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McChord Field

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McChord Air Force Base
NearLakewood,Washingtonin the United States of America
Aerial view of McChord AFB during 2003.
Aerial view of McChord AFB during 2003.
McChord AFB is located in Washington (state)
McChord AFB
McChord AFB
McChord AFB is located in the United States
McChord AFB
McChord AFB
McChord AFB is located in North America
McChord AFB
McChord AFB
Coordinates47°08′51″N122°28′46″W/ 47.14750°N 122.47944°W/47.14750; -122.47944(McChord AFB)
TypeUS Air Force Base
Site information
OwnerDepartment of Defense
OperatorUnited States Air Force
Websitewww.mcchord.af.mil
Site history
Built1927;97 years ago(1927)(as Tacoma Field)
In use1927 – 2010(2010)
FateMerged in 2010 to become an element ofJoint Base Lewis–McChord
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA:TCM,ICAO:KTCM,FAA LID:TCM
Elevation98.1 metres (322 ft)AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
16/34 3,080.9 metres (10,108 ft)Asphalt/Concrete
Assault Strip 914.4 metres (3,000 ft) Asphalt
Source:Federal Aviation Administration[1]
Main hangar and control tower in July 2005

McChord Field(formerly and still commonly known asMcChord Air Force Base) is aUnited States Air Forcebasein thenorthwest United States,inPierce County, Washington.South ofTacoma,McChord AFB is the home of the62nd Airlift Wing,Air Mobility Command,the airbase's primary mission being worldwide strategic airlift.

The McChord AFB facility was consolidated with theU.S. Army'sFort Lewison 1 February 2010 to become part of theJoint Base Lewis-McChordcomplex.[2]This initiative was driven by the Base Realignment and Closure Round in 2005 and is designed to combine current infrastructure into one maximizing war fighting capability and efficiency, while saving taxpayer dollars.[3]

62nd Airlift Wing

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The62nd Airlift Wing(62 AW) is the host unit at McChord AFB. It is assigned to theEighteenth Air Forceand is composed of more than 7,200 active duty military and civilian personnel. It is tasked with supporting worldwide combat and humanitarian airlift contingencies. Aircraft of the 62nd fly around the globe, conducting airdrop training; it also carries out the Antarctic resupply missions.[4]

Components

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The62nd Operations Groupflies theC-17 Globemaster IIItransport from McChord Field. It consists of three airlift squadrons and an Operations Support Squadron.

Other wing components are the 62nd Maintenance Group, 62nd Operations Group, 62nd Comptroller Squadron, and 62nd Medical Squadron.

Tenant units

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Other major units stationed at McChord Field are:

McChord Air Museum

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TheMcChord Air Museum,operated by the McChord Air Museum Foundation, exhibits 17 aircraft as well as artifacts related to the history of the airbase.[5]

History

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Origins

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Program for the opening of McChord Field, 3 July 1940

In 1917, the citizens ofPierce County,Washingtonapproved abondmeasure for$2,000,000(equivalent to $47,563,636 in 2023) to buy 70,000 acres (283.28 km2) of land to be donated to theFederal Governmentfor use as amilitary reservation.This land became Camp Lewis (and laterFort Lewis). Ten years later, in 1927, another bond measure was passed to establish an airfield just north of the military reservation. The airfield, named Tacoma Field, officially opened 14 March 1930.[6]

On 28 February 1938 the airfield was officially transferred to the federal government. Three years after the transfer, on 3 July 1940, the airfield was renamed McChord Field,[7][8]in honor ofColonelWilliam Caldwell McChord,[9]who had been killed in an accident nearRichmond, Virginiaon 18 August 1937. Col. McChord, (1881–1937), rated as a junior military aviator in 1918, died while trying to force-land hisNorthrop A-17nearMaidens, Virginia.At the time of his death, he was Chief of the Training and Operations Division in HQ Army Air Corps. Tacoma Field was renamed McChord Field, 17 December 1937.[10]Over the subsequent two decades McChord Field grew to roughly 3,000 acres (12 km2), encompassing the northern tip of the 70,000 acres (280 km2) Ft. Lewis. It became independent of Ft. Lewis in 1947 following the creation of the Air Force under provisions of theNational Security Act of 1947and was subsequently named McChord AFB.[6]

World War II

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In 1940, McChord Field became the headquarters of theGHQ Air ForceNorthwest Air District,with a mission for the defense of the Pacific Northwest and Upper Great Plains regions of the United States. The17th Bombardment Groupwas moved to the new airfield fromMarch Field,California and was equipped with the DouglasB-18 Bolomedium bomber.[6]

