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Maryse Condé

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Maryse Condé
Condé in 2006
Condé in 2006
BornMarise Liliane Appoline Boucolon
(1934-02-11)11 February 1934
Pointe-à-Pitre,Guadeloupe,France
Died2 April 2024(2024-04-02)(aged 90)
Apt, Vaucluse,France
OccupationNovelist, critic, playwright, and academic
LanguageFrench
NationalityFrench
Alma materSorbonne Nouvelle
Notable worksSégou(1984);The Gospel According to the New World(2023)
Notable awards
SpouseMamadou Condé[1]
Richard Philcox[2]

Maryse Condé(néeMarise Liliane Appoline Boucolon;[3]11 February 1934 – 2 April 2024) was a French novelist, critic, and playwright from theFrenchOverseasdepartmentandregionofGuadeloupe.She was also an academic, whose teaching career took her to West Africa and North America, as well as the Caribbean and Europe. As a writer, Condé is best known for her novelSégou(1984–1985).[4]

Condé's writings explore theAfrican diasporathat resulted fromslaveryandcolonialismin theCaribbean.[5]Her novels, written in French, have been translated into English, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese.[6]She won various awards, such as the Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986),[5]Prix de l'Académie française(1988),[5]Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe(1997)[7]and theNew Academy Prize in Literature(2018) for her works.[5]She was considered a strong contender for theNobel Prize in Literature.[8]

Early life

[edit]

Born inPointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe,on 11 February 1934,[9]she was the youngest of eight children. Her parents were among the first black instructors in Guadeloupe. Her mother, Jeanne Quidal (who was fromMarie-Galante,which island would often feature in Condé's creative writing),[10]directed her own school for girls. Her father, Auguste Boucolon — previously an educator – founded the small bank "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", which was later renamed "La Banque Antillaise."[11]

Condé's father, Auguste Boucolon, had two sons from his first marriage: Serge and Albert. Condé's three sisters were Ena, Jeanne, and Gillette, and her brothers were Auguste, Jean, René, and Guy.[11]Condé was born 11 years after Guy, when her mother was 43, and her father 63. Condé described herself as "the spoiled child", which she attributed to her parents' older age, as well as the age-gap between her and her siblings.[11]

Condé began writing at an early age. Before she was 12 years old, she had written a one-act, one-person play. The play was written as a gift for her mother's birthday.[11]

After having graduated from high school, Condé attendedLycée Fénelonfrom 1953 to 1955, being expelled after two years of attendance. She furthered her studies at theUniversité de Paris III(Sorbonne Nouvelle) in Paris. During her attendance, along with other West Indians, Condé established theLuis-Carlos Prestesclub.[11]

Career

[edit]

In 1958, Condé attended a rehearsal in Paris ofLes Nègres/The BlacksbyJean Genet,where she met theGuineanactor Mamadou Condé.[11]In August 1958, she married Mamadou Condé.[11]They eventually had three children together before separating in 1969 (Condé already had one child from Haitian journalist Jean Dominique). By November 1959, the couple's relationship had already become strained, and Condé decided to go alone to theIvory Coast,where she taught for a year inBingerville.[11]

During her returns to Guinea for the holidays, she became politically conscious through a group ofMarxistfriends, who would influence her to move toGhana.[11]It was for her a turbulent but formative time that she would later chronicle in her 2012 bookLa Vie sans fards(What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography), as in the recently independent West African countries she rubbed shoulders with the likes ofMalcolm X,Che Guevara,Julius NyerereandMaya Angelou.[12]

Between the years 1960 and 1972, she taught in Guinea, Ghana andSenegal.[6]While in Ghana, she edited a collection of francophone African literature,Anthologie de la literature africaine d'expression française(Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966).[13]However, she became disillusioned with being "witness to many contradictory events", and accusations against her of suspected subversive activity resulted in Condé's deportation from Ghana.[14]

After leaving West Africa, she worked in London as aBBCproducer for two years.[15]Then in 1973, she returned to Paris and taughtFrancophone literatureatParis VII (Jussieu),X (Nanterre),andIll (Sorbonne Nouvelle).[6]In 1975, she completed her M.A. and Ph.D. at the Sorbonne Nouvelle in Paris in comparative literature, examining black stereotypes inCaribbean literature.[5][6][16]She was the author of works of criticism that includedLe profil d'une oeuvre(Hatier, 1978),La Civilisation du Bossale(L'Harmattan, 1978), andLa Parole des femmes(L'Harmattan, 1979).[13]

