patruinus,consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 82.[174][333][334]
  • Publius Valerius Marinus, consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of May to the Kalends of September in AD 91.[335][301]
  • Quintus Valerius Vegetus, consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of September to the end of the year in AD 91.[335][301]
  • Valerius Licinianus, an advocate, and former praetor, who was accused of having committed incest with Cornelia, chief of theVestal Virgins.He confessed in hopes of being spared by Domitian, who banished him. UnderNervahe was permitted to live in Sicily, where he taught rhetoric.[336][337]
  • Quintus Fabius Barbarus Valerius Magnus Julianus, consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 99.[338]
  • Valeria of Milan,a first- or second-century Christian martyr.
  • Marcus Valerius Martialis,otherwise known as "Martial", a poet who flourished under the reigns of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and was famous for his epigrams.
  • Gaius Valerius Anemestione C. Ius, ananaglyptarius,or metalworker, so described in aCordovaninscription.[306][339]
  • Gaius Valerius Paullinus,consulsuffectusin AD 107, serving from the Kalends of September to the end of the year.[174][338]
  • Lucius Mummius Niger Quintus Valerius Vegetus, consulsuffectusin AD 112, serving from the Kalends of April to the Kalends of July.[174][335][338]
  • Gaius Valerius Severus,governor ofAchaeafrom AD 117 to 118, then ofLycia and Pamphyliauntil 122. In 124, he was consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of September to the end of the year.
  • [...]catus Publius Valerius Priscus, consulcircaAD 120 or 121.
  • Lucius Valerius Propinquus Pomponius Granius Grattius (Cerealis?) Geminius Restitutus,consulsuffectusin AD 126, from the Kalends of March to the Kalends of July. He was governor ofGermania Inferiorin the early 130s, and of Asia from 140 to 141.
  • Valerius Pollio, a philosopher fromAlexandria,who lived in the time of Hadrian. He was the father of Valerius Pollio Diodorus.[340]
  • Valerius Pollio Diodorus, the son of Valerius Pollio, was a philosopher who lived in the age of Hadrian.[340][341]
  • Valerius Urbicus, consul in an uncertain year before AD 138.
  • Marcus Valerius Junianus, consulsuffectusin AD 143.
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. Florinus, the brother of Proculus, was a military tribune in theLegio VII Claudia,according to a second-century inscription fromPraeneste.[342]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. Proculus,the brother of Florinus, waspraefectus annonaefrom AD 142 to 144, and prefect ofEgyptfrom 144 to 147.[343]
  • Sextus Quinctilius Valerius Maximus, consul in AD 151.
  • Marcus Valerius Homullus,consul in AD 152, was a friend ofAntoninus Pius,and humorously admonished the emperor on various occasions.[344]
  • Marcus Valerius Etruscus, legate of the third legion, was probably consulsuffectusfrom the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 154.
  • Marcus Valerius Bradua, the father of Marcus Valerius Bradua Mauricus, the consul of AD 191.[345]
  • Marcus Asinius Rufinus Valerius Verus Sabinianus, consul in an uncertain year between AD 183 and 185.
  • Marcus Valerius Maximianus,consulsuffectusin AD 185.
  • Valerius Senecio, consulsuffectusin AD 186.
  • Marcus Valerius M. f. Bradua Mauricus, consul in AD 191.[345]
  • Gaius Valerius Pudens,consulsuffectusin AD 193 or 194. He had been governor ofPannonia Inferior,and was governor of Britain in the early third century. He was proconsul of Africacirca211.
  • Valerius Bassianus, put to death by Commodus.[346]
  • Ofilius Valerius Macedo, consulsuffectusin an uncertain year, before AD 198.
  • Valerius Catulinus, appointed byDidius Julianusto succeedSeptimius Severusas governor ofIllyricum,when Severus refused to acknowledge his title. However, Catulinus was slain by Severus' forces.[347]
  • Marcus Valerius Senecio, consulsuffectusin an uncertain year, between AD 211 and 217.
  • Publius Valerius Eutychianus Comazon,an actor and dancer who became a friend and confidant ofElagabalusafter having taken part in the conspiracy againstMacrinus.He was appointed praetorian prefect, then consul in AD 220, and served three times aspraefectus urbi,twice under Elagabalus, and again underAlexander Severus.[348][349][350]
  • Quintus (or Claudius?) Valerius Rufrius Justus, consulsuffectusin an uncertain year, between AD 220 and 230.