Following the Japanese attack onPearl Harboron 6 December 1941, the 17th Bombardment Group flew anti-submarine patrols off theWest Coast of the United Stateswith the new North AmericanB-25 Mitchellmedium bomber. As the first unit to operate the B-25, the 17th achieved anotherfirston 24 December 1941 when one of its Mitchells dropped four 300 lb (140 kg) bombs on a Japanese submarine near the mouth of theColumbia River.The 17th Bomb Group was reassigned in February 1942 toColumbia Army Air Basein South Carolina, where crews from the group were selected to carry out theDoolittle Raidon Japan in April.[6]

With the departure of the 17th Bomb Group, the mission of McChord Field became supporting theArmy Air Forces Training Command's mission of training of units, crews, and individuals for bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations. Northwest Air Force was re-designated as theSecond Air Force,and became the training organization ofB-17 Flying FortressandB-24 Liberatorheavy bombardment groups.[6]

Nearly all new heavy bomb groups organized after Pearl Harbor were organized and trained at Second Air Force Bases, byII Bomber Commandoperational training units (OTU) then were deployed to combat commands around the world. McChord trained numerous bombardment squadrons during the war, receiving graduates of AAF Training Command's flight and technical schools and forming them into operational squadrons which were then sent on to second and third phase training prior to being deployed to the overseas combat air forces.[6]

Starting in mid-1943 the training of B-17 and B-24 replacement crews began to be phased out, as the Second Air Force began ramping up training ofB-29 SuperfortressVery Heavy bomb groups, destined forTwentieth Air Force.Under the newly organizedXX Bomber Command,B-29 aircraft were received from Boeing's manufacturing plants at Seattle and Wichita, Kansas and new combat groups were organized and trained, primarily in Kansas and Nebraska.[6]

McChord also had large maintenance facilities for Air Technical Service Command during the war, serving as aP-39 Airacobramodification center April 1944 – May 1945 for lend-lease aircraft being sent to Russia via the Alaska Territory.[6]

Following the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, McChord redeployed thousands of troops arriving from the European theater to the Pacific as part of Air Transport Command in anticipation ofinvading the Japanese home islandsscheduled for November 1. Theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiin August 1945 forced thesurrender of Japan,cancelling the planned operation altogether.[6]

Cold War

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In 1945 McChord was designated as a permanent station by the Army Air Forces. It was assigned toContinental Air Forcesin April 1945, becoming headquarters of the1stand2d Bomb Wingsafter their return from combat in Europe. In 1948, the field was re-designated McChord Air Force Base.[6]

Air Defense Command

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see also:25th Air Division
319th Fighter Squadron (All Weather) North American F-82F Twin Mustang 46–494 at McChord AFB, Washington, October 1949

On 1 August 1946, McChord was assigned to the newAir Defense Command,with a mission of air defense of the United States. During theCold War,numerous fighter-interceptor squadrons were stationed at the base, as well as Radar and Command and Control organizations, the25th Air Divisionbeing headquartered at McChord from 1951 until 1990.

The325th Fighter Group (All-Weather)operated two squadrons ofF-82F Twin Mustangsfrom McChord between 1948 and 1950, the first postwar fighter optimized for the air defense interceptor mission. Designed for very-long range bomber escort missions in the Pacific during World War II, the design became operational too late to see service and was adapted for the air defense mission.[6]

Other interceptor squadrons stationed at McChord were:

The base was the location of the first of twenty-eight stations built by ADC as part of the permanent air defense radar network, and was the top-priority site for ADC radars.[11][12]The 505th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, the first postwar general surveillance radar organization was activated at McChord on 21 May 1947. Defensive warning radars became operational at McChord on 1 June 1950 withWorld War II-eraAN/CPS-4andAN/CPS-5radars being operated by the635th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron.ADC completed installation of twoAN/CPS-6B medium-range search and height-finder radars in February 1951. Performance of these new radars was deemed inferior to the World War II vintage models and the calibration process delayed operational readiness at this and other sites. AnAN/FPS-6height-finder radar was installed in the mid-1950s.[6]

In 1958, aSemi Automatic Ground Environment(SAGE) Data Center (DC-12), and Combat Center (CC-3) was established at McChord. It became operational in 1960. The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force (and later FAA) General Surveillance Radar stations into a centralized center for Air Defense, intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack. It was initially under the command of theSeattle Air Defense Sector(SeADS), activated on 8 January 1958.[6]

The ADC radar site (P-1) was deactivated 1 April 1960 and repositioned toFort Lawton AFS(RP-1) where the Air Force consolidated its anti-aircraft radars with theUnited States ArmySeattle Defense AreaArmy Air-Defense Command Post (AADCP) S-90DC forNike missileoperations.[6]