In 1981, she and Condé divorced, having long been separated. The following year, she married Richard Philcox, anEnglishmanand the English-language translator of most of her novels.[17]

She did not publish her first novel,Hérémakhonon,until she was nearly 40, as "[she] didn't have confidence in [herself] and did not dare present [her] writing to the outside world."[18]Her second novel,Une saison à Rihata,was published in 1981; however, Condé would not reach prominence as a contemporary Caribbean writer until the publication of her third novel,Ségou(1984).[6]

Following the success ofSégou,in 1985, Condé was awarded aFulbright scholarshipto the United States to teach "Literature and Culture of the Caribbean" atOccidental College,Los Angeles(September 1985–May 1986).[19]In 1987, she was aRockefeller FoundationBellagio writer-in-residence, and she was also awarded aGuggenheim Foundation Fellowship.[16][20]In 1991, her playThe Hills of Massabiellewas staged in New York at theUbu Repertory Theater.[10][16]She was included in the 1992 anthologyDaughters of Africa,edited byMargaret Busby.[21]In 1995, Condé became a professor of French and Francophone literature atColumbia Universityin New York City,[5]where she was subsequently professor emerita.[22]

Condé taught at various universities, including theUniversity of California, Berkeley;UCLA,theSorbonne,theUniversity of Virginia,and theUniversity of Nanterre.She retired from teaching in 2005.[6]

She is the subject of the 2011 documentary filmMaryse Condé, une voix singulière,directed by Jérôme Sesquin, which retraces her life.[23][24]

In 2011, Collège Maryse-Condé on the island ofLa Désiradewas inaugurated in her honour.[16]

Death

[edit]

Condé died inApt, Vaucluse,southeastern France, on 2 April 2024, at the age of 90.[25][26]

Literary significance

[edit]

Condé's novels explore racial, gender, and cultural issues in a variety of historical eras and locales, including theSalem witch trialsinI, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem(1986); the 19th-centuryBambara EmpireofMaliinSégou(1984–1985); and the 20th-century building of thePanama Canaland its influence on increasing the West Indian middle class inTree of Life(1987). Her novels trace the relationships between African peoples and the diaspora, especially the Caribbean.[5]As Louise Hardwick observes, "Cosmopolitan in nature, Condé’s literature tackles the complexities of a globalised world in an unmistakably frank voice. She rejected attempts to pigeonhole her style, or labels describing her as a French or Creole writer,"[27]and she was often quoted as stating: "I write in Maryse Condé."[28][29]

Her first novel,Hérémakhonon(in theMalinke language,the title means "waiting for happiness" ),[30]was published in 1976.[6]It was so controversial that it was pulled from the shelves after six months because of its criticism over the success ofAfrican socialism.[31]While the story closely parallels Condé's own life during her first stay in Guinea, and is written as a first-person narrative, she stressed that it is not an autobiography.[32]The book is the story, as she described it, of an"'anti-moi', an ambiguous persona whose search for identity and origins is characterized by a rebellious form of sexual libertinage ".[32]

Condé kept considerable distance from most Caribbean literary movements, such asNégritudeandCreolité,and often focused on topics with strong feminist and political concerns. A radical activist in her work as well as in her personal life, Condé admitted: "I could not write anything... unless it has a certain political significance. I have nothing else to offer that remains important."[5]

Her 1995 novelWindward Heightsis a reworking ofEmily Brontë'sWuthering Heights(1847), which Condé had first read at the age of 14. She had long wanted to create a work of her own around it, as an act of "homage". Condé's novel is set in Guadeloupe, and race and culture are featured as issues that divide people.[5]Reflecting on how she drew from her Caribbean background in writing this book, she said:

"To be part of so many worlds—part of the African world because of the African slaves, part of the European world because of the European education—is a kind of double entendre. You can use that in your own way and give sentences another meaning. I was so pleased when I was doing that work, because it was a game, a kind of perverse but joyful game."[5]

Condé's later writings include the autobiographicalTales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood(1999), a collection of essays about her childhood,[33]andVictoire(2006), afictional biographyof her maternal grandmother during a period when the black population of Guadeloupe asserted their rights to education and political power.[34]

