Jump to content

Meerut

Coordinates:28°59′N77°43′E/ 28.98°N 77.71°E/28.98; 77.71
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Uttar Pradesh, India. For its administrative district, seeMeerut district.

Meerut
Mēraṭha
Metropolis[1]
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower, Mustafa Castle, Basilica of Our Lady of Graces
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower,Mustafa Castle,Basilica of Our Lady of Graces
Meerut is located in Uttar Pradesh
Meerut
Meerut
Meerut is located in India
Meerut
Meerut
Coordinates:28°59′N77°43′E/ 28.98°N 77.71°E/28.98; 77.71
CountryIndia
StateUttar Pradesh
DivisionMeerut
DistrictMeerut
Government
• BodyMeerut Municipal Corporation
•MayorHarikant Ahluwalia[2](BJP)
•Lok Sabha MPArun Govil,(BJP)
•Divisional CommissionerSelva Kumari J,IAS
•IG RangePraveen Kumar,IPS
Area
[3]
•Metropolis[1]450 km2(170 sq mi)
Elevation
247 m (810 ft)
Population
(2016)[3][4]
•Metropolis[1]1,571,434
• Density3,500/km2(9,000/sq mi)
•Metro
[3][5]
1,871,434
Language
• OfficialHindi[6]
• Additional officialUrdu[6]
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
PIN
250 0xx
Telephone code91- 121- XXXX XXX
Vehicle registrationUP-15
Websitemeerut.nic.in
[7]

Meerut(pronunciationⓘ,ISO:Mēraṭha) is a city inMeerut districtof theWestern Uttar Pradeshof the Indian state ofUttar Pradesh.The city lies 80 km (50 mi) northeast of the national capitalNew Delhi,within theNational Capital Regionand 480 km (300 mi) west of the state capitalLucknow.[8]

As of 2011,Meerut is the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and the 26th most populous city in India.[9][10]

The city is one of the largest producers of sports goods, the largest producer of musical instruments in India, and one of Asia's biggest gold markets. The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh, and is also known as the "Sports City Of India".

The city is famous for being the starting point of the1857 rebellionagainstCompany rule in India.

The city is also the proposed capital ofWestern Uttar Pradesh(Harit Pradesh), a new separate state. It has the 3nd highest per capita income in the state afterGhaziabad(Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone) andGautam Budh Nagar(NoidaandGreater Noida).[11]

India's first Regional Rapid Transit SystemDelhi Meerut RRTScurrently being constructed in Meerut. Which will be an inter-city high-speed metro corridor.[12]It is also known as the expressway capital of Western Uttar Pradesh, having 3 different expressways.[13]

Origin of the name[edit]

The city may have derived its name from 'Mayarashtra' (Sanskrit:मयराष्ट्र), the capital of the kingdom ofMayasura,Mandodari's father andRavana's father-in-law. This name may have mutated to Mairashtra, Mai-dant-ka-khera, Mairaath and eventually Meerut.[14][15]

According to another version, Maya(sura), being a distinguished architect, received from KingYudhishthirathe land on which the city of Meerut now stands and he called this place Maharashtra, a name which in the course of time became shortened to Meerut. Tradition also has it that the city formed a part of the dominions of Mahipala, the king ofIndraprastha,and the word Meerut is associated with his name.[16]

The meaning of मय is alcohol. It is a production centre of alcohol with factories (sugar Mills) producing alcohol, hence the name मय is added from a alcohol production city. (Mawana Sugar Distillary). Maykhana is also a word which means Bar in Hindi. All alcohol was sent to capital Delhi and exported all over India. In India, cities are named on their popular produce. Hence Meerut as a production house of alcohol (मय) is called Meerut.[citation needed]

History[edit]

Ancient era[edit]

InRamayana,It was known as 'Maydant Ka Kheda', the capital of May Danav. It was hometown ofMandodari,wife of Ravana.[17]

After the archaeological excavations at Vidura-ka-tila, a collection of several mounds named afterVidura,in 1950–52, a site 37 km (23 miles) north-east of Meerut, it was concluded to be remains of the ancient city ofHastinapur,the capital ofKauravasandPandavasofMahabharata,which was washed away byGangesfloods.[18][19][20]

Fragment of the 6thAshoka Pillarin sandstone, with inscription ofEdicts of Ashoka,inBrahmi,originally from Meerut, now on display in theBritish Museum.[21]

Meerut also contained a Harappan settlement known asAlamgirpur.It was also the easternmost settlement of theIndus Valley civilisation.Meerut had been a centre ofBuddhismin the period ofMauryanEmperorAshoka(r. 273 BC to 232 BC.), and remains ofBuddhiststructures were found near the Jama Masjid in the present day city.[22]TheAshoka Pillar,atDelhi ridge,next to the ‘BaraHindu RaoHospital’, nearDelhi University,was carried toDelhifrom Meerut, byFiruz Shah Tughluq(r. 1351–1388);[19][23][24]it was later damaged in a 1713 explosion, and restored in 1867.[25]

Muslim conquests[edit]

In the eleventh century AD, the region to the south-west of the city was ruled by Har Dat, theDor RajaofBulandshahrwho built a fort, which was long known for its strength and finds mention inAin-i-Akbari.[26]He was later defeated byMahmud of Ghazniin 1018, surrendering along with his forces to Mahmud.[27]The prominent local landmark known as the Jama Masjid, dates from this period and is said to have been built by Mahmud's vizir. Shortly after its capture the city was regained by the local Hindu Raja and part of his fortifications, built for the city's defence, survived until recent times.[28]Muhammad of Ghor'smamlukgeneralQutb-ud-din Aybakwho went on to establish theDelhi Sultanatein 1206, attacked and captured Meerut in 1193.[29]

Timurin 1399 attacked and sacked Meerut. It was held by Ilyas Afghan and his son Maula Muhammad Thaneswari who was assisted by non-Muslims led by Safi. Timur tried to negotiate a surrender, to which the inhabitants of the fort replied by stating thatTarmashirinhad tried to capture it in the past but failed. Incensed, he set forth with 10,000 cavalry. The forces scaled the walls and Safi was killed in the battle. The inhabitants were killed and their wives and children enslaved. The fortifications and houses were razed to the ground with prisoners ordered to be flayed alive.[30][31]

The city then came under the rule of theMughal Empireand saw a period of relative tranquility.[32]During the rule ofMughal Emperor,Akbar(r. 1556–1605), there was a mint for copper coins here.[22]Also occurring during the reign of Akbar, Meerut was listed in theAin-i-Akbarias aparganaunder Delhisarkar,producing a revenue of 4,391,996damsfor the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 300 infantry and 100 cavalry.[33]

Main entrance to Kot Fort, Abdullapur built in the early 16th century

Major part of the Meerut was in the control ofSayyidJagirdars ofAbdullapur Meerutfrom 16th to late 18th century, Sayyed Mir Abdulla Naqvi Al Bukhari built Kot Fort in Abdullapur in 16th century, this place was his main residence.[34][35][36]The descendants of Syed Sadarudin Shah Kabir Naqvi Al Kannauji Bukhari still present in this town, Sadarudin was a chief advisor ofSikandar Lodiand the father of great saintShah Jewna.[37][38][39][40]Famous Pakistani writer Syed Qudrat Naqvi Al Bukhari was born in Meerut.[41][42][43]

Nawab Mansab Ali Khan was one of the most influential personality of this city, he built famous Karbala and Masjid known as Mansabiya in 1882.[44][45]

The city saw Sikh and Maratha invasions in the 18th century, with interruptions by taga brahman and Rohillas. Walter Reinhardt, an English soldier, established himself atSardhanaand some parts of the district came under his rule. Upon his death, they came into the hands ofBegum Samru.During this time, the southern part of the district had remained underMarathasrule.[46]

Colonial era[edit]

In 1803, with the fall of Delhi, Daulat Rao Scindia of the Marathas ceded the territory to the BritishEast India Company(EIC). The cantonment of Meerut was set up in 1806 with particular key interests including its closeness to Delhi and its area inside the richGanga– Yamuna doab. The city was made headquarters of theeponymous districtin 1818.[32][47][48]

1857 Mutineers' Mosque

Meerut is famously associated with the1857 rebellionagainstCompany rule in India.[49]The famous slogan "Dilli Chalo"(" Let's march to Delhi! ") was first spoken in the city, and the Meerutcantonmentwas the place where the rebellion started.[citation needed]