SeADS was inactivated on 1 April 1966 and the SAGE headquarters combat center came under the 25th Air Division. The Command Center (CC-3) was active until 30 June 1966 when it was inactivated as part of an ADC reorganization. The Data Center (DC-12), with itsAN/FSQ-7computer remained active until 4 August 1983 under the 25th AD when technology advances made the SAGE system obsolete.[6]

Today, the successor organization to the 25th AD, theWestern Air Defense Sector(WADS), is a major tenant organization at McChord, being one of two air defense sectors responsible for the security and integrity of continental United States air space. WADS is staffed by members of the WashingtonAir National Guard(WANG) and theRoyal Canadian Air Force(RCAF). Operationally, WADS reports to theNorth American Aerospace Defense Command(NORAD) headquartered atPeterson Air Force Base,Colorado.[6]

Military Airlift Command

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McChord Main Gate in the late 1940s or early 1950s.Mount Rainieris in the background.

In 1947Tactical Air Commandmoved the62nd Troop Carrier Groupto McChord Field fromBergstrom Field,Texas. Headquarters Army Air Forces directed each Army Air Force have a tactical group assigned to establish a Wing headquarters. Thus, the 62nd Troop Carrier Wing (TCW), constituted on 28 July 1947, was activated at McChord Field on 15 August. The new Wing was assigned toTwelfth Air Force,with the 62nd Troop Carrier Group becoming one of the Wing's subordinate units; its flying arm, being equipped withCurtiss C-46 Commandos.In 1948, 62nd TCW assets were tapped to support the now famous Berlin Airlift. More than 100 men, primarily mechanics, aerial engineers, and truck drivers were identified for a 90-day temporary tour of duty in Europe, to bolster airlift resources.[6]

On 6 October 1949, the 62nd received its first four-engineDouglas C-54 Skymastertransport. By Thanksgiving of that same year, the Wing was equipped entirely with C-54s, and its designation was changed from 62nd Troop Carrier Wing (Medium), to (Heavy). On 1 June 1950, the Wing was inactivated due to budget reductions. However, as a result of the Korean War, on 17 September 1951, the Wing was once again activated at McChord AFB. Shortly thereafter, the Group and its three flying squadrons, the 4th, 7th, and 8th, again assigned to the Wing, returned to McChord. Not two years had passed, however, before the Wing was once again on the move. Now flying theDouglas C-124 Globemaster II.[6]

During 1952 and 1953, the 62nd airlifted troops, blood plasma, aircraft parts, ammunition, medical supplies, and much more, to the Far East, in support of the war in Korea. In April 1954, the 62nd transported a replacement French garrison to Dien Bien Phu, French Indochina. Operation Bali Hai saw the Globemasters fly around the world in a period of 8 to 10 days. By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and theNorth American Air Defense Command(NORAD) set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as theDistant Early Warning(DEW) Line, was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give the U.S. forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the 62nd began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build the DEW Line. The resupply of the DEW Line stations kept the Wing occupied until 1969.[6]

The 62nd Troop Carrier Wing (Heavy) was reassigned to theMilitary Air Transport ServiceContinental Division on 1 July 1957 as TAC realigned its transport units. Meanwhile, the Air Force reorganized the structure of its wings, and the 62nd Troop Carrier Group, was inactivated 8 January 1960 when squadrons were assigned directly to the wing as part of the Air Force tri-deputate reorganization.[6]

During theInternational Geophysical Year1957–1958, and subsequently through 1962 the 62nd TCW supported scientific stations in the Arctic Ocean by airlanding and airdropping supplies on the drifting ice. It helped transport United Nations troops and supplies to theCongoin 1960. In 1963 the wing assumed responsibility for worldwide airlift ofnuclear weaponsand associated equipment, continuing this mission through early 1971.[6]

In 1968, McChord AFB was relieved of its assignment to the subsequently renamedAerospace Defense Commandand was reassigned toMilitary Airlift Command(MAC) as one of three MAC bases in the western United States operating theLockheed C-141 Starlifter.ADC, and laterTactical Air Command(TAC) continued to maintain a fighter alert detachment at McChord withConvair F-106 Delta Dartand laterMcDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagleaircraft.[6]

On 18 September 1969 aUnited States Air Forcetwin engineDouglas C-47 Skytraincrashed just after takeoff from McChord. It came down in the wooded area just south of the runway. Five men died and seven other men were injured.[13]

In 1975, TAC divested itself of itsLockheed C-130 Herculestactical airlift fleet, transferring all tactical airlift wings, groups and squadrons to MAC. For the 62 AW, this resulted in a significant increase in the wing's total mission capabilities beyond strictly strategic airlift with the arrival of the 36th Tactical Airlift Squadron (36 TAS) and their C-130E aircraft and personnel fromLangley Air Force Base,Virginia.[6]