  • Valerius Marcellinus, a historian, and biographer of the emperors, cited byJulius Capitolinus.[351]
  • Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius,a scholar of the late third and early fourth century, who translated thelife of Alexander the Great,of thePseudo-Callisthenes,into Latin.
  • Valerius of Saragossa,Bishop ofCaesaraugustainHispania Tarraconensisfrom AD 290 to 315.
  • Valerius Proculus, consul in AD 325.
  • Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus,consul in AD 330.
  • Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus,also known asPopulonius,consul in AD 340, andpraefectus urbifrom 337 to 338, and from 351 to 352.
  • Valerius of Trèves,a fourth-century bishop ofAugusta Treverorum.
  • Lucius Valerius Septimius Bassus,praefectus urbiunderGratian,Valentinian II,andTheodosius I.[352]
  • Valerius II, Bishop of Zaragoza,circa380
  • Valerius Adelphius Bassus,consularisof Venetia and Histria under Valentinian II, Theodosius I andArcadius,and perhaps the son of Lucius Valerius Septimius Bassus.[353]
  • Flavius Valerius,consul in AD 432.[354]
  • Valerius Faltonius Adelphius,consul in AD 451, perhaps the son of Valerius Adelphius Bassus.[355]
  • Flavius Valerius, consul in AD 521.

Imperial Valerii

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^WhileMaximusmight be taken to mean that Manius was the "greatest" of the brothers, either physically or because of his reputation, it could also mean that he was the eldest brother; according to tradition he was already elderly at the time of his dictatorship in 494 BC.
  2. ^The modern expression is "pigeon-toed".
  3. ^The Capitoline Fasti give Gaius' filiation asL. f. Vol. n.,and Lucius' asL. f. P. n.,but Münzer suggests that "Volesus" is a mistake for "Publius", in which case Gaius and Lucius would probably be brothers.
  4. ^John Briscoe says "it is unlikely in the extreme" that Valerius Maximus belonged to the patrician Valerii, and suggests he descended from the plebeian Valerii Tapones or Triarii.
  5. ^OrTeidius;both spellings are found for Valerius.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, pp. 1215, 1216 ( "Valeria Gens").
  2. ^Cicero,De Legibusii. 23.
  3. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 23.
  4. ^Livy, ii. 31.
  5. ^Dionysius, v. 39.
  6. ^abPlutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 20.
  7. ^Niebuhr,History of Rome,vol. i. p. 538.
  8. ^Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. Leges Valeriae.
  9. ^abDionysius of Halicarnassus, ii. 46.
  10. ^abPlutarch, "The Life of Numa", 5, "The Life of Publicola", 1.
  11. ^Chase, pp. 127, 129–132, 147, 148.
  12. ^New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. valeo.
  13. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, p. 1001 ( "Valerius Maximus"no. 1), vol. III, pp. 514 ("Valerius Potitus",no. 2), 600–602 ("Publicola","Valerius Publicola"no. 1), 1283 ("Volusus").
  14. ^abDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, p. 600 ( "Publicola"),
  15. ^abChase, pp. 110, 111.
  16. ^Livy, ii. 7, 8.
  17. ^Orelli,Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Collection. 547.
  18. ^abcChase, pp. 109, 110.
  19. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, p. 514 ( "Valerius Potitus").
  20. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, pp. 1001 ( "Valerius Maximus"), 1049 ("Messalla").
  21. ^Chase, pp. 109, 110 ( "Barbatus, Niger, Rufus" ), 111 ( "Maximus" ), 113, 114 ( "Messala" ).
  22. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. I, pp. 861, 862 ( "Corvus",Nos. 2, 3).
  23. ^abcChase, pp. 112, 113.
  24. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, p. 1001 ( "Valerius Maximus",Nos. 2, 3).
  25. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, p. 709 ( "Laevinus").
  26. ^Horace,Satirae,1, 6, 12,Schol. Vet.
  27. ^Martial, i. 62, vi. 9.
  28. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, p. 135 ( "Falto").
  29. ^New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Falco.
  30. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, pp. 1172, 1173 ( "Valerius Triarius").
  31. ^New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. triarii.
  32. ^New College Latin & English Dictionary,s. v. catulus.
  33. ^Chase, pp. 113, 114.
