Marib
Marib
مَأْرِب | |
|---|---|
 Marib City in 2021 | |
  Marib Location in Yemen | |
| Coordinates:15°27′38″N45°19′34″E/ 15.46056°N 45.32611°E | |
| Country | Yemen |
| Governorate | Marib Governorate |
| District | Marib |
| Elevation | 3,670 ft (1,120 m) |
| Population (2005) | |
| • | 16,794 |
| Time zone | UTC+03:00(Yemen Standard Time) |
Marib(Arabic:مَأْرِب,romanized:Maʾrib;Old South Arabian:𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city ofMarib Governorate,Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom ofSabaʾ(Arabic:سَبَأ),[1][2]which some scholars believe to be the ancientShebaofbiblicalfame.[3]It is about 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of Yemen's modern capital,Sanaa,and is in the region of theSarawat Mountains.[4]In 2005 it had a population of 16,794. However, in 2021, it had absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing theYemeni Civil War.[5]
History
[edit]Ancient
[edit]
The Sabaean kingdom was based around Marib, with territory in northern Yemen. The Sabaean kings made their capital at Marib, and built great irrigation works such as theMarib Dam,whose ruins are still visible. The Marib Dam supported a flourishing culture for more than a thousand years. They also built castles and temples in the area, including, most notably the temples of Almaqah atAwwamandBarran.Saba was known for dealing in the lucrativefrankincense[3]andmyrrh[6]trade. The Sabaeans were a seafaring people and were known to have influence and a population in the Northeast African kingdom ofDʿmt,across theRed Seain Eritrea andAbyssinia,the only other source of both frankincense and myrrh.[clarification needed][citation needed]
In 25 BC,Aelius GallusofRomeledan expeditionto Marib, laying siege to the city. He suffered major losses and was forced to retreat toEgypt.[7]
20th century
[edit]Old city
[edit]The site of ancient Marib was largely abandoned during the 20th century. Although a small village remains, the multi-storymud-brickbuildings of the historic city are largely inruins.Themoderntown of Marib is about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of the center of the ancient city.
Modern Marib Dam
[edit]In 1982, floods ravaged the country. In response, thePresident of the U.A.E.,SheikhZayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan,financed the construction of thecurrent dam of Maribin 1984.[8][9][10]The Sheikh himself was reportedly descended from people who migrated from the area of Marib to what is now theU.A.E.[4]
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
[edit]During theYemeni civil war,Marib and the surroundingMarib Governoratecame under attack by theHouthismovement rebelling against the government ofAbdrabbuh Mansour Hadi.The tribes of Marib repelled the Houthis with help from theSaudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.
According to theAbu Dhabi-basedThe Nationalnewspaper, "With 80 per cent of the province's population Sunni and only one of the five main tribes supportive of the Zaidi Shiite Houthis, tribal fighters managed to repel the attack. As a result, the Houthis control only about 20 per cent of Marib and the oil fields remained under Hadi's control. Many of the tribes in Marib, and in neighbouring al-Jawf and Shabwa provinces, are loyal toAl-Islah Party.According to two tribal chiefs, there are 8,000 Yemeni forces and tribal fighters based in Marib united against the Houthis. Some are directly loyal to President Hadi, others to Saudi Arabia, and a large number to theal-Islah Party,an Islamist group. The entire First Armoured Brigade, considered a military wing of al-Islah, based in Sanaa, was transferred to Marib in 2014 to defend the province. Other sections of Yemen's military remained loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president overthrown by Arab Spring protests who has now sided with the Houthis against Hadi. After the Saudi-led coalition joined the war in March 2015 and drove the Houthis from most of Yemen's southern provinces in July 2015, the focus shifted to Marib, known as the gateway to Sana'a, where the strong support base made it a natural location for an attack in the north.[11]
According toAl-Jazeera,by 7 April 2015, Houthi forces had been expelled from the majority ofMarib Governorateby Saudi-backed tribesmen. The governor of Marib told Al-Jazeera that forces allied to President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and the Gulf coalition were "perusing the last pockets of Houthis" in the province.[12]
The city of Marib is just 173 kilometres (107 miles) from the capital, and the province adjoins the predominantly Sunni provinces of Al Jawf, Al-Baydha and Shabwa, where the Houthis' control is unlikely to hold if attacked. In particular, Al-Jawf to the north would provide a route towards the Houthi's Saada stronghold. The coalition began moving supplies to Marib in March 2015, using land routes from Saudi Arabia through Hadramout and Shabwa provinces. In August 2015, coalition forces started flying more reinforcements to Marib using a small airport in the tiny town of Safer, 60 km east of Marib city. Loyalist military sources said further reinforcements including tanks, armoured vehicles, rocket launchers and Apache helicopters arrived August 2015. The town serves as a base for the state-runSafer Exploration and Production Operations Companyand other foreign companies working in Yemen's vital energy sector. The main gas pipeline south also runs through the town, which is controlled by the pro-Hadi military commander Abdullah Al-Shaddadi. The nearest Houthi presence was in Baihan in Shabwa province, 50 kilometres (31 miles) away. "[13][11]