The revolt, which catapulted Meerut into international prominence, started in March 1857 at Barrackpore, Bengal. Indian sepoyMangal Pandeyshot at two of his commanding officers, missed, made an unsuccessful attempt to commitsuicideand was executed. By April, the fire of Pandey's Uprising scorched north India and reached Meerut, the second-largest East India Company garrison. Here, Europeans and native sepoys were evenly balanced, with a little more than 2,000 on each side. The European cantonment was separated from the Indian one. Close by were Sadar Bazar and Lal Kurti Bazar, the latter named after the red uniforms worn by thePresidency armies.On 24 April 1857, Meerut's commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth, paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the Bengal Cavalry, most of whom had come from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. He ordered them to fire the new Enfield cartridges- 85 refused. The cartridges were covered with paper that had to be torn off; Muslim soldiers believed the paper was greased with pig fat and Hindus, with cow fat.[50]

All 85 soldiers were stripped of their uniforms,court-martialed;they were all sentenced to a decade in prison. The prisoners, who wereupper-classmembers of acavalry regiment,were shocked at the harsh sentences handed down to them. On 10 May 1857,Kotwal Dhan Singh Gurjaropened the gates of the prison. These soldiers, along with the other imprisoned soldiers, escaped prison and declared themselves free, mutinied, attacked and killed severalCompany officialsin the city in order to bring it under their control. This marked the beginning of a widespread revolt across northern India as these soldiers marched towards Delhi. 10 May is still celebrated as a local holiday in Meerut.[51]

TheUnited Provincesin 1903

Meerut was also the venue of theMeerut Conspiracy Casein March 1929, in which severaltrade unionists,including threeEnglishmen,were arrested by the colonial authorities for organising a railwaystrike action.The case quickly became the subject of attention in England, inspiring a 1932 play titledMeerut Prisonersby left-wingManchesterstreet theatre group theRed Megaphones,which highlighted the detrimental effects ofcapitalismandindustrialisation.[52]Electricity was first introduced to Meerut in 1931.[47]In the 1940s, during the height of theIndian independence movement,cinema-goers in Meerut had an unofficial policy of refusing to stand up whenGod Save the Queenplayed before the film was shown.[citation needed]The last session of theIndian National Congress(INC) prior to theindependence of Indiain 1947 was held at Victoria Park in Meerut on 26 November 1946. It was in this session that the Constitution-making committee was constituted.[53]

Post-independence era[edit]

The city and district also suffered from communal (Hindu-Sikh) riots in 1984[54]and (Hindu-Muslim) riots in 1982[55]and in 1987, during which theHashimpura massacretook place, in May 1987, when personnel of theProvincial Armed Constabulary(PAC) shot dead 42 Muslims, the trial of the case is still pending.[56][57]In 2006, afireat a consumer electronics "Brand India" fair in Victoria Park Stadium killed at least 100 people, with authorities already confirming 45 fatalities, although a specific figure on a toll was difficult to put and was predicted to be much higher.[58]

Geography[edit]

For description of the geography of the district, seeMeerut district § Geography.

Meerut is the largest city inNCRafter Delhi also known as sports city of India.[citation needed]Meerut lies between the plains of theGangesand those of theYamuna.In area Meerut district covers 2,522 km2(974 sq mi), which is larger than Delhi (Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km2[573 sq mi]).

Climate[edit]

Main article:Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Meerut has amonsooninfluencedhumid subtropicalclimate characterised by hot summers and cooler winters. Summers last from early April to late June during and are extremely hot, with temperatures reaching 49 °C (120 °F).[59]

The monsoon arrives in late June and continues till the middle of September. Temperatures drop slightly, with plenty of cloud cover but with higher humidity. Temperatures rise again in October and the city then has a mild, dry winter season from November to the middle of March[59]The lowest temperature ever recorded is −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), recorded on Sunday, 6 January 2013.[60]Rainfall is about 845 millimetres (33 in) per annum, which is suitable for growing crops. Most of the rainfall is received during themonsoon.Humidity varies from 30 to 100%.[59]

Climate data for Meerut (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		43.8
(110.8) 		45.8
(114.4) 		46.1
(115.0) 		46.0
(114.8) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		46.1
(115.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		36.0
(96.8) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		30.3
(86.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		17.5
(63.5)
Record low °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.1
(32.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 20.1
(0.79) 		32.2
(1.27) 		24.2
(0.95) 		15.7
(0.62) 		28.7
(1.13) 		81.9
(3.22) 		226.4
(8.91) 		217.9
(8.58) 		119.1
(4.69) 		16.4
(0.65) 		1.4
(0.06) 		4.9
(0.19) 		788.9
(31.06)
Average rainy days 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.1 4.4 9.0 9.0 5.4 0.9 0.2 0.5 37.8
Averagerelative humidity(%) 64 55 48 34 35 51 71 73 69 59 58 62 56
Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012)[61][62][63][64][65]

Administration[edit]

General Administration[edit]

Meerut divisionwhich consists of six districts, and is headed by theDivisional Commissionerof Meerut, who is anIAS officerof high seniority, theCommissioneris the head of local government institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructural development in his division.[66][67][68][69][70]TheDistrict Magistrateof Meerut reports to theDivisional Commissioner.The current Commissioner is Selva Kumari J.[71][72]

Meerut district administration is headed by theDistrict Magistrateof Meerut, who is anIAS officer.TheDMis in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees theelectionsheld in the city.[66][73][74][75][76]The district is subdivided into threetehsils,namely Meerut, Mawana and Sardhana, each headed by aSub-Divisional Magistrate.The tehsils are further divided into 12 blocks.[77]The current District Magistrate of Meerut is Depak Meena.[78]

Police Administration[edit]

Meerut district comes under Meerut police zone and Meerut police range ofUttar Pradesh Police.Meerut zone is headed by anIPS officerin the rank ofAdditional Director General of Police(ADG), whereas Meerut range is headed by anIPS officerin the rank ofInspector General of Police(IG). The Current ADG, Meerut Zone is Rajeev Sabharwal,[79]whereas the current IG, Meerut Range is Praveen Kumar.[80]

District Police of Meerut is headed by theSenior Superintendent of Police(SSP) who is anIPSofficer. He is assisted by fourSuperintendents of Police(SP)/Additional Superintendent of Police(Addl. SP) (City, Rural Area, Traffic and Crime). The Meerut district is divided into numerous police circles, each headed by a Circle Officer in the rank ofDeputy Superintendent of Police.SP (Traffic) and SP (Crime) are assisted by one Circle Officer in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police each.[81]The current SSP is Rohit Singh Sajwan.[81]

Infrastructure and Civic Administration[edit]

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Meerut Development Authority (MDA), which comes under the Housing Department ofUttar Pradesh government.TheDivisional Commissionerof Meerut acts as theex-officioChairman of MDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointedIAS officer,looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of Meerut Development Authority is Sita Ram Yadav.[82]

The city is administered byMeerut Municipal Corporation,which is responsible for performing civic administrative functions administered by the Municipal Commissioner (PCS Officer) whereas the Mayor is the ceremonial head of the corporation. The current Municipal Commissioner of Meerut Municipal Corporation isManoj Kumar Chauhan.

Central Government Offices[edit]

The office of the Chief Commissioner, Customs & Central Excise, Meerut Zone, has jurisdiction over 13 districts of Uttrakhand and 14 districts ofUttar Pradesh.This jurisdiction was carved out of the Lucknow Zone. It comprises the erstwhile Customs & Central Excise Commissionerates of Meerut & Noida. The Meerut Commissionerate was bifurcated into two Commissionerates, namely, ‘Meerut-I and Ghaziabad’ and the Noida Commissionerate was bifurcated into ‘Noida and Meerut-II’. In addition, jurisdiction of Central Excise Division Bareilly was included in the jurisdiction of Meerut-II Commissionerate.[83]

CGHS department of Meerut provides comprehensive health care facilities for the central govt employees and pensioners and their dependents residing in this city.

District management[edit]

  • The Janikhurd Block is established on 1 October 1962.
  • The Rohta block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Daurala block is established on 1 October 1962.
  • The Rajpura block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Kharkhoda block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Mawana block is established on 1 April 1957.
  • The Meerut block is established on 1 April 1957.
  • The Hastinapur block is established on 1 April 1963.
  • The Sardhana block is established on 26 January 1955.
  • The Saroorpur khurd block is established on 1 April 1959.
  • The Machchhara block is established on 1 October 1961.
  • The Parikshitgarh block is established on 1 April 1958.