  34. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, p. 1218 ( "Valerius Asiaticus").
  35. ^Livy, i. 24.
  36. ^abcdefghijklmnoFasti Capitolini,AE1900, 83;1904, 114;AE1927, 101;1940, 59, 60.
  37. ^Dionysius, viii. 55.
  38. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 19.
  39. ^Livy, i. 58, 59, ii. 2, 6–8, 11, 15, 16.
  40. ^Dionysius iv. 67, v. 12ff,20, 21, 40ff.
  41. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola".
  42. ^Cicero,De Republica,ii. 31.
  43. ^Niebuhr,History of Rome,i. 498ff,525, 529ff,558, 559.
  44. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 2, 5–7.
  45. ^Dionysius, vi. 12.
  46. ^Livy, ii. 52, 53, iii. 15-19.
  47. ^Dionysius, vi. 12, ix. 28, x. 14-17.
  48. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 17, 27, 36, 37.
  49. ^Livy, iii. 39–41, 49–55, 61–64.
  50. ^Dionysius, xi. 4ff,45ff.
  51. ^Cicero,De Republica,ii. 31,Brutus,14.
  52. ^Tacitus,Annales,xi. 22.
  53. ^Niebuhr,History of Rome,vol. ii, pp. 345–376.
  54. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 47, 51.
  55. ^Livy, v. 26, vi. 1, 5, 21, 27.
  56. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 90, 95, 96, 99, 103, 105.
  57. ^abBroughton, vol. I, pp. 125, 128.
  58. ^Livy, vii. 12, 17–19.
  59. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 122, 124, 125.
  60. ^Livy, vii. 21, 23, 28, viii. 17.
  61. ^Livy, ii. 16, 20.
  62. ^Dionysius, v. 37.
  63. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 5, 7, 9, 11.
  64. ^Livy, ii. 41, 42, 61, 62.
  65. ^Dionysius, viii. 77, 87, ix. 51, 55.
  66. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 22, 23, 31, 34.
  67. ^abcdMünzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 36.
  68. ^abcdBroughton, vol. I, p. 74 (note 1).
  69. ^Livy, iv. 49, 57, 61.
  70. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 77, 79, 81, 86.
  71. ^Livy, iv. 49, 58, v. 1, 10, 14, 31, 48.
  72. ^Dionysius, i. 74.
  73. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 79, 81, 83–86, 88, 90–93, 95, 100.
  74. ^Livy, vi. 6, 18, 27, 32, 36, 42.
  75. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 100–102, 105, 107, 110, 113.
  76. ^Livy, vi. 36.
  77. ^abLivy, viii. 18.
  78. ^Dionysius of Halicarnassus, vi. 39-45.
  79. ^Livy, ii. 30, 31.
  80. ^Cicero,Brutus,14.
  81. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 14, 15.
  82. ^Dionysius, x. 31–33.
  83. ^Livy, iii. 31.
  84. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 40–42.
  85. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 58.
  86. ^Livy, v. 14, 24.
  87. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 85, 89.
  88. ^Livy, vii. 26–42, viii. 16, 17, ix. 7, 40, 41, x. 3–9, 11.
  89. ^abGellius, ix. 11.
  90. ^Valerius Maximus, viii. 13, § 1, 15. § 5.
  91. ^Eutropius, ii. 6.
  92. ^Censorinus, 17.
  93. ^Cicero,De Senectute,17.
  94. ^Pliny the Elder, vii. 48. s. 49.
  95. ^Niebuhr, vol. iii, p. 124.
  96. ^Livy, ix. 29, 40, 41, 43.
  97. ^Pliny the Elder, xvi. 10.
  98. ^Briscoe,Valerius Maximus,p. 1.
  99. ^Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 2.
  100. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 21.
  101. ^Livy,Epitome,xiii.
  102. ^Dionysius, xvii. 15, 16, xviii. 1–4.
  103. ^Cassius Dio,Fragmenta,xl.
  104. ^Appian,Bellum Samniticum,Fragmenta,x.
  105. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Pyrrhus", 16, 17.
  106. ^Zonaras, viii. 3.
  107. ^Justin, xviii. 1.
  108. ^Orosius, iv. 1.
  109. ^Frontinus,Strategemata,ii. 4. § 9; iv. 7. § 7.
  110. ^Aurelius Victor,De Viris Illustribus,35.