On 4 September 2015, 52Emirati,tenSaudi,five Bahraini servicemen of theArab coalitionand scores of pro-Hadi Yemeni soldiers were killed by a Houthiballistic missile attackagainst a military base in Safer, Marib.[14][15]
More than 100 Yemeni government soldiers were killed in adroneandmissileattackon amilitary campnear Marib on 18 January 2020, leaving over a hundred more soldiers injured and killing at least 5 civilians. TheHouthiswere suspected and accused of carrying out the attack, although they denied responsibility.[16][17][18][19][20]
Five foreignmine clearanceexperts were killed in an explosion inside the Saudi Project for Landmine Clearance MASAM on 20 January 2019. One of the experts was a resident of South Africa of British descent. Other members of the team were fromColombiaand unspecified countries in Africa.[21]
On 27 May 2020, a Houthi missile attack targeted the headquarters of the army command of the Saudi-backed government in Marib Governorate killing eight soldiers including the Chief of Staff of theRepublic of Yemen Armed Forces,Lt. Gen.Sagheer bin Aziz's son and nephew.[22]
On 22 February 2021, the Houthis launchedan offensiveon Marib Governorate in late February with the aim of capturing Marib city. After making steady advances in the governorate, the Houthis launched a three direction assault on the city with occasional ballistic strikes. According to theInternational Organization for Migration(IOM), over 140,000 displaced refugees from western Marib fled fearing the Houthis' advance.[23]
On 30 November 2021, Marib was described as "the city at the heart of Yemen's dirty war" by theBBC News.It has absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing the war in other parts of Yemen.[5]
Oil refinery
[edit]TheYemen Oil Refining Companyopened arefineryin Marib in 1986, which produces 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day (2009). In November 2009, the company announced an agreement withKorea's Shinhan to expand and upgrade the refinery to produce 25,000 barrels (4,000 m3)/day.[24]
Marib is the start of theMarib-Ra's Isa oil pipeline(438 km (272 mi)), with a capacity of 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day. In addition, oil derivatives markets have witnessed relative stability in Marib, as fuel products are produced and refined locally and cover local needs in the governorate. This stands in sharp contrast to other areas around Yemen which at times suffer from a shortage of oil derivatives and wild price fluctuations. In Marib, petrol and cooking gas are almost always available at official prices, while gas tankers leave the governorate to the capital Sana’a and other governorates on a daily basis.[25]
Climate
[edit]Marib has ahot desert climate(Köppen climate classification:BWh).
| Climate data for Marib | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.9 (85.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.4 (59.6) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
4 (0.2) |
12 (0.5) |
19 (0.7) |
1 (0.0) |
21 (0.8) |
31 (1.2) |
8 (0.3) |
1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
107 (4.1) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[26] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Quran27:6–93
- ^Quran34:15–18
- ^ab"Saba / Sa'abia / Sheba".The History Files (http://www.historyfiles.co.uk).Retrieved27 June2008.
The kingdom of Saba is known to have existed in the region of Yemen. By 1000 BC caravan trains of camels journeyed fromOmanin south-eastArabiato the Mediterranean. As thecamel driverspassed through thedesertsof Yemen, experts believe that many of them would have called in at Marib. Dating from at least 1050 BC, and now barren and dry, Marib was then a lushoasisteeming withpalm treesandexoticplants. Ideally placed, it was situated on the trade routes and with a unique dam of vast proportions. It was also one of only two main sources offrankincense(the other being East Africa), so Saba had a virtual monopoly. Marib's wealth accumulated to such an extent that the city became a byword for riches beyond belief throughout the Arab world. Its people, theSabeans– a group whose name bears the same etymological root as Saba – lived inSouth Arabiabetween the tenth and sixth centuries BC. Their main temple –Mahram Bilqis,or temple of the moon god (situated about three miles (5 km) from the capital city of Marib) – was so famous that it remainedsacredeven after the collapse of the Sabean civilisation in the sixth century BC – caused by the rerouting of the spice trail. By that point the dam, now in a poor state of repair, was finally breached. Theirrigationsystem was lost, the people abandoned the site within a year or so, and the temple fell into disrepair and was eventually covered by sand. Saba was known by theHebrewsas Sheba[Note that the collapse of the dam was actually in 575 C.E., as shown in the timeline in the same article in the History Files, and attested by MacCulloch (2009)].