Who Slashed Celanire's Throat(2000) was inspired by a true story and uses a blend ofmagical realismandfantasyin a novel about a woman who wants to uncover the truth of her past and avenge her childhood mutilation.[35]

The 2017 translation by Richard Philcox of Condé'sWhat Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiographywas described byNoo Saro-Wiwain a review forThe Times Literary Supplementas "refreshingly frank... an entertaining and occasionally humorous account of the twelve years the author spent in Africa during the late 1950s and 60s.... and by the book's end the author concedes that she still doesn't know what Africa means to her – a brave admission in a world that hankers for defined narrative arcs."[36]

In 2018, Condé was awarded theNew Academy Prize in Literature,established as a one-off alternative to theNobel Prize in Literature(for which she was often considered a favourite but which was not awarded that year, as a consequence of a sexual abuse scandal among the award committee),[37]with the jury praising Condé as a "grand storyteller whose authorship belongs to world literature, describing the ravages of colonialism and the postcolonial chaos in a language which is both precise and overwhelming."[38]

In 2022, she was honoured as one of 12Royal Society of LiteratureInternational Writers, alongsideAnne Carson,Tsitsi Dangarembga,Cornelia Funke,Mary Gaitskill,Faïza Guène,Saidiya Hartman,Kim Hyesoon,Yōko Ogawa,Raja Shehadeh,Juan Gabriel VásquezandSamar Yazbek.[39][40]

Condé's 2023 novel,The Gospel According to the New World,was longlisted for theInternational Booker Prizeand, at the age of 86, she was the oldest writer ever to be longlisted for the prize.[41]The creation of the novel was by means of dictation to her husband and translator Richard Philcox, as she had a degenerative neurological disorder that made it difficult to speak and see.[42]Together, they were the first wife-and-husband author-translator team to be longlisted, and subsequently shortlisted,[43]for the award.[41][44][45]

Archives

[edit]

Maryse Condé's literary archives (Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012) are held atColumbia University Libraries.[46]

Selected bibliography

[edit]

Novels

[edit]
Original publication English publication
Title Year Title Translator Year Publisher Notes/References
Hérémakhonon 1976 Heremakhonon Richard Philcox 1982 Three Continents Press [47]
Une saison à Rihata 1981 A Season in Rihata 1988 Heinemann [48]
Ségou: les murailles de terre
(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall" ) 		1984 Segu Barbara Bray 1987 Viking Press [49][50]
1988 Ballantine Books
1998 Penguin Books
Ségou: la terre en miettes
(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces" ) 		1985 The Children of Segu Linda Coverdale 1989 Viking Press [51][52]
1990 Ballantine Books
Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem 1986 I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem Richard Philcox 1992,
2009 		University of Virginia Press [53][54]
1994 Ballantine Books
La Vie scélérate[fr]
(lit: "The Wicked Life" ) 		1987 Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean Victoria Reiter 1992 Ballantine Books [55][56]
Traversée de la mangrove 1989 Crossing the Mangrove Richard Philcox 1995 Anchor Books [57][58][59]
Les Derniers rois mages
(lit: "The Last Magi" ) 		1992 The Last of the African Kings 1997 University of Nebraska Press [59][60]
La Colonie du nouveau monde
(lit: "The New World Colony" ) 		1993 — — — — [61]
La Migration des cœurs[fr]
(lit: "The Migration of Hearts" ) 		1995 Windward Heights Richard Philcox 1998 Soho Press [62][63][64]
Desirada 1997 Desirada 2000 Soho Press [65][66]
Célanire cou-coupé[fr]
(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire" ) 		2000 Who Slashed Celanire's Throat? 2004 Atria Publishing Group [67][68][69]
La Belle créole
(lit: "The Beautiful Créole" ) 		2001 The Belle Créole Nicole Simek 2020 University of Virginia Press [70][71]
Histoire de la femme cannibale[fr] 2003 The Story of the Cannibal Woman Richard Philcox 2007 Atria Publishing Group [72][73][74]
Les Belles ténébreuses
(lit: "The Dark Beauties" ) 		2008 — — — — [75]
En attendant la montée des eaux[fr] 2010 Waiting for the Waters to Rise Richard Philcox 2021 World Editions [76][77]
Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana 2017 The Wondrous and Tragic Life
of Ivan and Ivana 		2020 World Editions [78][79]
L'Évangile du nouveau monde 2021 The Gospel According to the New World 2023 World Editions [80][81]