  111. ^Florus, i. 18.
  112. ^Eutropius, ii. 11.
  113. ^Polybius, viii. 3. § 6; ix. 27. § 2; xxii. 12. § 11.
  114. ^Livy, xxuuu. 24, 30, 32–34, 37, 38, 48, xxiv. 10, 11, 20, 40, 44, xxv. 3, xxvi. 1, 22, 24, 26–30, 32, 36, 40, xxvii. 5, 7, 9, 22, 29, xxviii. 4, 10, 46, xxix. 11, 16, xxx. 23, xxxi. 3, 5, 50.
  115. ^Florus, ii. 7.
  116. ^Justin, xxix. 4.
  117. ^Eutropius, iii. 12.
  118. ^Claudian,De Bello Gothico,395.
  119. ^Livy, xxxi. 50.
  120. ^Livy, xxxi. 50.
  121. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 382.
  122. ^Polybius, xxii. 12. § 10; 14. § 2.
  123. ^Livy, xxxviii. 9, 10, xl. 44, xli. 25, xlii. 6, 17, xliii. 14.
  124. ^Livy, xxxi. 50, xli. 8.
  125. ^Livy, ix. 7.
  126. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 151.
  127. ^abBroughton, vol. I, p. 204.
  128. ^Polybius, i. 20.
  129. ^Aulus Gellius, iv. 3.
  130. ^Livy, xxi. 6, xxiii. 16, 34, 38, xxvi. 8Epitome20.
  131. ^Cicero,Philippicae,v. 10.
  132. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 229, 237, 251, 257, 261.
  133. ^Livy, xxv. 14, xxxi. 4, 49, 50, xxxii. 42, 43, xxxiv. 21, 46, xxxvi. 17, 19, xxxvii. 46, xxxix. 40ff,52, xl. 42.
  134. ^Polybius, xx. 9ff.
  135. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Elder"
  136. ^Cornelius Nepos, "The Life of Cato", 2.
  137. ^Orosius, iv. 20.
  138. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 269, 272 (note 6), 327, 339, 374, 375.
  139. ^Livy, xxvii. 8, xxxi. 50, xxxii. 7, xxxix. 54.
  140. ^Valerius Maximus, vi. 9. § 3.
  141. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 289, 327, 379.
  142. ^Obsequens, 18.
  143. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 448, 453.
  144. ^Cicero,Philippicae,xi. 8.
  145. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 490, 491ff(note 2), 500, 501.
  146. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 33.
  147. ^Appian,Bellum Civile,i. 97ff.
  148. ^Cicero,De Lege Agraria,iii. 2,Epistulae ad Atticum,viii. 3.
  149. ^Scholia Gronoviana,Pro Roscio,p. 435 (ed. Orelli).
  150. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 563, 574, 577 (note 1); vol. II, pp. 6, 7, 67, 68. 76, 79, 83, 135, 137 (note 13).
  151. ^Cicero,Pro Balbo,24,Pro Roscio Comoedo,7.
  152. ^Scholia Bobiensia,In Ciceronis Pro Flacco,p. 233 (ed. Orelli).
  153. ^Appian,Hispanica,100.
  154. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 9, 10 (note 4), 14, 18, 19 (note 7), 58, 59, 60 (note 3), 61, 64, 70, 77, 78.
  155. ^Cicero,Pro Flacco,23, 25, 32,Pro Fonteio,1–5.
  156. ^Sallust,Bellum Catilinae,33.
  157. ^Velleius Paterculus, ii. 23.
  158. ^Münzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 42 (No. 27).
  159. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 1, 15, 18, 19, 51, 53 (and note 12), 56 (note 1).
  160. ^Cicero,Pro Flacco,Epistulae ad Atticum,i. 19, ii. 25,In Pisonem,23,Pro Plancio,11.
  161. ^Scholia Bobiensia,Pro Flacco,p. 228 (ed. Orelli).
  162. ^Sallust,Bellum Catilinae,45.
  163. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 71, 87, 91, 94, 123, 129, 140, 147, 156 (and note 3), 167, 177, 178 (note 2), 185, 186, 213.
  164. ^Cicero,Epistulae ad Familiares,iii. 4, 11.
  165. ^Broughton, vol. II, p. 232, 239, 245.
  166. ^Cicero,Pro Flacco,36,De Oratore,38.