Demand for High Court Bench in Meerut[edit]

Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP. Still western Uttar Pradesh does not have a High Court. People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. Infact 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh.[84]

Western Uttar Pradesh has been advocating to have a high court bench in Meerut so that western Uttar Pradesh can get justice. This important also as west UP accounts for51.71% of state GDP.[85]

The Bench in the western part of the state was first proposed by the government in 1955.

Meerut Cantonment[edit]

Mall Road in Meerut Cantonment

Meerut Cantonment was established by theBritish East India Companyin 1803 after theBattle of Laswari.It is the one of the largest cantonment of India both in land area 3,568.06 hectares (35.68 km2) and population of 93684 (civil + military) people as per 2011 census.[86]TheRevolt of 1857started from "Kali Paltan" in Meerut Cantonment andIndiansoldiers stationed here actively participated in the rebellion.[8][87]The cantonment surrounds the old city from 3 sides – from Pallavpuram to Sainik Vihar to Ganga Nagar.[88]It is well connected with the rest of country by roads as well as by rail. The Delhi Niti Paas Road (State Highway No. 45) passes through Meerut Cantonment.[87]Meerut cantonment was the divisional headquarters of the7th (Meerut) Divisionof theBritish Indian Armyfrom 1829 to 1920.

Economy[edit]

Development[edit]

Atop an under-construction overpass

Meerut is the 63rd-fastest-growing urban area in the world.[89]It is the 14th fastest developing city in India. A June 2011 report by US financial services firmMorgan Stanleygave Meerut the 5th spot on the "vibrancy" index, ahead of Delhi and Mumbai.[90]Meerut ranked second on both the financial penetration index, which measures things like the presence of ATMs and bank branches, and on the consumption index, indicating the city's transformation into an urban town.

While the city ranked in the bottom 10 in job creations, the report suggests that overall there are plenty of signs of "potential for urbanisation," including future employment opportunities.[91]The infrastructure segment of Meerut is currently going through a boom phase with many new projects like Expressways, Metro, Freight corridors coming up in and around the city.[92][93]The Upper Ganga Canal Expressway development has also been completed. On theIndia City Competitiveness Index,the city ranked 45th in 2010, 37th in 2011and 39th in 2012.[94][95][96]

Meerut is one of the biggest industrial centers in India. It has largest sports and goods manufacturing inIndia.It is one of the largest gold markets in Asia. Scissors, metals and musical instruments manufacturing is also a big market. It is India's largest refined sugar producer.[97]

Meerut is upcomingLogistic Hubin western Uttar Pradesh due to projects likeEastern Dedicated Freight Corridorand expressway projects like -Delhi Meerut Expressway,Ganga Expressway,Delhi Meerut RRTS.

Industry[edit]

The cover of the bookSangeet Puranmal Ka(lit. The Music of Puranmal) by Ramlal. The book was published in 1879 from the city.

Meerut is one of the important industrial towns of western Uttar Pradesh with several traditional and modern industries.[59]It is traditionally known forhandloomworks andscissorsindustry.[98]Meerut was one of the first cities in northern India where publishing was set up during the 19th century. It was a major center ofcommercial publishingduring the 1860s and 1870s.[99]

Meerut is a rich agricultural area, being in the proximity of Delhi, it is ideal for industry. As of 2011, it is home to 520 micro, small and medium scale industries.[100]As of August 2006,Meerut has about 23,471 industrial units, including 15,510 small-scale units and 7,922 cottage industries.[101]Sanspareils Greenlands (SG)and BDM one of India's biggest sports goods manufacturers are based out of Meerut

Existing industries in the city include tyres, textile, transformer, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing, and sports goods manufacture.[98][102][100]Prospective industries includeITandITES,Logistics.[103]

Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation(UPSIDC) has two industrial estates in the city, namelyPartapurand Udyog Puram.[104][105]

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

Delhi–Meerut Expressway
Delhi Meerut Expressway

Meerut is well-connected by road to major cities likeDelhi,Noida,Faridabad,Ghaziabad,Haridwar,Bulandshahr,etc. A large number of people commute to Delhi, Noida,Greater Noida,Ghaziabad, andGurugramevery day for work.

Three national highways (NH-58,NH-119&NH-235) and two Expressways pass through Meerut. TheDelhi–Meerut Expressway- a 90 km longcontrolled-access expresswayconnects Meerut with Delhi viaDasnainGhaziabad district.Prime MinisterNarendra Modilaid thefoundation stonefor the expressway on 31 December 2015, and the expressway was completed and opened for public on 1 April 2021, also an under constructionGanga Expressway.[106]

There are 2 mainbus terminals,namely Bhainsali bus terminal and Sohrab Gate bus terminal from whereUttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation(UPSRTC) buses ply to cities all over the state and all nearby cities. AJNNURMscheme was put in place.[107]Low FloorCity Buses (under JNNURM),[citation needed]Normal City Buses, auto rickshaws and rickshaws are convenient public transport options to commute within the city.[108]

Many new transport infrastructure projects like the inner ring road, outer ring road and construction of new flyovers are proposed and being made as well.[109][110]The under-constructionGanga Expresswaywill start from Meerut tillAllahabad,and in the future, it will be extended from Meerut toHaridwar.Other expressways which will pass nearby Meerut are theUpper Ganga Canal Expressway,Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expresswayand Gorakhpur–Shamli Expressway.

Railways[edit]

Meerut lies on theDelhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line,[111]and has four railway stations:Meerut City,Meerut Cantt.,Partapurand Pabli Khas. Meerut City railway station is the busiest. The railway line betweenDelhiand Meerut was constructed in 1864,[47]and the Meerut Cantt. station, which serves as a secondary railway station, was founded in 1865.

About 20,000 passengers travel daily to Delhi and back.[citation needed]Around 27 pairs of trains run between Meerut and Delhi, and four between Meerut andKhurja.Two trains are available forLucknowdaily, namelyNauchandi ExpressandRajya Rani Express.A weekly train goes toChennaiandKochuveli.Daily trains connect Meerut toMumbai,Ahmedabad,Jaipur,Rajkotand many cities in other states.[citation needed]

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor[edit]

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor or Eastern DFC is anbroad gaugefreight corridor in India.The railway will run betweenLudhianainPunjabandDankuni(nearKolkata) inWest Bengalvia Meerut andKhurjainUttar Pradesh.

Apart from thisDelhi Meerut RRTS(RapidX) will also be used for inter city cargo movement. Vinay Kumar Singh, managing director, NCRTC, said, “During non-peak hours, the ridership would be low, so we can use the time to move cargo, including perishable goods.”[112]

Uttar Pradesh government has allocated land for building a large logistic hub in Modipuram region of Uttar Pradesh.[113]

Metro project[edit]

Main article:Meerut Metro

On 30 December 2014, theUttar Pradesh Cabinetapproved the proposed metro rail project in Meerut, to boost the urban mass transport infrastructure in the city. The state government nominatedRITES LimitedandUttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation(UPMRC) for preparing the respectivedetailed project report(DPR) and as a coordinator, respectively. The development authorities are nodal agencies for the DPR.[114]

The metro project got approval from the divisional commissioner. It was decided in the meeting that the project would be along two corridors, by dividing the project into two phases–Phase I from Partapur to Pallavpuram, and Phase II from Rajban Market to Gokalpur village. The main stations on the first corridor in the first phase will be Partapur, Panchwati Enclave, Rithani, Rithani West, Shatabdi Nagar, Devlok, Madhavpuram, Meerut Railway Station Road, Lajpat Bazaar, Begampul, Gandhi Bagh, Lekha Nagar, Pallavpuram Dorli, Ansal City and Pallavpuram. While in the second phase, the corridor in the Partapur-Pallavpuram route will cover 20 km, and will have a total number of 18 stations in between, the 10 km-long route from Rajban Market to Gokalpur village will have nine stations.[115]

Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)[edit]

Main article:Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Meerut MetroTrainset

The NCR Transport Plan 2021 proposed a rail-based mass transit system, called the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) between Delhi to Meerut, with theShahdara-Ghaziabadsection scheduled for construction during 2001-11, and the Ghaziabad-Meerut section scheduled for 2011–21.[116]

