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Meitei people

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"Manipuri people" redirects here. For other uses, seeManipuri people (disambiguation).

Meitei people
(Manipuri people)[1]
Cultural flag of the Meitei people
Total population
1,800,000+[2](2011)
Regions with significant populations
India1,760,913[3]
Manipur1,522,132[4]
Assam168,127[5]
Tripura23,779[6]
Nagaland9,511[7]
Meghalaya4,451[8]
Arunachal Pradesh2,835[9]
Mizoram2,242[10]
Myanmar25,000[11]
Bangladesh15,000[2]
Languages
Meitei language
(officially known asManipuri language)
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism(83.38%) - predominatelyVaishnavism
Minority:
[12][13][14]
Related ethnic groups
Bamars,Shan,Chin,Kachin,Meitei Pangals,Tripuri,Nagas,otherTibeto-Burmangroups
Meetei Mayek
This article containsthe Meitei alphabet.Without properrendering support,you may see errors in display.
Part of a series on
Meitei people
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People
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TheMeitei people,also known asMeetei,[15]Manipuri people,[1]are anTibeto-Burmanethnic group native toManipur.They form the largest and dominantethnic groupofManipurinNortheast India.They speak theMeitei language(officially calledManipuri), one of the22 official languages of the Republic of Indiaand the sole official language ofGovernment of Manipur.[1][16] The Meiteis primarily settled in theImphal Valleyregion in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states ofAssam,Tripura,Nagaland,Meghalaya,andMizoram.[2][17]There is also a notable presence of Meitei people in the neighbouring countries ofMyanmarandBangladesh.[2][11][18]The Meitei ethnic group represents about 53% of Manipur's population.[19]

Endonyms and exonyms

[edit]

The Meitei are known by a number ofendonyms,Meitei,Meetei,Meithei(Meitei),[1]and as well as by numerousexonyms,such asMeckley,[20][21]Manipuri,Cassay-Shan,andKathe(Burmese).[22]The termManipuriis widely used, but problematic because of its ambiguous scope: next to being a synonym forMeitei/Meetei,it can also refer in a wider sense to the native ethnic groups in the hills of Manipur.[15]

Geographical distribution

[edit]

India

[edit]

Manipur

[edit]

The Indian state ofManipurhas the largest Meitei population among all its geographical distribution.[23]

Assam

[edit]
Further information:Barak Valley § Languages,andMeitei associate official language movement
Districts of Barak Valley - Meitei speaking population settlement areas of Assam

Meitei people are the third largest ethnic group, after Bengalis and Hindi speaking people, in theBarak Valleyregion ofAssamstate of India.[24]

Bangladesh

[edit]
Main article:Meitei language in Bangladesh
Areas where there is significant population of Meiteis in Bangladesh

The population of Meiteis are found in four districts ofSylhet Divisionin Bangladesh, namelySylhet District(thirteen villages),Moulvibazar District(twenty-eight villages),Sunamganj District(three villages) andHabiganj District(four villages). In early times, there were Meitei population inDhaka,MymensinghandComillaalso.[25]

Myanmar

[edit]

Myanmar has a significant population of Meitei people inKachin state,Yangon Region,Sagaing Region,Shan state,Ayeyarwady Region,among others.[26]

Origins and history

[edit]
Main articles:History of Manipur,Meitei literature,Meitei mythology,andMeitei folklore
Further information:Meitei history in Assam,Meitei history in Bangladesh,Meitei history in Myanmar,andMeitei history in Tripura

"The beginning of this oldManipuri literature(as in the case ofNewari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now. "[27][28][29]

—Suniti Kumar Chatterji,Padma Vibhushanawardee Indian scholar

The earliest sections of theCheitharol Kumbaba,a Meitei chronicle, record the gradual spread of Meiteis acrossKangleipak(Meiteifor 'Manipur') and their assimilation of other clans into a confederacy.[30][31]

In Kangleipak (Manipur)

[edit]

In 1100 CE,Loyumba Shinyen(Old Manipuri:ꯂꯣꯌꯨꯝꯄ ꯁꯤꯟꯌꯦꯟ,romanized:Loyumpa Shinyen), anancient Meitei languageconstitutionwas written and regulated under the supervision of Meitei KingLoiyumba (Loyumba)(1074 CE-1112 CE) in theAncient Kangleipak(earlyManipur).[32]It is a formal proclamation of the proto-constitution which was drafted in 429 CE by Meitei KingNaophangba.[33][34][35]The idea of itsconstitutionalismwas functional until it was substituted by theManipur State Constitution Act 1947.[36]

In Myanmar (Burma)