  167. ^Caesar,De Bello Civili,iii. 53.
  168. ^Cicero,De Divinatione,i. 46.
  169. ^Varro,De Lingua Latina,vi. 21.
  170. ^Eckhel,Doctrina Numorum Veterum,vol. v. p. 333.
  171. ^Cicero,Epistulae ad Familiares,ix. 21.
  172. ^Martial, i. 62, 77.
  173. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. II, pp. 159, 160 ( "Gaius Valerius Flaccus").
  174. ^abcdefghiFasti Ostienses,CILXIV, 244,245, 4531–4546, 5354, 5355,AE,1917/18, 122; 1922, 94; 1924, 111.
  175. ^Fasti Triumphales.
  176. ^Asconius Pedianus,In Ciceronis in Pisonem,p. 13 (ed. Orelli).
  177. ^Pliny the Elder, xxxv. 4. § 7.
  178. ^Scholia Bobiensia,In Vatinium,p. 318 (ed. Orelli).
  179. ^Varro,apudPliny the Elder, vii. 60.
  180. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,s. v. Horologium.
  181. ^Polybius, i. 16, 17.
  182. ^Diodorus Siculus,Ecloguexxiii.
  183. ^Zonaras, viii. 9.
  184. ^Livy,Epitome,xvi.
  185. ^Eutropius, ii. 19.
  186. ^Orosius, iv. 7.
  187. ^Seneca the Younger,De Brevitate Vitae,13.
  188. ^Macrobius, i. 6.
  189. ^Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 7.
  190. ^Zonaras, viii. 19.
  191. ^Orosius, iv. 13.
  192. ^Livy, xxvii. 5, xxxiv 54, 55, xxxviii. 35, 42, xli. 22, xlii. 28.
  193. ^Aulus Gellius, ii. 24, xv. 11.
  194. ^Suetonius,De Claris Rhetoribusi.
  195. ^Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 9.
  196. ^Münzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 52 (No. 55, and note 3).
  197. ^Appian,Bellum Civile,i. 40.
  198. ^Münzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 52 (No. 56).
  199. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 30, 32 (note 19).
  200. ^Valerius Maximus, v. 9. § 2.
  201. ^Münzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 52 (no. 57).
  202. ^abMünzer,De Gente Valeria,p. 52 (no. 58).
  203. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 35, 37.
  204. ^Cicero,Epistulae ad Atticum,i. 12, 13, 14,De Haruspicum Responsis,6,Brutus,70,Pro Sexto Roscio,51,Pro Sulla,6,Epistulae ad Familiares,viii. 2, 4.
  205. ^Asconius Pedianus,In Ciceronis Pro Scauro,p. 20 (ed. Orelli).
  206. ^Cassius Dio, xxxvii. 46.
  207. ^Caesar,De Bello Gallico,i. 2.
  208. ^Pliny the Elder, vii. 26, viii. 36, xxxviii. 2.
  209. ^Cassius Dio, xl. 17, 45.
  210. ^Appian,Bellum Civile,ii. 19.
  211. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 54.
  212. ^Asconius Pedianus,In Ciceronis Pro Milone,p. 48 (ed. Orelli).
  213. ^Cicero,Epistulae ad Atticum,i. 13, iv. 9, 15, 16,Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem,iii. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 16,Brutus,96,Epistulae ad Familiares,vi. 18, viii. 2, 4.
  214. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,s.v. ambitus.
  215. ^Scholia Bobiensia,De Aere Alieno Milonis,p. 343 (ed. Orelli).
  216. ^Caesar,De Bello Africo,28, 86.
  217. ^Gellius, xiii. 14, 15.
  218. ^St. Jerome,In Chronicon Eusebii,180, 2.
  219. ^Cicero,Epistulae ad Atticum,xii. 32, xv. 17, xvi. 16.
  220. ^Horace,Satirae,i. 10, 81–86.
  221. ^Appian,Bellum Civile,iv. 38, v. 102, 103, 110–113,Bella Illyrica,17.
  222. ^Tacitus,Annales,iv. 34, vi. 11,Dialogus de Oratoribus,17.
  223. ^Cassius Dio, xlvii. 24, xlix. 16, 38, l. 10, li. 7, liii. 12.
  224. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Brutus", 40, 41, 45, 53.
  225. ^Velleius Paterculus, ii. 71.