Plays

[edit]
  • An Tan Révolisyion,[82]published in 1991, first performed in Guadeloupe in 1989[83]
  • Comédie d'Amour,[82]first performed in Paris in 1993[84][85]
  • Dieu nous l'a donné,[82]published in 1972, first performed in Paris in 1973
  • La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako,[82]published in 1973, first performed in 1974 inGabon
  • Le Morne de Massabielle,[82]first version staged in 1974 inPuteaux,France, later staged in English in New York asThe Hills of Massabielleat theUbu Repertory Theater(1991)[16]
  • Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël(written in collaboration with José Jernidier),[86]first performed in Guadeloupe in 1987[87][88]
  • Pension les Alizés,[82]published in 1988, first staged in Guadeloupe and subsequently staged in New York asTropical Breeze Hotel(1995)[89]
  • Comme deux frères(2007).Like Two Brothers.[90]

Criticism and other non-fiction

[edit]
  • "Three Female Writers in Modern Africa:Flora Nwapa,Ama Ata AidooandGrace Ogot"(1972),Présence Africaine,82:132–143.[91]
  • Le profil d'une oeuvre,Hatier, 1978[13]
  • La Civilisation du Bossale: Réflexions sur la littérature orale de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique,Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978[13][92]
  • La Parole des femmes: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.,Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979[13][92]
  • Entretiens avec Maryse Condé(1993).Conversations with Maryse Condé(1996). Interviews with Françoise Pfaff. English translation includes a new chapter based on a 1994 interview.[93][94][95]
  • "The Role of the Writer" (1993),World Literature Today,67(4): 697–699.[96]
  • Le cœur à rire et à pleurer: souvenirs de mon enfance(1999).Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood,trans. Richard Philcox (2001).[97][98]
  • "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000),Yale French Studies97: 151.[99]
  • Victoire, les saveurs et les mots(2006).Victoire: My Mother's Mother,trans. Richard Philcox (2006).[100][101]
  • La Vie sans fards(2012).What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography,trans. Richard Philcox (2017).[102][103]
  • The Journey of a Caribbean Writer(2013). Collection of essays, trans. Richard Philcox.[104]
  • Mets et merveilles(2015).Of Morsels and Marvels,trans. Richard Philcox (2015).[105][106]

As editor

[edit]
  • Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française.Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.[13][16]
  • La Poésie antillaise.Paris: Nathan, 1977.[13][16]
  • Le Roman antillais.Paris: Nathan, 1977.[13][16]
  • Bouquet de voix pour Guy Tirolien(also contributor). Pointe-à-Pitre: Editions Jasor, 1990.[16]
  • Caliban's Legacy,special issue ofCallalooon literature of Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1992.[16]
  • L'Heritage de Caliban(co-editor), essays on Francophone Caribbean literature. Pointe-à-Pitre: Editions Jasor, 1992.[16]
  • Penser la Créolité.Paris: Editions Karthala, 1995.[16]

