Megacity
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Amegacityis a very largecity,typically with apopulationof more than 10 million people.[1][2][3][4]TheUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UN DESA) in its 2018 "World Urbanization Prospects" report defines megacities asurban agglomerationswith over 10 million inhabitants.[5]AUniversity of Bonnreport holds that they are "usually defined asmetropolitan areaswith a total population of 10 million or more people ".[6]Elsewhere in other sources, from five to eight million is considered the minimum threshold, along with apopulation densityof at least 2,000 per square kilometre.[7]The termsconurbation,metropolis,and metroplex are also applied to the latter.[7]
The total number of megacities in the world varies between different sources and their publication dates. The world had 33 according to UN DESA (in 2018), 45 according toCityPopulation.de(in 2023), and 44 according toDemographia(in 2023). About half of these urban agglomerations are inChinaandIndia.The other four countries with more than one megacity areBrazil,Japan,Pakistan,and theUnited States.African megacities are present inNigeria,Egypt,South Africa,andthe DRC;Europeanmegacities are present inRussia,France,theUnited Kingdom,andTurkey(also inAsia); megacities can be found inLatin Americain the countries of Brazil,Mexico,Colombia,Peru,andArgentina.Some sources identify theGreater Tokyo Areaas the largest megacity in the world,[5][8]while some others give the title to thePearl River Deltain China.[9][10][11]
List of megacities
Megacity | Image | Country | Region | Estimated population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citypopulation.de (2024)[9] |
Demographia (2023)[8] |
UN DESA (2018)[5] | ||||
Bangalore | India | South Asia | 14,200,000 | 15,257,000 | 11,440,000 | |
Bangkok | Thailand | Southeast Asia | 21,200,000 | 18,884,000 | 10,156,000 | |
Beijing | China | East Asia | 21,200,000 | 18,883,000 | 19,618,000 | |
Bogotá | Colombia | South America | 10,400,000 | 10,252,000 | 10,574,000 | |
Buenos Aires | Argentina | South America | 16,700,000 | 15,748,000 | 14,967,000 | |
Cairo | Egypt | North Africa | 22,500,000 | 22,679,000 | 20,076,000 | |
Changsha | China | East Asia | 11,000,000 | 5,065,000 | 4,345,000 | |
Chengdu | China | East Asia | 17,300,000 | 15,016,000 | 8,813,000 | |
Chennai | India | South Asia | 12,600,000 | 11,570,000 | 10,456,000 | |
Chongqing | China | East Asia | 10,900,000 | 12,653,000 | 14,838,000 | |
Delhi | India | South Asia | 34,600,000 | 31,190,000 | 28,514,000 | |
Dhaka | Bangladesh | South Asia | 22,500,000 | 19,134,000 | 19,578,000 | |
Dongguan | China | East Asia | Combined with Guangzhou |
10,753,000 | 7,360,000 | |
Guangzhou | China | East Asia | 70,100,000 | 27,119,000 | 12,638,000 | |
Hangzhou | China | East Asia | 13,900,000 | 9,618,000 | 7,236,000 | |
Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | Southeast Asia | 13,900,000 | 14,953,000 | 8,145,000 | |
Hyderabad | India | South Asia | 11,400,000 | 9,797,000 | 9,482,000 | |
Istanbul | Turkey | Europe,West Asia | 15,900,000 | 14,441,000 | 14,751,000 | |
Jakarta | Indonesia | Southeast Asia | 29,200,000 | 35,386,000 | 10,517,000 | |
Johannesburg | South Africa | Southern Africa | 14,600,000 | 15,551,000 | 5,486,000 | |
Karachi | Pakistan | South Asia | 20,900,000 | 20,249,000 | 15,400,000 | |
Kinshasa | DR Congo | Central Africa | 15,600,000 | 13,493,000 | 13,171,000 | |
Kolkata | India | South Asia | 17,700,000 | 21,747,000 | 14,681,000 | |
Lagos | Nigeria | West Africa | 20,700,000 | 14,540,000 | 13,463,000 | |
Lahore | Pakistan | South Asia | 14,500,000 | 13,504,000 | 11,738,000 | |
Lima | Peru | South America | 11,800,000 | 10,556,000 | 10,391,000 | |
London | United Kingdom | Europe | 14,900,000 | 10,803,000 | 9,046,000 | |
Los Angeles | United States | North America | 17,200,000 | 15,587,000 | 12,458,000 | |
Luanda | Angola | Central Africa | 9,350,000 | 10,914,000 | 7,774,000 | |
Metro Manila | Philippines | Southeast Asia | 27,200,000 | 24,156,000 | 13,482,000 | |
Mexico City | Mexico | North America | 25,100,000 | 21,905,000 | 21,581,000 | |
Moscow | Russia | Europe | 19,700,000 | 17,878,000 | 12,410,000 | |
Mumbai | India | South Asia | 27,100,000 | 25,189,000 | 19,980,000 | |
Nagoya | Japan | East Asia | 10,500,000 | 9,439,000 | 9,507,000 | |
New York City | United States | North America | 22,000,000 | 21,396,000 | 18,819,000 | |
Osaka | Japan | East Asia | 17,700,000 | 14,916,000 | 19,281,000 | |
Paris | France | Europe | 11,500,000 | 11,108,000 | 10,901,000 | |
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | South America | 12,500,000 | 12,306,000 | 13,293,000 | |
São Paulo | Brazil | South America | 22,100,000 | 21,486,000 | 21,650,000 | |
Seoul | South Korea | East Asia | 25,100,000 | 23,225,000 | 9,963,000 | |
Shanghai | China | East Asia | 40,800,000 | 24,042,000 | 25,582,000 | |
Shenzhen | China | East Asia | Combined with Guangzhou |
17,778,000 | 11,908,000 | |
