Meiji oligarchy

TheMeiji oligarchywas the new ruling class ofMeiji period Japan.In Japanese, the Meiji oligarchy is called thedomain clique(Phiên phiệt,hambatsu).

The members of this class were adherents ofkokugakuand believed they were the creators of a new order as grand as that established by Japan's original founders. Two of the major figures of this group wereŌkubo Toshimichi(1832–78), son of aSatsumaretainer, and SatsumasamuraiSaigō Takamori(1827–77), who had joined forces withChōshū,Tosa,andHizento overthrow theTokugawa shogunate.Okubo becameminister of financeand Saigō a field marshal; both were imperial councillors.Kido Koin(1833–77), a native of Chōshū, student ofYoshida Shōin,and conspirator with Ōkubo and Saigō, became minister of education and chairman of the Governors' Conference and pushed for constitutional government. Also prominent wereIwakura Tomomi(1825–83), a Kyoto native who had opposed the Tokugawa and was to become the first ambassador to theUnited States,andŌkuma Shigenobu(1838–1922), of Hizen, a student ofRangaku,Chinese,andEnglish,who held various ministerial portfolios, eventually becomingprime ministerin 1898.

To accomplish the new order's goals, the Meiji oligarchy set out to abolish thefour divisions of societythrough a series of economic and social reforms.Tokugawa shogunaterevenues had depended on taxes on Tokugawa and otherdaimyo lands,loans from wealthy peasants and urban merchants, limited customs fees, and reluctantly accepted foreign loans. To provide revenue and develop a sound infrastructure, the new government financed harbor improvements, lighthouses, machinery imports, schools, overseas study for students, salaries forforeign teachers and advisers,modernization of thearmyandnavy,railroads and telegraph networks, and foreign diplomatic missions, such as theIwakura mission.

Difficult economic times, manifested by increasing incidents of agrarian rioting, led to calls for social reforms. In addition to the old high rents, taxes, and interest rates, the average citizen was faced with cash payments fornew taxes,militaryconscription,and tuition charges for the newly introducedcompulsory education.The people needed more time for productive pursuits while correcting social abuses of the past. To achieve these reforms, the old Tokugawa class system ofsamurai,farmer, artisan, and merchant was abolished by 1871, and, even though old prejudices and status consciousness continued, all were theoretically equal before the law. Actually helping to perpetuate social distinctions, the government named new social divisions: the formerdaimyōbecamepeerage nobility,thesamuraibecame gentry, and all others became commoners.Daimyōandsamuraipensions were paid off in lump sums, and the samurai later lost their exclusive claim to military positions. Former samurai found new pursuits as bureaucrats, teachers, army officers, police officials, journalists, scholars, colonists in the northern parts of Japan, bankers, and businessmen. These occupations helped stem some of the discontent this large group felt; some profited immensely, but many were not successful and provided significant opposition in the ensuing years.

The1873 Korean crisisresulted in the resignation of military expedition proponents Saigō and Councillor of StateEtō Shimpei(1834–74). Etō, the founder of various patriotic organizations, conspired with other discontented elements to start an armed insurrection against government troops inSaga,the capital of his native prefecture inKyūshūin 1874. Charged with suppressing the revolt, Ōkubo swiftly crushed Etō, who had appealed unsuccessfully to Saigō for help. Three years later, the last major armed uprising—but the most serious challenge to the Meiji government—took shape in theSatsuma Rebellion,this time with Saigō playing an active role. TheSaga Rebellionand other agrarian andsamuraiuprisings mounted in protest to the Meiji reforms had been easily put down by the army. Satsuma's formersamuraiwere numerous, however, and they had a long tradition of opposition to central authority. Saigō, with some reluctance and only after more widespread dissatisfaction with the Meiji reforms, raised a rebellion in 1877. Both sides fought well, but the modern weaponry and better financing of the government forces ended the Satsuma Rebellion. Although he was defeated and committed suicide, Saigō was not branded a traitor and became a heroic figure in Japanese history. The suppression of the Satsuma Rebellion marked the end of serious threats to the Meiji regime but was sobering to the oligarchy. The fight drained the national treasury, led to serious inflation, and forced land values—and badly needed taxes—down. Most important, calls for reform were renewed.