Awards and honours

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Maryse CONDE"Archived26 March 2016 at theWayback Machine,Aflit, University of Western Australia/French.
  2. ^"Author Profile: Maryse Condé"Archived22 November 2019 at theWayback Machine,World Literature Today,Vol. 78, No. 3/4 (September–December 2004), p. 27, via JSTOR.
  3. ^"Maryse Condé, femme de lettres guadeloupéenne, est morte à l'âge de 90 ans".2 April 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2024.Retrieved2 April2024.
  4. ^Condé, Maryse, and Richard Philcox.Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood.New York: Soho, 2001.
  5. ^abcdefghijkRebecca Wolff, Interview:"Maryse Condé".Archived1 November 2016 at theWayback Machine,Bomb Magazine,Vol. 68, Summer 1999. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  6. ^abcdefg"Maryse Condé | Columbia | French".french.columbia.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 20 June 2017.Retrieved16 March2019.
  7. ^abcde"Author Profile: Maryse Condé"Archived19 February 2022 at theWayback Machine.World Literature Today(September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.
  8. ^Shepherd, Alex (3 October 2022)."Who Will Win the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature?".The New Republic.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2023.Retrieved1 April2023.
  9. ^Eaton, Kalenda (31 October 2007)."Maryse Condé (1937– ) •".BLACKPAST.ORG.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  10. ^abLewis, Barbara (Summer 1995)."No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé".Callaloo.18(3) (Maryse Condé: A Special Issue ed.): 543–550.doi:10.1353/cal.1995.0093.JSTOR3299141.Archivedfrom the original on 22 November 2019.Retrieved14 April2024.
  11. ^abcdefghiClark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). ""I Have Made Peace With My Island": An Interview with Maryse Condé ".Callaloo(38): 87–133.doi:10.2307/2931145.ISSN0161-2492.JSTOR2931145.
  12. ^What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography.Seagull Books.Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2023.Retrieved14 April2024.
  13. ^abcdefgh"Maryse Condé".Voices from the Gaps.University of Minnesota.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  14. ^Tepper, Anderson (6 March 2023)."Maryse Condé, at Home in the World".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2024.Retrieved14 April2024.
  15. ^Cain, Sian (2 April 2024)."Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  16. ^abcdefghijklmn"Curriculum Vitae | Maryse Condé".Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2024.Retrieved10 April2024.
  17. ^"Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog".Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2024.Retrieved4 April2024.
  18. ^Quinn, Annalisa (12 October 2018)."Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2021.Retrieved16 March2019.
  19. ^"Literature and Culture of the Caribbean".Fulbright Scholar Program.Retrieved10 April2024.
  20. ^"Maryse Condé".www.gf.org.John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2023.Retrieved10 April2024.
  21. ^Busby, Margaret (ed.).Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present.LibraryThing.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2022.Retrieved3 April2024.
  22. ^Sethi, Anita(4 July 2020)."Interview | Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2023.Retrieved24 May2023.
  23. ^"FILM: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'".Repeating Islands.29 January 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved10 April2024.
  24. ^"Maryse Condé: Une voix singulière".Ile en île. 15 June 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2024.Retrieved10 April2024– via YouTube.
  25. ^"Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité".humanite.fr(in French). 3 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved2 April2024.
  26. ^Marivat, Gladys (2 April 2024)."L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte".Le Monde.fr(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved2 April2024.
  27. ^"Maryse Condé obituary".The Guardian.12 April 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2024.Retrieved14 April2024.
  28. ^"'For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé ".London Review Bookshop.25 August 2020.Retrieved14 April2024.
  29. ^Salis, George (27 December 2022)."Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé".The Collidescope.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2023.Retrieved14 April2024.
  30. ^Youngs, Ian (2 April 2024)."Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2024.Retrieved6 April2024.
  31. ^abCondé, Maryse (6 February 2019)."Giving Voice to Guadeloupe".The New York Review of Books.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2019.Retrieved16 March2019.
  32. ^abLionnet, F. (1989)."Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé'sHeremakhononand the Failure of Enunciation "Archived21 June 2022 at theWayback Machine.InAutobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture(pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.
  33. ^"Tales from the Heartby Maryse Condé ".Voices from the Gaps.University of Minnesota.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  34. ^Green, Mary Jean (2014)."Maryse Condé'sVictoire:Thinking Back through Her Mothers ".Nottingham French Studies.53(3): 297–313.doi:10.3366/nfs.2014.0094.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024– viaEdinburgh University Press.
  35. ^"Who Slashed Celanire's Throat".Hurston/Wright Foundation.
  36. ^Saro-Wiwa, Noo (5 October 2018)."Dialogue of bodies: The continent as a foil for existence".TLS.Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2024.Retrieved6 April2024.
  37. ^Risen, Clay (2 April 2024)."Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  38. ^"Maryse Condé accepted The New Academy Prize in Literature of SEK 320 000 in Stockholm"(Press release). The New Academy Press Release. 9 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2022.Retrieved2 April2024.