  226. ^Strabo,Geographica,iv. p. 189.
  227. ^Tibullus, i. 3, 7, ii. 1, 33, ii. 5, 117, iv. 1, 8, 5.
  228. ^Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 58, 74.
  229. ^Pliny the Elder, vii. 24, xxxiv. 13, xxxv. 2.
  230. ^Martial,Epigrammata,viii. 3, x. 2.
  231. ^Fasti Albenses,AE2012, 437.
  232. ^abFasti Magistrorum Vici,CILVI, 10286,10287;AE,1937, 62; 1938, 66; 2002, 206.
  233. ^Fasti Tauromenitani,AE1988, 626;1991, 894; 1996, 788; 2008, 84.
  234. ^CILVI, 41061.
  235. ^Cassius Dio, liv. 28.
  236. ^Tacitus,Annales,xi. 37.
  237. ^Tacitus,Annales,iii. 68.
  238. ^Seneca the Younger,De Ira,ii. 5.
  239. ^Tacitus,Annales,i. 8, iii. 2.
  240. ^Fasti Arvalium,AE1987, 163;1991, 306, 307.
  241. ^Tacitus,Annales,1, 2, 12, 25–38.
  242. ^Cassius Dio, lx. 14–18, 27–39, 31.
  243. ^Juvenal,Satirae,vi. 115–135, x. 333–336, xiv. 331.
  244. ^Suetonius, "The Life of Claudius", 17, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39, "The Life of Nero", 6, "The Life of Vitellius", 2.
  245. ^Aurelius Victor, "The Life of Caesar", iv.
  246. ^Pliny the Elder, x. 63.
  247. ^Seneca the Younger,Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudii.
  248. ^Josephus,Antiquitates Judaïcae,xx. 8. § 1,Bellum Judaïcum,ii. 12. § 8.
  249. ^Tacitus,Annales,xiii. 34.
  250. ^Cassius Dio, lxxvii. 5.
  251. ^Mennen, pp. 123, 125.
  252. ^Mennen, pp. 123, 125, 126.
  253. ^CILXVI, 145,AE1930, 25,AE1948, +00129,CILXI, 6335
  254. ^Mennen, pp. 124, 126.
  255. ^CILVI, 1531,CILVI, 1532
  256. ^Mennen, pp. 124, 126, 127.
  257. ^Mennen, pp. 125, 127.
  258. ^AE1981, 878
  259. ^Livy,Epitome,xix.
  260. ^Valerius Maximus, i. 1. § 2, ii. 8. § 2.
  261. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 218, 221.
  262. ^Zonaras, viii. 18.
  263. ^Orosius, iv. 12.
  264. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 221.
  265. ^Livy, xxix. 11, xxx. 40, 41.
  266. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 304, 311, 320.
  267. ^Livy, xxxv. 10, 20, xxxvii. 46.
  268. ^Cornell,Fragments,vol. I, pp. 196, 197.
  269. ^Livy, xxxviii. 36.
  270. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113.
  271. ^Appian,Bella Mithridatica,88, 89, 112, 120.
  272. ^Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 35.
  273. ^Cassius Dio, xxxv. 10-12.
  274. ^Cicero,Pro Lege Manilia,9.
  275. ^Livy,Epitome,98.
  276. ^Pliny the Elder, vi. 3.
  277. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113, 120, 125, 130, 134, 141, 148.
  278. ^Asconius Pedianus,In Ciceronis Pro Scauro,p. 19.
  279. ^Cicero,Pro Scauro,1, 2;Epistulae ad Atticum,iv. 16. § 8, iv. 17. § 2;Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem,iii. 2. § 3.
  280. ^Caesar,De Bello Civili,iii. 5, 92.
  281. ^Cicero,Brutus,76,Epistulae ad Atticum,xii. 28, § 3.
  282. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 271, 284.
  283. ^Volkmann H.Valerius 365//Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft(RE). — 1975. — Bd. VIII А, 1. — Sp. 234.
  284. ^Marcus Caelius Rufus,apudCicero,Epistulae ad Familiares,viii. 7.
  285. ^Volkmann H.Valerius 394// RE. - 1975. - Bd. VIII A, 1. - Sp. 244.
  286. ^abSalomies,Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature,p. 26.
  287. ^CILX, 5405.
  288. ^Josephus,Bellum Judaïcum,vii. 11. § 3.