Tehran | Iran | West Asia | 16,500,000 | 13,382,000 | 8,896,000 | |
Tianjin | China | East Asia | 11,500,000 | 10,047,000 | 13,215,000 | |
Tokyo | Japan | East Asia | 41,000,000 | 37,785,000 | 37,468,000 | |
Wuhan | China | East Asia | 12,200,000 | 10,353,000 | 8,176,000 | |
Xiamen | China | East Asia | 14,900,000 | 5,253,000 | 3,585,000 | |
Xi'an | China | East Asia | 12,800,000 | 12,211,000 | 7,444,000 | |
Zhengzhou | China | East Asia | 9,800,000 | 11,068,000 | 4,940,000 |
History
The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries; one of the earliest documented uses of the term was by theUniversity of Texasin 1904.[12]Initially theUnited Nationsused the term to describe cities of 8 million or more inhabitants, but now uses the threshold of 10 million.[13]In the mid 1970s the term was coined by urbanist Janice Perlman referring to the phenomenon of very large urban agglomerations.[14]
In 1800, only 3% of theworld's populationlived in cities, a figure that rose to 47% by the end of the twentieth century. In 1950, there were 83 cities with populations exceeding one million; by 2007, this number had risen to 468.[15]The UN forecasts that today's urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five, or 60%, of people will live in cities.[16] This increase will be most dramatic on the least-urbanized continents,AsiaandAfrica.Surveys and projections indicate that all urban growth over the next 25 years will be indeveloping countries.[17]One billion people, almost one-seventh of the world's population, now live inshanty towns.[18]In many poor countries,overcrowdedslums exhibit high rates ofdiseasedue to unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, and lack of basic health care.[19]By 2030, over 2 billion people in the world will be living inslums.[20]Over 90% of the urban population ofEthiopia,MalawiandUganda,three of the world's most rural countries, already live in slums.
By 2025, Asia alone will have at least 30 megacities, includingMumbai,India(2015 population of 20.75 million people),Shanghai,China(2015 population of 35.5 million people),Delhi,India (2015 population of 21.8 million people),Tokyo,Japan(2015 population of 38.8 million people) andSeoul,South Korea(2015 population of 25.6 million people). In Africa,Lagos,Nigeriahas grown from 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 21 million today.
Growth
For almost five hundred years, during the period of theRepublicand later of theEmpire,Romewas the largest, wealthiest, and most politically important city of the ancient world, rulling over Europe, Western Asia and Northern Africa.[21][22]It is often stated that its population passed one million people by the end of the 1st century BC, however, its sometimes debated about whether the population actually reached such a large size.[23][24]Rome's population started declining in 402 AD whenFlavius Honorius,Western Roman Emperorfrom 395 to 423, moved the government toRavennaand Rome's population declined to a mere 20,000 during theEarly Middle Ages,reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation.
Baghdadwas likely thelargest city in the worldfrom shortly after its foundation in 762 AD until the 930s, with some estimates putting its population at over one million.[25]Chinese capital citiesChang'anandKaifengalso experienced huge population booms during prosperous empires. According to the census in the year 742 recorded in theNew Book of Tang,362,921 families with 1,960,188 persons were counted inJingzhao Fu( kinh triệu phủ ), themetropolitan areaincluding small cities in the vicinity of Chang'an.[26]The medieval settlement surroundingAngkor,the one-time capital of theKhmer Empirewhich flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, could have supported a population of up to one million people.[27]
From around 1825 to 1918Londonwas the largest city in the world, with the population growing rapidly; it was the first city to reach a population of over 5 million in 1900. In 1950,New York Citywas the only urban area with a population of over 10 million.[28]Geographers had identified 25 such areas as of October 2005,[29]as compared with 19 megacities in 2004 and only nine in 1985. This increase has happened as the world's population moves towards the high (75–85%) urbanization levels ofNorth AmericaandWestern Europe.
Since the 2000s, the largest megacity has been theGreater Tokyo Area.The population of thisurban agglomerationincludes areas such asYokohamaandKawasaki,and is estimated to be between 37 and 38 million. This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses. While the prefectures ofTokyo,Chiba,Kanagawa,andSaitamaare commonly included in statistical information, the Japan Statistics Bureau only includes the area within 50 kilometers of theTokyo Metropolitan Government OfficesinShinjuku,thus arriving at a smaller population estimate.[30][31]A characteristic issue of megacities is the difficulty in defining their outer limits and accurately estimating the populations.