  39. ^Brown, Lauren (30 November 2022)."Carson, Gaitskill and more welcomed onto RSL International Writers Programme".The Bookseller.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  40. ^Wild, Stephi (30 November 2022)."Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme".Broadway World.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  41. ^abShaffi, Sarah (14 March 2023)."International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 14 March 2023.Retrieved14 March2023.
  42. ^Italie, Hillel (2 April 2014)."Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024.Retrieved3 April2024.
  43. ^"See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist".Southbank Centre.18 April 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2023.Retrieved24 May2023.
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  45. ^Self, John (22 May 2023)."The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review".The Observer.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2023.Retrieved24 May2023.
  46. ^"Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012".Archival Collections.Columbia University Libraries.Archivedfrom the original on 22 June 2018.Retrieved9 April2024.
  47. ^Condé, Maryse (1982).Hérémakhonon(1st English language ed.). Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press.ISBN9780894102325.OCLC8646556.
  48. ^Condé, Maryse (1988).A Season in Rihata.Heinemann Educational.ISBN978-0-435-98832-6.OCLC8106613884.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  49. ^Condé, Maryse (1987).Segu.New York, N.Y: Viking.ISBN978-0-670-80728-4.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  50. ^Conde, Maryse (1 September 1996).Segu.Penguin Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-14-025949-0.OL7351512M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  51. ^Condé, Maryse (1989).The Children of Segu.Viking.ISBN978-0-670-82981-1.OL1948908M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  52. ^Condé, Maryse (1990).The Children of Segu.Ballantine Books.ISBN978-0-345-36634-4.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  53. ^Condé, Maryse (2009).I, Tituba, black witch of Salem(1. paperback ed.). Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press.ISBN9780813927671.OL26775255M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  54. ^Condé, Maryse (1994).I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem.Ballantine Books.ISBN978-0-345-38420-1.OL19902846M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  55. ^Condé, Maryse (1992).Tree of Life(1st American ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.ISBN978-0-345-36074-8.OL1568387M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  56. ^"Tree of Life by Maryse Conde".www.publishersweekly.com.Publishers Weekly.31 August 1992.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  57. ^Conde, Maryse (February 1995).Crossing the Mangrove.Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-385-47633-1.OL1110081M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  58. ^Self, John (26 September 2021)."Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond".The Observer.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  59. ^abMoudileno, Lydie; Higginson, Francis (1995)."Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's" Traversée de la Mangrove "and" Les Derniers Rois Mages "".Callaloo.18(3): 626–640.doi:10.1353/cal.1995.0104.ISSN0161-2492.JSTOR3299149.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  60. ^Condä, Maryse (1 January 1997).The Last of the African Kings.University of Nebraska Press.ISBN978-0-8032-1489-7.OL662185M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  61. ^Condé, Maryse (1993).La colonie du nouveau monde: roman(in French). Paris: Laffont.ISBN978-2-221-05903-6.OCLC29239656.OL1030800M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  62. ^Condé, Maryse (1998).Windward Heights.Soho.ISBN978-1-56947-161-6.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.
  63. ^Tepper, Anderson (5 September 1999)."Windward Heights".The New York Times.archive.nytimes.com.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.
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  65. ^Condé, Maryse (1997).Desirada: roman.Paris: R. Laffont.ISBN9782221084663.OL300890M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  66. ^Schwerdtner, Karin (2005)."Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada".Dalhousie French Studies.73:129–137.ISSN0711-8813.JSTOR40837654.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  67. ^Condé, Maryse (2000).Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique(in French). Paris: R. Laffont.ISBN978-2-221-08629-2.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  68. ^Condé, Maryse; Philcox, Richard (2004).Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale.New York, NY: Atria Books.ISBN978-0-7434-8260-8.OCLC254224954.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  69. ^Bailey Nurse, Donna (25 September 2004)."Unkindest Cut".Washington Post.Retrieved9 April2024.
  70. ^Condé, Maryse (2001).La belle créole: roman(in French). Paris: Mercure de France.ISBN978-2-7152-1810-9.OCLC47597710.OL3531436M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  71. ^Condé, Maryse; Simek, Nicole Jenette (28 April 2020).The Belle Créole.Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.ISBN978-0-8139-4423-4.OCLC1126348970.OL34099463M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  72. ^Condé, Maryse (15 April 2008).The Story of the Cannibal Woman.Simon and Schuster.ISBN978-0-7432-7129-5.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.
  73. ^Maryse, Condé (4 June 2007)."Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'".NPR.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.