In September 2010, the RRTS was reported to be proposed betweenAnand Viharand Meerut with the project in its initial stages. The cost was projected to be around₹1,000 crore(US$120 million) with the expected time of the journey being 45 minutes.[117]In November 2010, the train speed was proposed to be between 130 and 160 kmph, with stations at Anand Vihar, Sahibabad, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai, Moradnagar, Modinagar, Meerut South, Shatabdi Nagar, Meerut Centre, Begumpul, Meerut North, Pallavpuram being the stops.[118]

On 14 December 2010, the NCR Planning Board, Meerut Development Authority (MDA) andMeerut Municipal Corporationapproved the project.[119]In August 2011, it was reported that the project tender had been awarded toDelhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System(DIMTS). The proposed system was to have dedicated trains between Anand Vihar and Meerut, with no stops in between, and trains which will stop at stations will be constructed after a gap of 4–5 km. The reported stations were Anand Vihar, Vaishali, Mohan Nagar, Meerut Road (Airtel Cut), Morta, Duhai, Muradnagar, Gang Nahar, Modinagar, Mohiuddinpur, Meerut Bypass Cut and Pallavpuram, with completion expected in 2017. The track between Anand Vihar to Dabur was proposed to be underground with the rest of the track overhead.[120]

On 11 July 2013, theUnion Cabinet of Indiaapproved the formation of theNational Capital Region Transport CorporationLimited (NCRTCL), with a seed capital of₹100 crore(US$12 million). The corporation will take up the construction of the 90 km-long Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor on a priority basis (along with two other corridors) with planned completion in 2016.[121]It was reported that the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for the three corridors were under the process of finalisation.[122]

In December 2013, problems were reported in the proposed alignment of the Delhi-Meerut corridor.[123]In January 2014, it was reported that the proposed alignment had to be changed due to objections byNHAIand the feasibility report had to be prepared again. The new proposed alignment increased the length from 90 km to 106 km.[124]

In March 2018, the project's construction was started after thefoundation stonewas laid byPrime Minister,Narendra Modi.[125]As of 2023, the alignment is 82 km (51 mi) long, and the 17-km first stretch, as the priority corridor, fromSahibabadtoDuhaiis almost completed, and will be opened by March 2023, while the next stretch till South Meerut will be completed by the first quarter of 2024. The entire corridor will be completed by March 2025.[126][127][128]

Air[edit]

The nearest airport isHindon Airportat Ghaziabad, located 64 km (40 mi) away, while the major airport,Indira Gandhi International Airportat Delhi is about 100 km (62 mi) away.

TheDr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Airportis located atPartapur.It was proposed by the state government that the airstrip be converted to an international airport to reduce pressure on Delhi airport.[129]However, plans to expand the Domestic airport were called off after protests against land acquisition started in other parts of the state.[130]Following an accident in May 2012, the city administration barred private flights from using the airstrip.[131]

The city has long demanded airport. But, the government has stalled the project multiple times due to land acquisition reasons and project cost. Even Ajit Singh, the minister of civil aviation announced the project but still the project was not completed.

BJP MPRajendra Agarwalmet Civil Aviation MinisterJyotiraditya Scindiaminister promised that the Ministry of Civil Aviation will begin running the airport as soon as the Uttar Pradesh government satisfied the demand for land.

As of October, 2023 the project is awaiting approval for land acquisition from Uttar Pradesh Government.[132]

Expressways[edit]

Since, Meerut has very favourable location for industries and is suitable for being a logistics hub. It has many expressways likeDelhi Meerut Expressway,Ganga Expressway.It also is in close proximity (within 30 miles) with other expressway likeDelhi Mumbai Expressway,Yamuna Expressway,KMP ExpresswayandEastern Peripheral Expressway.

Demographics[edit]

See also:Meerut district § Demographics
Religions in Meerut City (2011)[133]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 61.15%
Islam
 
 36.05%
Jainism
 
 0.92%
Sikhism
 
 0.60%
Christian
 
 0.41%
Others†
 
 0.96%
Distribution of religions
†IncludesBuddhists(<0.09%).

According to the 2011 census, theMeerut Urban Agglomeration (Meerut UA)has a population of around 1.42 million,[5](comparable to kingdom ofBahrainorTrinidad and Tobago) with the municipality contributing roughly 1.31 million of it.[4]The Meerut Urban Agglomeration consists of area falling under Meerut Municipal Corporation, Meerut Cantonment Board and 4census townsof Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur,Aminagar Urf BhurbaralandMohiuddinpur.[134][135]This makes Meerut the33rdmost populousurban agglomerationand the28thmost populous city in India. The sex ratio in Meerut UA is 897, lower than the state average of 908; while the child sex ratio is 895, lower than the state average of 899. 12.99% of the population is under 6 years of age.[135]The overall literacy rate is 88.29%, higher than the state average of 69.72%.[5][136]In Meerut Municipal Corporation, 83.78% of the population spokeHindiand 15.25%Urduas their first language.[137]

As of 2017,Meerut ranks 328 (based on population), 189 (based on population density), 648 (based on built-up area) among world's urban areas.[138]

According to the 2001 census, the city ranked 2nd in terms of population in NCR[139]and 25th in India.[140]

Demographics of Meerut Metropolitan area (Meerut UA) (Census 2011, updated)[135]
Metropolis City/Town/Village[i] Population Sex Ratio Literacy Rate[ii]
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Meerut UA Meerut (CB) 53024 40288 93,312 760 87.99% 79.48% 84.33%
Meerut (M Corp.) 688118 617311 1,305,429 897 80.97% 69.79% 75.66%
Mohiuddinpur (CT) 2811 2389 5,200 850 89.17% 69.63% 80.13%
Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral (CT) 3314 2827 6,141 853 91.01% 69.68% 81.02%
Amehra Adipur (CT) 2844 2641 5,485 929 85.68% 68.05% 77.14%
Sindhawali (CT) 2782 2553 5,335 918 79.92% 64.44% 72.53%
Meerut UA - Total 752,893 668,009 1,420,902 887 81.57 % 70.36 % 76.28 %
  1. ^M Corp. =Municipal Corporation,NP =Nagar panchayat,NPP =Nagar Palika Parishad,CB =Cantonment Board,CT =Census Town
  2. ^For Literacy rate, population aged 7 and above only is considered in India.
Historical Population Statistics[26][47][141][a]
Year Male Female Total Growth
1847 NA NA 29,014
1853 NA NA 82,035 182.74%
1872 NA NA 81,386 -0.79%
1881 NA NA 99,565 22.34%
1891 NA NA 119,390 19.91%
1901 65,822 (55.53%) 52,717 (44.47%) 118,539 -0.71%
1911 66,542 (57.05%) 50,089 (42.95%) 116,631 -1.6%
1921 71,816 (58.57%) 50,793 (41.43%) 122,609 5.12%
1931 80,073 (58.57%) 56,636 (41.43%) 136,709 11.49%
1941 98,829 (58.38%) 70,461 (41.62%) 169,290 23.83%
1951 133,094 (57.08%) 100,089 (42.92%) 233,183 37.74%
1961 157,572 (55.48%) 126,425 (44.52%) 283,997 21.79%
  1. ^Includes municipality and cantonment populations
Meerut UrbanAgglomeration (Meerut UA)Population Statistics[a]
Year Male Female Total Growth rate Sex ratio[b]
2001[142] 621,481 (53.50%) 540,235 (46.50%) 1,161,716 NA NA
2011[5][135][c] 752,893 (52.99%) 668,009 (47.01%) 1,420,902 22.31% 887
  1. ^For Meerut Urban Agglomeration, includes municipality and cantonment populations and 4 census towns of Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur, Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral and Mohiuddinpur.
  2. ^In females per 1000 males
  3. ^Provisional Data was revised and finalized when govt. updated 2011 census data on 20 May 2013.
Literacy Rate (Percentage)
Year Male Female Total
2001[143] 65.22 53.17 59.62
2011[135][5] 83.74 (+18.52) 72.19 (+19.02) 78.29 (+18.67)
2021[71][5] 95.24 (+11.5) 84.69 (+12.5) 90.29 (+12)
Crime Rate in Meerut (Total cognisable crimes underIPCper lakh population)
Year Rate in Meerut Rate in UP Rate in India
2011[144] 305.5 97.8 192.2
2012[145] 309.1 96.4 196.7
2013[146] 368.5 108.4 215.5
2014[147][148] 430.9 113.2 229.2
2015[149][150] 408.6 112.1 234.2

Culture[edit]

Mustafa Castlewas built in 1900

Mosttraditional Indian festivals,includingHoli,Dussehra,Diwali,Eidamong others are celebrated with fervor in the city. Notably, a fair by the name ofNauchandi Fairis held two weeks after Holi every year.[151]The fair, which started in 1672,[152]continues for about 15 days and is attended bylakhsof people. It includes events such as poetry recitations in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi etc.[153]

Meerut is the headquarters of theRoman CatholicMeerut Diocese, which covers the districts of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Haridwar, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Ghaziabad, Baghpat and Dhampur Tehsil of Bijnor district.[154]

Nauchandi Mela (Fair)[edit]

Main article:Nauchandi Mela
One of the entrance gates of Nauchandi mela ground at Meerut.