Another list defines megacities asurban agglomerationsinstead of metropolitan areas.[32]As of 2021, there are 28 megacities by this definition, like Tokyo.[33]Other sources listNagoya[9]and theRhein-Ruhr[34]as megacities.
Challenges
This section mayrequirecleanupto meet Wikipedia'squality standards.The specific problem is:A lot of vague statements without up-to-date / worldwide-applicable supporting examples or data. Can also be further expanded.(May 2014) |
Slums
According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living inslumsor informal settlements decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in thedeveloping worldbetween 1990 and 2005.[35]However, due to rising population, the absolute number of slum dwellers is rising. The majority of these are located in informal settlements which often lack sufficient quality housing, sanitation, drainage, water access, and officially recognized addresses. The increase in informal settlement population has been caused by massive migration, both internal and transnational, into cities, which has caused growth rates of urban populations and spatial concentrations not seen before in history.[citation needed]These issues raise problems in the political, social, and economic arenas.[citation needed]People who live in slums or informal settlements often have minimal or no access to education, healthcare, or the urban economy.
Crime
As with any large concentration of people, there is usually crime.[36][37]High population densities often result in higher crime rates, as visibly seen in growing megacities such asKarachi,Delhi,Cairo,Rio de Janeiro,andLagos.[38]
Homelessness
Megacities often have significant numbers ofhomelesspeople. The actual legal definition of homelessness varies from country to country, or among different entities or institutions in the same country or region.[39]
In 2002, research showed that children and families were the largest growing segment of the homeless population in the United States,[40][41]and this has presented new challenges, especially in services, to agencies. In the US, the government asked many major cities to come up with a ten-year plan to end homelessness. One of the results of this was a "Housing first"solution, rather than to have a homeless person remain in an emergency homeless shelter it was thought to be better to quickly get the person permanent housing of some sort and the necessary support services to sustain a new home. But there are many complications with this kind of program and these must be dealt with to make such an initiative work successfully in the middle to long term.[42][43]
Traffic congestion
Traffic congestionis a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, increased pollution, and increased vehicularqueueing.TheTexas Transportation Instituteestimated that, in 2000, the 75 largest metropolitan areas experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 5.7 billion U.S. gallons (21.6 billion liters) in wasted fuel and $67.5 billion in lost productivity, or about 0.7% of the nation'sGDP.It also estimated that the annual cost of congestion for each driver was approximately $1,000 in very large cities and $200 in small cities.[44]Traffic congestion is increasing in major cities and delays are becoming more frequent in smaller cities and rural areas.
Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl,also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and itssuburbsto its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encouragecar dependency.[45]As a result, some critics argue that sprawl has certain disadvantages including longer transport distances to work, highcar dependence,inadequate facilities (e.g. health, cultural. etc.) and higher per-person infrastructure costs. Discussions and debates about sprawl are often obfuscated by the ambiguity associated with the phrase. For example, some commentators measure sprawl only with the average number of residential units per acre in a given area. But others associate it with decentralization (spread of population without a well-defined center), discontinuity (leapfrog development), segregation of uses, etc.[46]
Gentrification
Gentrificationand urban gentrification are terms for the socio-cultural changes in an area as a result of wealthier people buying property in a less prosperous community.[47]As living costs rise, lower-income residents are forced to move out of the community leading to an increase in average income, which in turn makes the area more desirable to other wealthier property or business owners, further pushing the living costs up. This process also tends to lead to a decrease in average family size in the area. This type of population change reduces industrialland usewhen it is redeveloped for commerce and housing.
Air pollution
Air pollutionis the introduction into theatmosphereofchemicals,particulate matter,orbiological materialsthat cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages thenatural environment.[48][49]Many urban areas have significant problems withsmog,a type ofair pollutionderived fromvehicle emissionsfrominternal combustion enginesand industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to formphotochemical smog.
Energy and material resources
The sheer size and complexity of megacities gives rise to enormous social and environmental challenges. Whether megacities can develop sustainably depends to a large extent on how they obtain, share, and manage their energy and material resources. There are correlations betweenelectricity consumption,heating and industrial fuel use,ground transportationenergy use,water consumption,waste generation,andsteel productionin terms of level of consumption and how efficiently they use resources.[50]
In fiction
Megacities are a common backdrop indystopianscience fiction,with examples such as the Sprawl inWilliam Gibson'sNeuromancer,[51]andMega-City One,a megalopolis of between 50 and 800 million people (fluctuations due to war and disaster) across the east coast of theUnited States,in theJudge Dreddcomic.[52]InDemolition Mana megacity called "San Angeles"was formed from the joining ofLos Angeles,Santa Barbara,San Diegoand the surrounding metropolitan regions following a massive earthquake in 2010.[53]Fictional planet-wide megacities (ecumenopoleis) includeTrantorinIsaac Asimov'sFoundationseriesof books andCoruscant(population two trillion) in theStar Warsuniverse.[54]
See also
- Economies of agglomeration
- Global city
- List of largest cities
- List of largest cities throughout history
- Megalopolis
- Urban sprawl
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