  289. ^Pliny the Younger,Epistulae Morales,iv. 22.
  290. ^Juvenal,Satirae,iv. 113–122.
  291. ^Gallivan, "TheFastifor A.D. 70–96 ", p. 188, 190.
  292. ^Cassius Dio, lix. 30, lx. 27, 29, 31.
  293. ^Seneca the Younger,De Constantia Sapientis,18.
  294. ^Tacitus,Annales,xi. 1–3, xiii. 43.
  295. ^Fasti Teanenses,AE1905, 192;1909, 78; 1939, 172; 2008, 385.
  296. ^PIR,vol. III, pp. 352, 353.
  297. ^Gallivan, "TheFastifor the Reign of Claudius ", pp. 408, 413.
  298. ^Tacitus,Historiae,i. 59, iv. 4, 6.
  299. ^abPIR,vol. III, p. 353.
  300. ^PIR,vol. II, p. 296.
  301. ^abcGallivan, "TheFastifor A.D. 70–96 ", pp. 191, 218.
  302. ^PIR,vol. III, p. 378.
  303. ^CILV, 7592.
  304. ^Pliny the Elder, xxxvi. 15. s. 24.
  305. ^Sillig,Catalogus Artificium,Appendix,s.v. Artema.
  306. ^abcRochette,Lettre à M. Schorn,p. 422, 2nd ed.
  307. ^Muratori,Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum,vol. i. p. xii. 12, p. xiv. 6.
  308. ^Aulus Gellius, xix. 9.
  309. ^Latin Anthology,iii. 242, 243, ed. Burmann, or Nos. 27, 28, ed. Meyer.
  310. ^abCaesar,De Bello Gallico,i. 19, 47, 53.
  311. ^Asconius Pedianus,In Ciceronis Pro Milone,p. 35.
  312. ^Cicero,Post Reditum in Senatu,23,Epistulae ad Familiares,xiii. 6.
  313. ^Broughton, vol. II, pp. 201, 212, 270.
  314. ^Caesar,De Bello Gallico,iii. 20.
  315. ^Valerius Maximus, viii. 1. abs. 8.
  316. ^Cassius Dio, lx. 23.
  317. ^Cassius Dio, liii. 23, 24.
  318. ^Josephus,Antiquitates Judaïcae,xvii. 10. § 6, 7; xviii. 2. § 2,Bellum Judaïcum,ii. 4. § 2, 3; ii. 5. § 2.
  319. ^Tacitus,Annales,iv. 56.
  320. ^Tacitus,Annales,xiv. 12.
  321. ^Tacitus,Annales,xiv. 41.
  322. ^Tacitus,Annales,xiv. 40.
  323. ^Julius Paulus,Receptarum Sententiarum,v. tit. 25.
  324. ^Suetonius,De Illustribus Grammaticis,24.
  325. ^Tacitus,Historiae,ii. 71.
  326. ^Tacitus,Historiae,iii. 42, 43.
  327. ^Josephus,Bellum Judaïcum,iii. 7. § 1.
  328. ^Pliny the Younger,Epistulae,ii. 2, iv. 16, v. 19, ix. 3, 37.
  329. ^Tacitus,Historiae,ii. 98.
  330. ^"TheFastifor A.D. 70–96 ", pp. 187, 213.
  331. ^Suda,Valerius Theon.
  332. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. III, p. 1081 ( "Theon, literary"No. 6).
  333. ^Gallivan, "TheFastifor A.D. 70–96 ", pp. 194, 211, 216.
  334. ^Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.–3. Jh. n. Chr.", pp. 51-54
  335. ^abcFasti Potentini,AE1949, 23;2003, 588; 2005, 457.
  336. ^Pliny the Younger,Epistulae,iv. 11.
  337. ^Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 8.
  338. ^abcSmallwood,Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian.
  339. ^Muratori,Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum,vol. ii. p. cmlxxxi. 9.
  340. ^abSuda,s. v. Πωλίων.
  341. ^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,vol. I p. 1015 ( "Diodorus, literary",No. 2).
  342. ^CILXIV, 2957.
  343. ^Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto", p. 289.
  344. ^Julius Capitolinus, "The Life of Antoninus Pius", 11, "The Life of Marcus Aurelius", 6.
  345. ^abAE1975, 404.
  346. ^Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 7.
  347. ^Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Didius Julianus", 5, "The Life of Severus", 13.