TheNauchandi Melais an annualfairheld at Nauchandi Ground in Meerut.[155][156]The fair stretches for about a month and is organized by the Municipal Corporation of Meerut. It generally starts from the second Sunday afterHoli.[155]The main exhibits are the artistic and religious rituals followed in rustic Uttar Pradesh. The fair witness more than 50,000 visitors every year. TheIndian Railways'Nauchandi Expresstrain is named after this fair.

The fair has a prominent history dating back several hundreds of years. It started in the year 1672 AD as a one-day cattle trading fair. The fair has been held every year, excluding 1858, the year after1857 revolt,which started from Meerut.[157]

Since then cattle trading has been replaced by a number of other activities. The fair feature shops forLucknow'sChikanwork,Moradabad'sbrassware,Varanasi's carpets, rugs and silksarees,Agra's footwear,Meerut's leather items, etc. Meerut's own products like sports goods, scissors,gajaks,[what language is this?]nan-khatai[what language is this?]are also sold.[156]Giantrides,wheels,circus and various other recreational arenas where artists perform stunts, remains a big attraction of the fair.[158]

Film and television[edit]

Meerut is home to a film industry, which has a following in Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The films are usually folklore stories or comedies or localised versions of Bollywood hits.[159]The films which have been shot here includeSonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety,Zero,andRajma Chawal.

Notable people from Meerut in the film and television industry includeBharat Bhushan,Aziz Mian,Mandakini,[160]Achint Kaur,[161][162]Kailash Kher,[163]Chitrangada Singh,[162][164]Vishal Bhardwaj,[162]Deepti Bhatnagar[162][164][165]andPravesh Rana.[166]

Education[edit]

Main article:List of educational institutions in Meerut district
Chaudhary Charan Singh University

Meerut is an education hub of Western Uttar Pradesh with near about four or five universities, approximately 50 engineering colleges, 23 management colleges, seven pharmacy colleges, four colleges offering hotel management, one college offering fashion design, over 150 academic colleges and over 50 schools. The city is home toChaudhary Charan Singh University,Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology,Swami Vivekanand Subharti University,Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technologyand IIMT University. The city has one government-run engineering college,Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology,a constituent college of Chaudhary Charan Singh University. There are schools affiliated to recognized boards such asICSE,CBSE,IBand the state board. One such school is the St. John's Sr. Sec School (established byBegum Samru) which is over 130 years old, also the first IB school in Uttar Pradesh was Vidya Global school.

Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technologyis the only Deemed-to-be University in Meerut district. It was notified in 2006 by the Ministry of HRD, Government of India u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956

IIMT Engineering College which is now called IIMT Universityis the oldest engineering institute of Meerut district. It was established in 1997.

Chaudhary Charan Singh University(CCSU)is a public and state university that has many degree colleges affiliated with it. They fall into two divisions:Saharanpurand Meerut with nine districts includingSaharanpur,Meerut,Muzaffarnagar,Ghaziabad,Shamli,Gautam Budh Nagar,Bagpat,HapurandBulandshahradministered by Vice-Chancellor and Registrar (PCS officer). The Indian Film and Television Institute is located at the western bypass of the city. The city has three medical colleges:Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College,Subharti Medical CollegeandMulayam Singh Yadav Medical College & Hospital.

Notable Schools[edit]

Media[edit]

Meerut is becoming a media centre, as journalists from all overUttar Pradeshand other Indian states are working in Meerut. Radio stations shared with Delhi areRadio City91.1 MHz,Big FM92.7 MHz,Red FM93.5 MHz,Radio One94.3 MHz, Hit 95 (95 MHz),Radio Mirchi98.3 MHz,AIR FM Rainbow102.6 MHz,Meow FM104.8 MHz,AIR FM Gold106.4 MHz.Radio IIMT(90.4 MHz)[167]is the only radio station located in the city. The Hindi-language daily newspapersHindustan (newspaper),Rajasthan Patrika,Dainik Jagran,[168]Amar Ujala,Dainik Janwani, The Hindu, Rashtrasewa, Dainik Jagran iNext are published from the city. The English dailyTimes of India,Meerut edition[169]and the English language supplement HT City, Meerut withHindustan Timesis also published there. Moneymakers, an English daily is also published there. Asian Express, Hindi newspaper and news magazine Citizen of the World are also published there.

Sports Industries[edit]

Meerut is one of the prominent centre in the country besidesJalandharfor the manufacture of sports goods.[170]There are numerous sports companies in the city especially for cricket namelySS,SF,SG,RM Sports,[171]BDM, GEM etc. Players likeMS Dhoni,Virender Sehwag,Yuvraj Singh,Kieron Pollard,Virat Kohli,Kumar Sangakkaraand many others have used bats made in Meerut.[172]40,000-capacityKailash Prakash Stadiumis located in Meerut.

Tourist destinations[edit]

Ashtapad Jain temple, Hastinapur NCR
Augarnath Temple at 2nd Navratri night
Statue of Mangal Pandey at Martyr's Memorial

Tourist destinations in and around Meerut include:

  • Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur– Located on the banks of the old ravine of Ganges, Hastinapur NCR is considered one of the holiest places on earth by Jains. It is believed to be the birthplace of three Jain Tirthankaras. There are many ancient Jain temples in Hastinapur NCR. Shri Digamber Jain Mandir, Jambudweep, Kailash Parvat Rachna, Shwetambar Jain Temple are the main and famous temples in Hastinapur NCR. Apart from Jain temples, Pandeshwar temple, Historical Gurdwara andHastinapur Sanctuaryare worth being seen.[173]
  • Government Freedom Struggle Museum and Shaheed Smarak - Government Freedom Struggle Museum, Meerut was established in 1997. It is located in the Shaheed Smarak compound on Delhi Road, about 6 km north-east from the city railway station and at a distance of about 200 meters from the Delhi Bus Station. Visitors can stay in various guesthouses, private lodges and hotels. The museum's main aim is the collection, preservation, documentation and exhibition of cultural property and to make it available for educational activities as well as for creation of awareness about our glorious past. Some postal stamps, pictures, post cards, memorial coins related to the events of 1857 and latter coins are also in the collection of the museum. The museum is in the developing stages and efforts are being made to collect more specimens. The museum organises educational programs such as lectures, seminars and competitions related to history, culture, philosophy, the freedom struggle and religion. It also aims at coordinating with other cultural and educational organizations for disseminating Indian culture and particularly the events related to the long drawn freedom struggle of India.[174]
  • Shahi Jama Masjid– The Jama Masjid was built by Hasan Mahdi,Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi'sWazir(=Chief Minister) in 1019 AD (older than theQutb Minar).[18][175]It is considered the firstMasjidinNorth India.[176]Although it was restored byHumayun,[18][175]it is one of the oldest mosques in India. Some believe that the first North Indian Mosque isQuwwat/Qubbat ul Islamin Delhi and thenAdhai Din Ka Jhonprain Ajmer.
  • St. John's Church– This church was established by Chaplain the Reverend Henry Fisher on behalf of theEast India Companyin 1819 in the cantonment area and was completed in 1822.[18][152]It is considered one of the oldest churches in North India. The Church was dedicated to the people by Bishop Wilson. It has aseating capacityof 10,000 people.[18]During the war of 1857, this church was the scene of heavy fighting between Indians and the British forces.[177]
  • Augarnath Temple– This temple (also known as Kalipaltan Mandir locally) is located at the site where the soldiers of the war of 1857 planned their operations. The temple also houses a memorial built to honour the martyrs of theIndian Rebellion of 1857.The old temple has been replaced by a modern version.[178]
  • Mansabiya Karbala– Mansabiya's Mosque and Karbala was built by Nawab Mansab Ali Khan in 1882.[44]
  • Martyr's Memorial(Shaheed Smarak): The memorial is a 30 metres (98 feet) high pillar of marble situated at Bhainsali. Functions are organised at the memorial around thenational holidays of India.[20]The memorial complex also houses the Government Freedom Struggle Museum which is dedicated to thefirst war of Indian independence.[179]
An entrance to Gandhi Bagh