- ^abRobert D. Burrowes (2010).Historical Dictionary of Yemen.Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 234–319.ISBN978-0810855281.
- ^ab"Yemen's Marib: The city at the heart of a dirty war".BBC News.1 December 2021.Retrieved1 December2021.
- ^Age of Faith,p. 156
- ^Chris Scarre,The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome(London: Penguin Books, 1995), 9; see also Augustus'Res Gestae26, discussed byAlison E. Cooleyin "Augustus' Endless Empire",Omnibus87th issue page 14 (Classical Association, 2024).
- ^Salama, S. (1 December 2015)."UAE playing a historic role in Yemen".Gulf News.Retrieved9 April2018.
- ^Al-Qalisi, M.; Vela, J. (30 September 2015)."The dam that Sheikh Zayed built".The National.Retrieved9 April2018.
- ^WAM(29 July 2013)."Key aid projects during Zayed's time".Khaleej Times.Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2019.Retrieved9 April2018.
- ^abAlmasmari, H. (7 September 2015)."Why Marib province is crucial to coalition victory in Yemen".The National.
- ^"Arab coalition mops up Houthi pockets in Yemen's Marib".aljazeera.com.13 October 2015.Retrieved24 April2020.
- ^Naylor, H. (14 February 2015)."Houthi rebels in Yemen eye oil-rich province, sparking fears of all-out civil war".The Washington Post.
- ^"Yemen crisis: UAE launches fresh Yemen attacks".BBC News.5 September 2015.Retrieved23 April2021.
- ^Gray, Melissa (5 September 2015)."Saudi-led coalition strikes back after deadly Houthi attack".CNN.Retrieved23 April2021.
- ^"Yemen's president says military needs to be on high alert following attack".Reuters.19 January 2020.Retrieved19 January2020.
- ^France-Presse, Agence (19 January 2020)."Houthi rebels kill at least 80 Yemeni soldiers in missile attack on mosque".The Guardian.Agence France-Presse.Retrieved19 January2020.
- ^"Yemen war: Death toll in attack on military base rises to 111".BBC News. 20 January 2020.Retrieved20 January2020.
- ^"More than 80 Soldiers Killed in Yemen Missile, Drone Attack".Agence France-Presse. 18 January 2020.Retrieved19 January2020– via Voice of America.
- ^"Ansar Allah Denied the Marib Attack".ISW News. 20 January 2020.Retrieved21 January2020.
- ^"Explosion kills 5 mine clearance experts in Yemen".Anadolu Agency.20 January 2019.Retrieved25 January2019.
- ^"8 killed in Houthi attack on Yemen's army chief".Arab News.27 May 2020.Retrieved30 May2020.
- ^"Looming battle for Yemen's Marib city risks humanitarian disaster".BBC News.25 February 2021.Retrieved28 February2021.
- ^"الشركة اليمنية لتكرير النفط توقع اتفاقا مع شركة شينهان الكورية الجنوبية لتوسعة وتحديث مصفاة مأرب".CNBC عربية.Retrieved5 April2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Middle East Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines".Theodora.com/pipelines.Retrieved6 April2011.
- ^"Climate: Ma'rib - Climate-Data.org".Retrieved28 October2017.
- Durant, Will (1950).The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300,The Story of Civilization, volume IV. Simon and Schuster.ویحژژکژمیمممممموبوگ
- Korotayev, Andrey(1994).Apologia for "The Sabaean Cultural-Political Area" // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57: 469–474.
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009).Christianity: the First Three Thousand Years,Viking Penguin.
External links
[edit]- German Archaeological Institute (in German)
- Digital archive for the study of ancient Arabian inscriptions in Ma'rib
 Yemeni cities and townsby population | |
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| 1,000,000 and more | |
| 100,000-999,999 | |
| 10,000-99,999 | |
| <9,999 | |
| International | |
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| National | |
