Maurice Bavaud
Maurice Bavaud | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 15 January 1916 |
| Died | 14 May 1941(aged 25) |
| Cause of death | Execution by guillotine |
Maurice Bavaud(15 January 1916 – 14 May 1941) was a Swiss theology student who attempted to assassinateAdolf Hitlerin 1938.
Background
[edit]
Maurice Bavaud was born on 15 January 1916 inNeuchâtel,the son of Alfred Bavaud, apostal worker,and Helène Steiner.[1]He attended aLasallian Brothersschool and worked as an apprentice oftechnical drawingbefore moving toSaint-Brieuc,Brittany,to study at the Saint-Ilan seminary to become amissionary.In France he became a member of theanticommunistgroupCompagnie du Mystère.The group's leader, Marcel Gerbohay, had great influence over Bavaud. Gerbohay claimed to be a member of theHouse of Romanov,and convinced Bavaud that whencommunismwas destroyed, the Romanovs would once again ruleRussia,in the person of Gerbohay. Bavaud believed what Gerbohay had told him, became obsessed with the idea that killing Hitler would help the plans to materialise, and finally decided to carry out the assassination himself.[2]
Attempts
[edit]On 9 October 1938, Bavaud left France to travel toBaden-Baden,then on toBasel,where he bought a Schmeisser 6.35 mm (.25 ACP) semi-automatic pistol. In Berlin, a policeman, Karl Deckert, overheard Bavaud saying that he wanted to meet Hitler personally. Deckert advised Bavaud that a private audience could be arranged if Bavaud could obtain a letter of introduction from a suitable foreign VIP. Deckert told him to travel toMunichfor the anniversary of the 1923 "Beer Hall Putsch",which Hitler attended every year. Bavaud followed those instructions by buying a ticket for a seat on the reviewing stand by posing as a Swiss reporter, intending to shoot Hitler as he passed during the parade. Bavaud abandoned this attempt when, on November 9, Hitler was out of range. As he marched past, he was surrounded bySturmabteilungtroops, and Bavaud's view was blocked by surrounding spectators giving theNazi salute.[3]
Bavaud next purchased expensive stationery and forged a letter of introduction in the name of the French nationalist leaderPierre Taittinger,which claimed that Bavaud had a second letter for Hitler's eyes only. He travelled toBerchtesgadenin the belief that Hitler had returned there, only to find that Hitler was still in Munich. When Bavaud returned to Munich, he discovered that Hitler was just leaving for Berchtesgaden.
Arrest and trial
[edit]Having exhausted his money, Bavaud stowed away on a train to Paris, but was detained while on his way for travelling without a ticket and, as a foreigner, was turned over to theGestapo.He was interrogated and admitted his plans to assassinate Hitler.[1]
After being taken to Berlin, Bavaud was tried by theVolksgerichtshofon 18 December 1939, where he declared he had acted alone, naming as his motives that he considered Hitler a threat to humanity, to Swiss independence, and toCatholicism in Germany.[1]Swiss diplomacy made no effort to save Bavaud.Hans Frölicher,the Swiss ambassador to Germany, even publicly condemned Bavaud's assassination attempt. An offer from the Germans to exchange Bavaud for a German spy was turned down,[citation needed]and Bavaud was sentenced to death.[1]He was executed byguillotinein theBerlin-Plötzensee prisonon the morning of 14 May 1941.
Legacy
[edit]
Bavaud's father Alfred attempted to rehabilitate his son's name and reputation, resulting in a court decision on December 12, 1955 reverting the death sentence but posthumously condemning Bavaud to a five-year sentence, arguing that Hitler's life was protected by law just as any other life. A second verdict of 1956 reverted the prison sentence and Germany paid Bavaud's family the sum ofCHF40,000 in reparation.[citation needed]
In 1976, German playwrightRolf Hochhuthcelebrated Bavaud as a "newWilliam Tell",while in 1980 historian Klaus Urner relativized Hochhuth's heroic picture, analyzing psychological aspects of Bavaud's motivation.[1]In 1989 and again in 1998, theSwiss Federal Counciladmitted that the Swiss authorities did not make a sufficient effort to save Bavaud.[1]Finally, in 2008, the Swiss government honored the life and effort of Bavaud.[4] In 2011, a small monument in his honor was erected in Hauterive near Neuchâtel.
In popular media
[edit]Thomas Hürlimann's play "Der Gesandte" explores the homecoming of the Swiss AmbassadorHans Frölicherafter the fall of the Nazi regime. It romanticises him being haunted by the thought of his betrayal of Maurice Bavaud. This play was turned into a movie by Laurent Nègre in 2023 entitledA Forgotten Man.[5]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abcdefLuc Weibel:Maurice BavaudinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^Thomsett, Michael C. (1997).The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938-1945.McFarland. pp. 96–97.ISBN0-7864-0372-1.
- ^Gianna Niewel:Ein rätselhafter Held.In: Süddeutsche Zeitung vom 25. November 2017, S. 53.
- ^'Swiss honor a student who tried to kill Hitler,'Herald Tribune(November 7, 2008).[1]
- ^"A Forgotten Man".Bord Cadre Films.11 April 2023.Retrieved24 April2023.
References
[edit]- Peter Hoffmann, "Maurice Bavaud’s Attempt to Assassinate Hitler in 1938,"Police Forces in Historyed. George L. Mosse. SAGE Readers in 20th Century History Vol. 2. London/Beverly Hills 1975, p. 173–204.
- Roger Moorhouse,"Killing Hitler," Jonathan Cape, 2006.ISBN0-224-07121-1
- Rolf Hochhut's TELL 38 is an account of Maurice Bavaud's life and includes
Further reading
[edit]- Dokumente über die Kollaboration von Behörden der Schweiz mit der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur Deutschland. Einsehbar auf der Homepage des Eidgenössischen Diplomatischen Dienstes Dodis.Der missglückte Attentäter.
- Der Stimme des Gewissens verpflichtet - bis zum Letzten: Maurice Bavaud: Theologiestudent und Hitler-Attentäter; Requiem wider das Vergessen vom 19. November 2009(=Romero-Haus-Protokolle,Band 121), RomeroHaus, Luzern 2010,
- Hersche, Otmar, Spinatsch,Peter (Redaktion):Maurice Bavaud: ein 22jähriger Schweizer versucht 1938 Hitler aufzuhalten,Dokumentation zum 60. Todestag, übersetzt von Bertrand Schütz, Comité Maurice Bavaud, Bern 2001,
- Hochhuth, Rolf:Tell gegen Hitler. Historische Studien. Mit einer Rede von Karl Pestalozzi.Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1992,ISBN3-458-19119-4.
- Steinacher, Martin:Maurice Bavaud - verhinderter Hitler-Attentäter im Zeichen des katholischen Glaubens?(=Anpassung, Selbstbehauptung, Widerstand,Band 38). Lit, Münster/Berlin 2015,ISBN978-3-643-12932-1.
External links
[edit]
- "Comité Maurice Bavaud"
- Maurice BavaudinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