Other places of interest include Mansa Devi Temple, Baleni,Basilica of Our Lady of Graces,Sardhanaand the Chandi Devi Temple which was built byHolkarqueenDevi Ahiliyabai Holkar.[18][20]

Notable people[edit]

Indian Rebellion of 1857[edit]

Films and music[edit]

Kings and monarchs[edit]

Politics[edit]


Sports[edit]

Scholars[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Six cities to get metropolitan status".The Times of India.20 October 2006.Archivedfrom the original on 23 December 2017.Retrieved8 July2017.
  2. ^"BJP's Harikant Ahluwalia Wins Mayoral Polls in Meerut".Jagran English.13 May 2023.Retrieved22 May2023.
  3. ^abc"Meerut City ~ Nagar Nigam Meerut".www.meerutnagarnigam.com.
  4. ^ab"Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011"(PDF).Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Archived(PDF)from the original on 7 May 2012.Retrieved25 August2013.
  5. ^abcdef"Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011"(PDF).Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 October 2013.Retrieved25 August2013.
  6. ^ab"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"(PDF).nclm.nic.in.Ministry of Minority Affairs.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2017.Retrieved1 February2021.
  7. ^"Meerut Municipal Corporation e-Newsletter April 2017"(PDF).Meerut Municipal Corporation E-Newsletter:2. April 2017.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 November 2017.Retrieved3 June2017.
  8. ^abCDP 2006,Chapter 3.0 - City Profile, p. 37
  9. ^"Welcome to the National Capital Region(U.P)".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2012.Retrieved3 August2018.
  10. ^"NCR - DelhiLive".Archived fromthe originalon 2 October 2013.Retrieved3 August2018.
  11. ^"Home Page".meerutgdp.com.Retrieved26 September2023.
  12. ^"1st phase of Delhi-Meerut RRTS to open in March – The Financial Express – NCRTC".Retrieved26 September2023.
  13. ^"Ganga Expressway | Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Setup by State Government under UP Industrial Area Development Act-1976".upeida.up.gov.in.Retrieved26 September2023.
  14. ^abHomepageArchived15 September 2008 at theWayback MachineMeerutOfficial website.
  15. ^Uma Varma, Uttar Pradesh (India). Department of District Gazetteers.Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer: Social services, culture, places of interest.Vol. 5.Government of Uttar Pradesh,Department of District Gazetteers. p. 359.
  16. ^Jagdish Kumar Pundir (1998).Banking, Bureaucracy, and Social Networks: Scheduled Castes in the Process of Development.Sarup & Sons. pp. 49–50.ISBN9788176250245.
  17. ^"इस मंदिर में मंदोदरी करती थीं शिव पूजा, यहीं पर रावण से हुई थी मुलाकात".Dainik Bhaskar(in Hindi). 21 October 2015.Retrieved3 January2020.
  18. ^abcdefghi"Tourist places – Meerut".Archived fromthe originalon 19 June 2009.
  19. ^abThe Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 254
  20. ^abc"Major Attractions".Meerut Development Authority. Archived fromthe originalon 12 March 2012.Retrieved14 March2012.
  21. ^"British Museum Highlights".Archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2015.Retrieved29 October2017.
  22. ^abThe Hindu temples on the plains near MeerutArchived27 October 2011 at theWayback MachineBritish Library.
  23. ^"Ashoka Pillar".Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  24. ^Pratiyogita Darpan: General Studies Indian History.Upkar Prakashan. p. 71.Retrieved8 February2012.
  25. ^"Ashokan Pillar".Archived fromthe originalon 16 May 2008.Retrieved27 July2015.
  26. ^abThe Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 264
  27. ^Murray Thurston Titus (1930).Indian Islam: a religious history of Islam in India.Oxford University Press. p.21.
  28. ^Sylvia Vatuk (1972).Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India.University of California Preas. p.1.ISBN9780520020641.Retrieved23 June2017.
  29. ^Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia.Routledge. 6 October 2015. p. 56.ISBN9781317321279.
  30. ^Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India, ed. by E.T. Atkinson [and others].Oxford University. 1876. p. 321.
  31. ^The Cambridge Shorter History of India.Cambridge University Press. 2016. p. 252.ISBN9781317208716.
  32. ^abThe Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 255
  33. ^Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak; Jarrett, Henry Sullivan (translator) (1891).The Ain-i-Akbari.Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 288.Retrieved21 January2021.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)
  34. ^Codingest."Studio Dharma - by Nikhil Jain".STUDIO DHARMA.Retrieved17 January2021.
  35. ^"Abdullapur Pin Code, Abdullapur, Meerut Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh".indiamapia.com.Retrieved15 January2021.
  36. ^"दास्तान ए कर्बला सुन अश्कबार हुई आंखें".Dainik Jagran(in Hindi).Retrieved16 January2021.
  37. ^"Indian Journal Of Archaeology".ijarch.org.Retrieved15 January2021.
  38. ^"Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari".www.thenews.com.pk.Retrieved15 January2021.
  39. ^"Pir Shah Jewna: The soul still exudes spirituality".The Nation.9 May 2016.Retrieved15 January2021.
  40. ^Meerut.1904.
  41. ^Parekh, Rauf (12 December 2017)."Syed Qudrat Naqvi and his research on Ghalib".DAWN.COM.Retrieved15 January2021.
  42. ^"Urdu Books of Syed Qudrat Naqvi".Rekhta.Retrieved28 January2021.
  43. ^ZAIDI, ALI JAWAD (1965)."URDU".Indian Literature.8(2): 133–143.ISSN0019-5804.JSTOR23329150.
  44. ^ab"शिया जामा मस्जिद के सामने मिलती है गंगा-जमुनी विरासत की झलक".Dainik Jagran(in Hindi).Retrieved13 June2021.
  45. ^"MANSABIA ARABIC COLLEGE RAILWAY ROAD MRT - Ward 55, District Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)".schools.org.in.Retrieved13 June2021.
  46. ^Meerut District – HistoryThe Imperial Gazetteer of India,1909, v. 17, p. 256-257, 261.
  47. ^abcdSylvia Vatuk (1972).Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India.University of California Press. pp.2–3.ISBN9780520020641.Retrieved22 September2016.
  48. ^The Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 256
  49. ^"Postcolonial Studies - Since 1996, Deepika Bahri has created and maintained content for Postcolonial Studies @ Emory with her students. In 2011, she won a Mellon grant from Emory's Digital Scholarship Commons (DiSC) to redesign the site in collaboration with the DiSC staff".Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2013.Retrieved27 July2015.
  50. ^"Hashimpura and the echoes of 1857: Meerut is common to both".The Times of IndiaBlogs.5 April 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  51. ^"History of Meerut district".www.meerutdistrict.com/.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  52. ^Meerut1932 play, by Manchester street theatre group the Red MegaphonesArchived13 June 2011 at theWayback MachineWorking Class Movement Library.
  53. ^Dr. KD Sharma (15 August 2013). "Victoria's secret".Meerut Plus,Times of India.
  54. ^"The voice of a monologue".The Hindu.18 July 2004. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.Retrieved17 July2009.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  55. ^"Looking for justice".The Hindu.30 May 2002. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.Retrieved17 July2009.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  56. ^"The art of not forgetting".Indian Express.27 February 1998. Archived fromthe originalon 25 August 2009.
  57. ^"Justice out of sight".Frontline.Vol. 22, no. 10. 20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008.Retrieved26 February2015.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  58. ^"Indian Electronics Show Kills More than 100".Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  59. ^abcd"Chapter 3 – Findings: Metro Cities of India"(PDF).Central Pollution Control Board. p. 63. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 September 2015.Retrieved1 April2011.
  60. ^"Frozen Meerut"(in Hindi). iNext. 7 January 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2013.Retrieved29 September2013.
  61. ^ "Station: Meerut Climatological Table 1981–2010"(PDF).Climatological Normals 1981–2010.India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 509–510. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2020.Retrieved1 March2020.
  62. ^"Meerut Climatological Table Period: 1971–2000".India Meteorological Department.Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2014.Retrieved15 April2015.
  63. ^"Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010"(PDF).India Meteorological Department. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 March 2014.Retrieved15 April2015.
  64. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"(PDF).India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M46. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 February 2020.Retrieved26 December2020.
  65. ^ "Climatological Tables 1991-2020"(PDF).India Meteorological Department. p. 21. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 January 2023.Retrieved1 January2023.
  66. ^ab"CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP".Government of Uttar Pradesh.Archived fromthe originalon 31 August 2017.Retrieved30 August2017.