  74. ^Schmidt, Elizabeth (15 April 2007)."Magical Thinking".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.
  75. ^Condé, Maryse (2008).Les belles ténébreuses: roman(in French). Mercure de France.ISBN978-2-7152-2832-0.OL16998545M.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  76. ^Condé, Maryse (2021).Waiting for the Waters to Rise.Translated by Philcox, Richard. World Editions.ISBN978-1-64286-073-3.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  77. ^Iglesias, Gabino (5 August 2021)."Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'".NPR.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  78. ^Condé, Maryse (2020).The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana.Translated by Philcox, Richard. World Editions.ISBN978-1-912987-09-2.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  79. ^Jaggi, Maya (16 July 2020)."The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2023.Retrieved7 April2024.
  80. ^"The Gospel According to the New World by undefined".www.publishersweekly.com.Publishers Weekly.14 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2022.Retrieved7 April2024.
  81. ^"The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023".thebookerprizes.com.The Booker Prizes. 7 March 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2023.Retrieved7 April2024.
  82. ^abcdefMakward, Christiane P. (Summer 1995)."Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre".Callaloo.18(3): 681–689.doi:10.1353/cal.1995.0094.JSTOR3299153.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2024.Retrieved8 April2024.
  83. ^Makward, Christiane (9 April 2024).Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté.Presses universitaires des Antilles.ISBN979-10-95177-02-9.Retrieved9 April2024– via Cairn.info.
  84. ^"Maryse Condé".Île en île.17 November 1998.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023.Retrieved9 April2024.
  85. ^"Biographie & bibliographie".Kazaconde.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  86. ^Clark, VèVè; Condé, Maryse; Daheny, Cecile. "'Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé ".Callaloo(38).
  87. ^José Jernidier (2024)."Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles".chantiersnomades.com.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
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  89. ^Bruckner, D. J. R. (22 February 1995)."IN PERFORMANCE; THEATER".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  90. ^"The Play: Comme deux frères".Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia.Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia. 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  91. ^Conde, Maryse (1972)."Three Female Writers in Modern Africa: Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot".Présence Africaine(82): 132–143.doi:10.3917/presa.082.0132.ISSN0032-7638.JSTOR24350338.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
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  93. ^Condé, Maryse; Pfaff, Françoise (1993).Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète(in French). Editions Karthala.ISBN978-2-86537-435-9.OCLC30739196.OL1147174M.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  94. ^Condä, Maryse; Pfaff, Franöoise (1 January 1996).Conversations with Maryse Condä.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.ISBN978-0-8032-3713-1.OCLC34243864.OL974123M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  95. ^Pfaff, Françoise; Cottenet-Hage, Madeleine (2016).Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps(in French). Paris: Éditions Karthala.ISBN978-2-8111-1707-8.OCLC960463375.OL32625569M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  96. ^Condé, Maryse (1993)."The Role of the Writer".World Literature Today.67(4): 697–699.doi:10.2307/40149563.ISSN0196-3570.JSTOR40149563.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  97. ^Condé, Maryse (1999).Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance(in French). Paris: Laffont.ISBN978-2-266-09868-7.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  98. ^Condé, Maryse (2001).Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood.Soho.ISBN978-1-56947-264-4.OCLC46422017.OL8693267M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  99. ^Conde, Maryse (2000)."Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer".Yale French Studies(97): 151–165.doi:10.2307/2903218.JSTOR2903218.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  100. ^Condé, Maryse (19 January 2010).Victoire: My Mother's Mother.Translated by Philcox, Richard. Simon and Schuster.ISBN978-1-4391-0058-5.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2024.Retrieved7 April2024.
  101. ^"Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde".www.publishersweekly.com.Publishers Weekly.5 October 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 5 April 2023.Retrieved7 April2024.
  102. ^Condé, Maryse (2012).La vie sans fards(in French). Le Grand livre du mois.ISBN978-2-286-09075-3.OCLC826769208.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  103. ^Condé, Maryse (2017).What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography.Seagull Books.ISBN978-0-85742-376-4.OCLC964730164.OL28348078M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  104. ^Condé, Maryse (2014).The Journey of a Caribbean Writer.London New York Calcutta: Seagull Books.ISBN978-0-85742-097-8.OCLC846745180.OL26181522M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  105. ^Condé, Maryse (2015).Mets et merveilles.Paris: JC Lattès.ISBN9782709644792.OCLC907643787.OL30841429M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  106. ^Condé, Maryse; Philcox, Richard (2020).Of Morsels and Marvels.London; New York: Seagull Books.ISBN978-0-85742-693-2.OL32022927M.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
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Further reading

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