In 1980, following the eruption ofMount St. Helens,a 36 TAS C-130 crew provided communications support during the search for survivors. One week after St. Helen's first eruption, a second one occurred. All of the base's flyable aircraft were evacuated following reports that ash was drifting northwest toward McChord. In 1988 McChord became involved in combating devastatingYellowstone National Parkforest fires, carrying troops fromFort Lewisto the fire areas.[6]

In 1991,Clark Air Basein thePhilippineswas evacuated due to the eruption ofMount Pinatubo.By 16 June, the evacuation order was issued and the first plane load of evacuees arrived at McChord on the 18th. In 1992, with the disestablishment of Military Airlift Command, McChord became anAir Mobility Commandbase. In November of that same year, two McChord C-141 Starlifters, participating in an air refueling training mission over north centralMontana,collided in mid-air, killing all 13 crewmen.[6]

From the 1990s

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As theC-141was phased out at McChord during the 1990s, it was replaced with theC-17 Globemaster III.McChord AFB and the 62nd Airlift Wing was the second AMC base to receive this aircraft for active duty, the first having been the437th Airlift Wing(437 AW) atCharleston AFB,South Carolina.[6]

McChord has been the host base for theAir Mobility Rodeoin 1998, 2005, 2007 and 2009.

On 1 February 2010 it again joined withFort Lewisto becomeJoint Base Lewis-McChord,per the2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.[14]

Like most US military installations, McChord is closed to the general public, other than during their annual Open House.

TheMcChord Field Historic Districtwas listed on the U.S.National Register of Historic Placeson 12 December 2008.[6]

Major commands to which assigned

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Major units assigned

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Geography

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Aerial view of McChord Field from the east, with the rest ofJoint Base Lewis–McChordin the left background, and the city of Lakewood in the right background

According to theUnited States Census Bureau,it has a total area of 15.0 km2(5.8 sq mi).

It is located adjacent toLakewood,about 1 mi (1.6 km) south ofTacomaand 40 mi (64 km) south ofSeattle.It was named in honor ofColonelWilliam Caldwell McChord, former Chief of the Training and Operations Division in HQ Army Air Corps. Much of the base is acensus-designated place(CDP), which had a population of 4,096 at the2000 census.

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19904,538—
20004,096−9.7%
2007 (est.)4,351

As of the census[15]of 2000, there were 4,096 people, 1,004 households, and 978 families residing on the base. The population density was 272.7 people/km2(706 people/sq mi). There were 1,010 housing units, with an average density of 67.2 units per square kilometre (174 units/sq mi). The racial makeup was 76.5%White,8.5%African American,0.7%Native American,4.2%Asian,0.7%Pacific Islander,3.2% fromother races,and 6.3% from two or more races. 8.1% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race.

There were 1,004 households, out of which 77.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 89.9% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.5% were non-families. 2.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 3.46 and the average family size was 3.49.

On the base the population was spread out, with 36.3% under the age of 18, 22.2% from 18 to 24, 39.5% from 25 to 44, 1.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 127.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 137.1 males.

The median income for a household was $35,319, and the median income for a family was $35,205. Males had a median income of $23,004 versus $22,216 for females. The per capita income for the base was $12,454. About 5.5% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Airport Diagram – McChord AFB / Field (KTCM)"(PDF).Federal Aviation Administration.5 December 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
  2. ^http://www.yelmonline.com/articles/2010/01/29/first_report/doc4b621f185558c546289521.prt[dead link]
  3. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 May 2013.Retrieved3 February2010.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^"62nd Airlift Wing".Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2020.Retrieved12 March2020.
  5. ^"McChord Air Museum".30 September 2019.Retrieved12 March2020.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaa"OUR HISTORY - MAINPAGE".McCHORD AIR MUSEUM HOMEPAGE.Retrieved16 September2021.
  7. ^"M'Chord airport dedicated today".Spokane Daily Chronicle.Associated Press. 3 July 1940. p. 2.
  8. ^"Huge crowd sees 2000-acre $18,000,000 air field dedicated".Spokesman-Review.Associated Press photo. 4 July 1940. p. 2.
  9. ^William Caldwell McChord
  10. ^abcMueller, Robert, "Air Force Bases Volume 1: Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982", United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C., 1989,ISBN0-912799-53-6,page 391.
  11. ^abA Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 – 1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
  12. ^abWinkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
  13. ^"Accident description".19 September 1969.Retrieved11 October2016.
  14. ^"Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base merge to create Joint Base Lewis".Retrieved12 March2020.
  15. ^"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau.Retrieved31 January2008.
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