  67. ^Maheshwari, S.R. (2000).Indian Administration(6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 563–572.ISBN9788125019886.
  68. ^Singh, G.P. (1993).Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar.Delhi:Mittal Publications. pp. 26–129.ISBN978-8170993810.
  69. ^Laxmikanth, M. (2014).Governance in India(2nd ed.).Noida:McGraw Hill Education. pp. 5.1–5.2.ISBN978-9339204785.
  70. ^"Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner".Your Article Library.6 January 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2017.Retrieved20 August2017.
  71. ^ab"Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Meerut Division".Office of theDivisional Commissioner,Meerut.Archived fromthe originalon 7 August 2017.Retrieved13 August2017.
  72. ^"Commissioners of Meerut Division".Meerut District.Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2017.Retrieved15 August2017.
  73. ^Maheshwari, S.R. (2000).Indian Administration(6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 573–597.ISBN9788125019886.
  74. ^Laxmikanth, M. (2014).Governance in India(2nd ed.).Noida:McGraw Hill Education. pp. 6.1–6.6.ISBN978-9339204785.
  75. ^Singh, G.P. (1993).Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar.Delhi:Mittal Publications. pp. 50–124.ISBN978-8170993810.
  76. ^"Powers Of District Magistrate in India".Important India.Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2017.Retrieved20 August2017.
  77. ^MSME-Development Institute, Agra."Brief Industrial Profile of District Meerut"(PDF).Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 January 2013.Retrieved12 November2012.
  78. ^"District Magistrates of Meerut".Meerut District.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2017.Retrieved16 August2017.
  79. ^"Officers posted at Meerut Zone".Uttar Pradesh Police.Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2017.Retrieved13 August2017.
  80. ^"Officers posted at Meerut Range".Uttar Pradesh Police.Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2017.Retrieved13 August2017.
  81. ^ab"Officers posted at Meerut".Uttar Pradesh Police.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2017.Retrieved16 August2017.
  82. ^"Telephone Directory".Meerut Development Authority.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2017.Retrieved16 August2017.
  83. ^"Customs, Central Excise and Service Tax Meerut Zone: About Us".Archived fromthe originalon 13 June 2011.Retrieved5 February2012.
  84. ^"Lawyers rally for Meerut HC bench, suspend all work on Saturdays".The Times of India.3 September 2023.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved27 September2023.
  85. ^"Noida tops Uttar Pradesh GDP & per capita income again, Lucknow is second".The Times of India.13 March 2020.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved27 September2023.
  86. ^"Welcome To Meerut Cantonment Board".www.cbmrt.org.in.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2017.Retrieved3 June2017.
  87. ^ab"Meerut Cantonment: Historical Background".Archivedfrom the original on 21 July 2011.Retrieved8 April2011.
  88. ^CDP 2006,Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.2 - Weakness, p. 57.
  89. ^"City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1)".Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2010.Retrieved27 July2015.
  90. ^"MORGAN STANLEY AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization".morgan stanley. June 2011. p. 15. Archived fromthe original(pdf)on 6 January 2014.Retrieved12 November2012.
  91. ^Sahni, Diksha (15 June 2011)."Why Meerut is More Vibrant Than Mumbai".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2017.Retrieved4 August2017.
  92. ^"Realty Boom in Meerut – Credai-NCR".credaincr.org.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2011.Retrieved11 April2011.
  93. ^"Realty Boom in Meerut".The Times of India.India. 8 January 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 29 August 2012.Retrieved11 April2011.
  94. ^Srikant Srinivas; Amit Kapoor (13 December 2010)."Boulevards of Dreams"(PDF).Businessworld. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 January 2014.Retrieved4 March2014.
  95. ^"India's 50 most Competitive cities".Rediff. 13 December 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 6 January 2014.Retrieved6 January2014.
  96. ^"Ranks of 50 Cities as per the India City Competitiveness Index 2012"(PDF).Institute of Competitiveness, India. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 October 2012.Retrieved4 March2014.
  97. ^"Uttar Pradesh tops country in sugar production, beats Maharashtra".The Times of India.12 February 2020.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved27 September2023.
  98. ^abCDP 2006,Executive Summary, Section 3.1.3 - Economic Base, p. 15
  99. ^Swapan Chakravorty, Abhijit Gupta,Jadavpur UniversityDepartment of English (2004).Print areas: book history in India.Orient Blackswan.ISBN978-81-7824-082-4.Retrieved3 February2012.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  100. ^ab"Industrial Directory, District-Meerut"(PDF).Meerut Official Website. p. 29. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 July 2011.Retrieved28 March2011.
  101. ^CDP 2006,Chapter 3 - City Profile, Section 3.5.1 - Industries, p. 46.
  102. ^CDP 2006,Chapter 1 - Indtroduction, Section 1.1 - Background, p. 31.
  103. ^CDP 2006,Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.3 - Opportunity, p. 58.
  104. ^"Industrial Area Description – UPSIDC".UPSIDC. Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2014.Retrieved9 April2011.
  105. ^"Industrial Area Description – UPSIDC".UPSIDC. Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2014.Retrieved9 April2011.
  106. ^"Delhi-Meerut Expressway open for public, cuts travel time to 45 minutes".The Economic Times.1 April 2021.
  107. ^CDP 2006,Executive Summary, Section 1.0 - Introduction, p. 13
  108. ^CDP 2006,Chapter 6 - Urban Infrastructure, Section 6.6.5 - Transportation systems in the City, p. 74.
  109. ^CMP,Proposed Mobility Corridors, p. 12.
  110. ^CMP,Road Over Bridges, p. 32.
  111. ^"Ghaziabad-Saharanpur rail route electrified: Railways".Business Standard India.Press Trust of India. 16 March 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 22 June 2016.Retrieved2 June2017.
  112. ^Rana, Karvi (31 May 2023)."Delhi Meerut RRTS Train to move cargo at 180kmph".Logistics Insider.Retrieved27 September2023.
  113. ^"मुजफ्फरनगर, मेरठ में भी बनेगा फ्रेट कारिडोर का लॉजिस्टिक हब: संजीव बालियान".Hindustan(in Hindi).Retrieved27 September2023.
  114. ^Virendra Singh Rawat (5 March 2015)."Akhilesh plans four metro rail projects before next assembly polls".Business Standard India.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  115. ^NYOOOZ."City in search of new sites for metro".NYOOOZ.Archivedfrom the original on 15 June 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  116. ^"NCR Transport Plan 2021"(PDF).pp. 6–7, 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 March 2012.Retrieved24 March2011.
  117. ^Pragya Kaushika (15 September 2010)."Soon, Meerut 45 mins away on rapid transit".The Indian Express.Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2010.Retrieved13 December2010.
  118. ^Pragya Kaushika (20 November 2010)."Anand Vihar to Meerut RTS: 7 of 14 stations likely to be in Ghaziabad".The Indian Express.Retrieved13 December2010.
  119. ^"High speed train route gets approval".Hindustan Times. 14 December 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2011.Retrieved15 December2010.
  120. ^"Delhi to Meerut in 45 Minutes".National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), NEW DELHI. 5 August 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2013.Retrieved6 January2012.
  121. ^Press Trust of India(11 July 2013)."Government approves setting up of NCR transport corporation".Times of India.Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2016.Retrieved12 July2013.
  122. ^"Press Release - Formation of National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTC)".Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 July 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2013.Retrieved6 January2014.
  123. ^"Metro projects in India cheapest in the world".NDTV.Archivedfrom the original on 6 January 2014.Retrieved6 January2014.
  124. ^"बदला मेरठ-दिल्ली हाईस्पीड ट्रेन का रूट"[Meerut-Delhi Highspeed train route changed] (in Hindi). Dainik Jagran. 3 January 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 10 January 2014.Retrieved6 January2014.
  125. ^"PM Narendra Modi laid down the foundation stone for the project".The Financial Express.8 March 2019.Retrieved11 March2023.
  126. ^"RRTS trials to south Meerut by year-end".The Times of India.4 February 2023.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved11 March2023.
  127. ^"NCRTC Conducts Successful Trial Run Of India's First High-Speed RRTS Train From Duhai To Ghaziabad".India.com.4 January 2023.Retrieved26 February2023.
  128. ^"Ghaziabad: Four RRTS stations on 17km priority line to be ready by mid-March".Hindustan Times.25 February 2023.Retrieved11 March2023.