  348. ^Cassius Dio, lxxviii. 31, 32, 39, lxxix. 3, 4, 21.
  349. ^Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Elagabalus", 12.
  350. ^Herodian, v. 7.
  351. ^Julius Capitolinus, "The Lives of Maximinus and Balbinus", 4.
  352. ^PLRE,vol. I, p. 158.
  353. ^PLRE,vol. I, p. 152.
  354. ^PLRE,Valerius, No. 6.
  355. ^PLRE,vol. II, pp. 8, 9.
  356. ^Aurelius Victor,De CaesaribusandEpitome de Caesaribus,39.
  357. ^Eutropius, ix. 13.ff.
  358. ^Zonaras, xii. 31.
  359. ^Zosimus, ii. 7, 8, 10, 11.
  360. ^Zonaras, xii. 31–33.
  361. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,8, 29, 30.
  362. ^Aurelius Vctor,Epitome de Caesaribus,39, 40.
  363. ^Eutropius, ix. 14, 16, x. 1, 2.
  364. ^Orosius vii. 25, 28.
  365. ^Zosimus, ii. 8, 10, 11.
  366. ^Zonaras, xii. 32–34.
  367. ^Eusebius,Historia Ecclesiastica,viii. 5, 17,Vita Constantini,18.
  368. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,18ff,33ff.
  369. ^Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. 11. § 10.
  370. ^Aurelius Victor,De CaesaribusandEpitome de Caesaribus,39, 40.
  371. ^Eutropius, ix. 15, x. 1–3.
  372. ^Orosius, vii. 26, 28.
  373. ^Jornandes,Getica,21.
  374. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,cc. 12, 15, 35, 39–42, 50, 51.
  375. ^Zosimus, ii. 8.
  376. ^Aurelius Victor,Epitome de Caesaribus,40.
  377. ^Orosius, vii. 24.
  378. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,5, 32, 36, 38, 45ff.
  379. ^Eusebius,Historia Ecclesiastica,viii. 14, ix. 2.ff.
  380. ^Eutropius, ix. 14–23.
  381. ^Aurelius Victor,De CaesaribusandEpitome de Caesaribus,39ff.
  382. ^Zosimus, ii. 7ff.
  383. ^Theophanes the Confessor, pp. 4–8 (ed. Paris).
  384. ^Eusebius,Vita Constantini,i. 13–21.
  385. ^Trebellius Pollio, "The Life of Claudius Gothicus", 3, 13.
  386. ^Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Aelius Verus", 2.
  387. ^Flavius Vopiscus, "The Life of Carinus", 16, 17, "The Life of Aurelian", 44, "The Life of Probus", 22.
  388. ^Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 2.
  389. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,18–20, 25, 26.
  390. ^Aurelius Victor,De CaesaribusandEpitome de Caesaribus,40.
  391. ^Eutropius, x. 2.
  392. ^Zosimus, ii. 8, 10.
  393. ^Zosimus, ii. 9–18.
  394. ^Zonaras, xii. 33, xiii. 1.
  395. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,cc. 26, 28, 44.
  396. ^Eusebius,Historia Ecclesiastica,viii. 14,Vita Constantini,i. 26, 33ff.
  397. ^Eusebius,Vita Constantini.
  398. ^Eutropius, x.
  399. ^Festus,Breviarum Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani,26.
  400. ^abAurelius Victor,De CaesaribusandEpitome de Caesaribus,40, 41.
  401. ^Zosimus, ii.
  402. ^Zonaras, xiii.
  403. ^Lactantius,De Mortibus Persecutorum,24–52.
  404. ^Orosius, vii.
  405. ^Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv.ff.
  406. ^Zosimus, ii. 7, 11, 17–28.
  407. ^Zonaras, xiii. 1.
  408. ^Eutropius, x. 3, 4.
  409. ^Orosius, vii. 28.
  410. ^Sidonius Apollinaris,Panegyrici,"Majorian", i. 1.
  411. ^Procopius,De Bello Vandalico,i. 7, 8.
  412. ^Gregory of Tours, ii. 7.
  413. ^Priscus, inExcerpta de Legationibus,p. 42.
  414. ^Evagrius, ii. 7.
  415. ^Hydatius,Chronicon.
  416. ^Marcellinus,Chronicon.

Bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valeria_gens&oldid=1213746823#Valerii_Messallae"