  129. ^Lalit Kumar (23 February 2010)."UP for Meerut Airport, Greater Noida Realty may skid".The Times of India.India. p. 1. Archived fromthe original(XHTML 1.0 Transitional)on 2 April 2010.Retrieved30 March2011.
  130. ^"Maya govt scraps plan to expand Meerut airstrip".29 August 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2014.Retrieved6 July2012.
  131. ^"Meerut admin bars private flights from Partapur airstrip".Business Standard India.Press Trust of India. 16 May 2012.
  132. ^Goel, Sparsh (3 August 2023)."Meerut News: Airport Gets Green Signal for Operations, Receives Approval from Civil Aviation Ministry".DNP INDIA.Retrieved4 October2023.
  133. ^"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh".censusindia.gov.in.Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.2011.
  134. ^"CONSTITUENTS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS HAVING POPULATION 1 LAKH & ABOVE, CENSUS 2011"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 March 2016.Retrieved15 June2017.
  135. ^abcde"Meerut City Population Census 2011 | Uttar Pradesh".www.census2011.co.in.Archivedfrom the original on 26 June 2017.Retrieved15 June2017.
  136. ^"Census of India 2011 – Provisional Population Totals – Uttar Pradesh – Data Sheet"(PDF).Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 June 2011.Retrieved15 March2012.
  137. ^"2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level)".censusindia.gov.in.Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.Retrieved27 June2022.
  138. ^"Demographia: World Urban Areas"(PDF).www.demographia.com.Archived(PDF)from the original on 13 October 2016.Retrieved29 June2017.
  139. ^"Area, Population and Density of Cities and Towns of India - 2001, Chapter II - Area and Density – All Cities and Towns"(PDF).Socio-economic and Monitoring Division, Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. December 2007.[permanent dead link]
  140. ^"India's largest cities / urban areas".Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2016.Retrieved3 August2018.
  141. ^The Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 263
  142. ^"Census of India 2001: View Population Details: Meerut UA".Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2014.Retrieved25 August2013.
  143. ^"Table - 3: Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001".Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived fromthe originalon 14 August 2004.Retrieved25 August2013.
  144. ^"Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2011"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.Retrieved9 April2020.
  145. ^"Crime in India – 2012 Statistics"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.2012. pp. 28–29. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 June 2014.Retrieved17 October2013.
  146. ^"Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2013"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.2013.Retrieved9 April2020.
  147. ^"Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.Retrieved9 April2020.
  148. ^"Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.Retrieved9 April2020.
  149. ^https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_reports/Table%202.1_2015.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  150. ^"Cases Reported & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2015"(PDF).National Crime Records Bureau.Retrieved9 April2020.
  151. ^"Nauchandi Mela".religiousportal.com.Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2012.Retrieved3 February2012.
  152. ^ab"The first war of Indian independence – Uttar Pradesh Tourism".Archived fromthe originalon 7 October 2007.
  153. ^Fairs of India.Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 16–18.ISBN978-81-87100-43-0.Retrieved3 February2012.
  154. ^"Short History of Meerut Diocese".UCAN India. Archived fromthe originalon 14 October 2012.Retrieved30 September2012.
  155. ^ab"Nauchandi Mela: Meerut Nagar Nigam"(PDF).meerutnagarnigam.in.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 December 2018.
  156. ^ab"Nauchandi Mela of Meerut".www.indiaprofile.com.Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2017.Retrieved7 July2017.
  157. ^"Nauchandi Fair in Meerut, Historical Significance Nauchandi Fair".www.meerutonline.in.Archivedfrom the original on 1 July 2017.Retrieved7 July2017.
  158. ^"Nauchandi Mela 2017 - Nauchandi Mela Meerut - Nauchandi Mela in Uttar Pradesh, India".journeymart.com.Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2017.Retrieved7 July2017.
  159. ^"Mollywood dreams-Audience applauds as Meerut's showbiz aspirations take wing".Archived fromthe originalon 15 April 2014.
  160. ^T. M. Ramachandran (1985).70 years of Indian cinema, 1913–1983.Cinema India-International. p. 129.ISBN978-0-86132-090-5.Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2013.Retrieved15 March2012.
  161. ^"Playing historical character is not easy: Achint Kaur".Mumbai: Indo-Asian News Service. 31 December 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2012.Retrieved15 March2012.
  162. ^abcdSandeep Rai (15 August 2012). "Stars on the horizon".Meerut Plus,Times of India.
  163. ^"Biography – Kailash Kher".Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2012.
  164. ^ab"Vishal Bhardwaj mentors Chitrangada".Mumbai: Mid-day. 20 March 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 5 April 2012.Retrieved15 March2012.
  165. ^"Interview with Vishal Bhardwaj: Glamsham.com".Archived fromthe originalon 30 May 2013.Retrieved15 March2012.
  166. ^"Pravesh toes the family line".The Times of India.26 September 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 31 December 2013.Retrieved14 February2014.
  167. ^Radio IIMT
  168. ^"Dainik Jagran:About Us".Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2012.Retrieved3 February2012.
  169. ^Abid Hasan (5 August 2014)."TOI launches editions in Agra, Bareli, Meerut, Dehradun".Archived fromthe originalon 6 August 2014.Retrieved11 January2015.
  170. ^"Bat like Meerut".The Times of India.11 August 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2017.Retrieved3 September2016.
  171. ^"rm sports india".ani.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2022.Retrieved31 March2022.
  172. ^Sameen Husain (11 August 2014)."Bat like Meerut".The Times of India.Retrieved2 November2020.
  173. ^"Hamarameerut.com".Retrieved27 July2015.
  174. ^"Shaheed Smarak | Government of Uttar Pradesh | India".
  175. ^abcThe Imperial Gazetteer 1909,p. 265
  176. ^"North India's first mosque going strong after 999 years".8 June 2018.
  177. ^"St John's Church".Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved27 July2015.
  178. ^"Cantonment Board Meerut Official Website – Heritage Sites".Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2009.Retrieved18 July2009.
  179. ^ab"Places of interest – Meerut – Uttar Pradesh tourism".Archived fromthe originalon 9 March 2012.Retrieved14 March2012.
  180. ^abJPS Associates."Revised Draft Report – Volume 2 for Preparing a 'Master Plan for Development of Tourism in the U.P. NCR'"(PDF).Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 June 2013.Retrieved15 March2012.
  181. ^"List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra".Archaeological Survey of India.p. 1. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2011.Retrieved25 March2011.
  182. ^Malika Mohammada (2007).The foundations of the composite culture in India.Aakar Books. p. 219.ISBN978-81-89833-18-3.Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2014.
  183. ^"Up police will learn the history of dhansingh kotwal, Meerut Hindi News - Hindustan".Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2018.Retrieved18 August2018.
  184. ^Stokes, Eric(1980).The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India.Cambridge University Press. p. 131.ISBN978-0-52129-770-7.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2018.Retrieved20 August2018.
  185. ^"Deepti Bhatnagar - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos".BookMyShow.Retrieved22 June2020.
  186. ^"Rajendra Agrawal | National Portal of India".www.india.gov.in.Retrieved17 June2020.
  187. ^"2012 Election Results". Election Commission of India website.
  188. ^"Baghpat Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News".Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2018.Retrieved20 August2018.
  189. ^"Arrest warrant against UP Minister - OTHER STATES - the Hindu".Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2018.Retrieved15 August2018.
  190. ^"Greater Noida: BJP's Tejpal Singh Nagar wins the battle of the Gujjars in Dadri | noida | Hindustan Times".Archivedfrom the original on 7 August 2018.Retrieved15 August2018.
  191. ^"Asian Games 2018: Who is shooter Saurabh Chaudhary?".The Indian Express.24 February 2019.Retrieved17 June2020.
  192. ^"Meet 116 years old Dharampal Singh Gujjar,world's oldest athlete | News".Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2018.Retrieved15 August2018.
  193. ^"International Cricket Council".Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2018.Retrieved19 April2018.
  194. ^"Garg, Anu 1967".Encyclopedia.com.Retrieved25 June2020.

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toMeerut.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut&oldid=1231669707"