[edit]
An 1855 watercolour of aKathehorseman in the Burmese royal service

Myanmar is home to a sizeable community of Meiteis, who are calledKathein Burmese.[37]Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar, the Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society.[37]In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing inMandalay.[38]Current estimates are approximately 25,000.[11]Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages nearMyitkyinato the north,Homalin,Kalewa,Pyay,in the center of the country, andYangonto the south.[38]They continue to practiceHinduismin Myanmar.[39]

As a result of wars between the Meitei kingdom and theKonbaung dynastybetween the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom.[40]Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758–1759 war, and from the Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826.[40][38]Alaungpaya,during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis inSagaingandAmarapura.[38]The Meitei people's horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry (ကသည်းမြင်းတပ်) and artillery regiments (ကသည်းအမြောက်တပ်) which were employed during theBurmese–Siamese wars.[41]The Burmese court also retained a retinue ofManipuri Brahminscalled Bamons, also calledKathe Ponna(ကသည်းပုဏ္ဏား) to advise and conduct court rituals.[38]

Language and writing systems

[edit]
Main articles:Meitei language,Meitei language in Bangladesh,Meitei language movement,List of Meitei-language television channels,List of Meitei-language newspapers,andMeitei script

The Meitei people speak theMeitei language(also known as the Manipuri language), aTibeto-Burmanlanguage. Meitei is one of thelanguages with legal status in India,and was included in theEighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indiain 1992.[42]

There are manyMeitei language movements,includingclassical language movement(predominantly in Manipur),associate official language movement(inAssam),linguistic purism movement(predominantly inManipur), etc.

Historically and then after a long gap, presently, Meitei was written in the indigenousMeitei mayekscript.[43]The script was replaced by an alphabet based on theBengali scriptin the early 18th century.[44]The Meitei Mayek script has seen a revival in recent decades, and is now seen in street signs, schools, newspapers, and legislative proceeding records.[45]

Literature

[edit]
Further information:Meitei literature,Meitei proverbs,Meitei Mahabharata,andList of epics in Meitei language
TheNumit Kappa,a Meitei epic composed around 33CE.

Among the heritage of diverse literary works in Meitei literature, theKhamba Thoibi Sheireng,(Meitei:ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ,lit. 'poem on Khamba Thoibi')[46]), is regarded as thenational epicof theManipuris.[47][48][49]It is anepic poembased on the ancient romantic adventure tale ofKhamba and Thoibi.It is the best knownmagnum opusofHijam Anganghal Singh.It is often considered to be the greatest of all the Meitei epic poems. At 39,000verses,it isthe longest Indian epicjust after the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.[50][49][51]

Culture

[edit]
Further information:Traditional Meitei religion,Meitei mythology,Meitei literature,Meitei folktales,Meitei folklore,Meitei festivals,Meitei dances,andManipuri classical dance
TheRepublic of Indiahonouring and showcasing the cultural heritage of the Meiteis (clockwise from the top):Kangla Fort,Thang-Taand the composite culture ofKangleipak(Meiteifor 'Manipur') (2005),Shri Shri Govindaji Temple,YaoshangandPung Cholom(2006),MaibiandLai Haraoba(2017),Hiyang HirenandPakhangba(2010),Maiba,Pena (musical instrument)&Khamba Thoibi Jagoi(2018)

Architectural designs and sculptures

[edit]
Further information:Meitei architecture

Some of the significant intricate designs of the traditionalMeitei architectureand sculptures are seen in various buildings and institutions, especially the temples oftraditional Meitei religion:Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple,Pakhangba Temple, Kangla,Sanamahi Kiyong Temple,Thangjing Temple, Moirang,among many. Others include theIma Keithel,Kangla Sanathong.include Some of the worthy to mention finely crafted sculptures are theMarjing Polo Statue,Kangla Shasculptures,Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh.

Classical and folk dances, festivals and ritualistic theatres

[edit]
Maibis(Meiteifor 'priestesses') dancing inLai Haraoba(Meiteifor 'Merrymaking festival of the gods')

TheLai Haraoba(Meiteifor 'Merrymaking festival of the gods') is a traditional Meitei ritualistic theatrical festival, consisting of different dances, musical performances and carnivals in the temples and the streets. It's dedicated to the worship of theancient Meitei gods and goddesses,who are categorised as theUmang Lai(Meiteifor 'Sylvan deities') andLam Lai(Meiteifor 'Tutelary deities').[52][53]

RaslilainJagoi Raas(Meiteifor 'Manipuri classical dance') style

TheManipuri classical dance,also referred to as theManipuriRaas Leela(Meitei:Jagoi Raas, Raas Jagoi[54][55][56]), is ajagoiand is one of the majorIndian classical danceforms, originating from the historicalManipur Kingdom.[57]

Theatre and cinema

[edit]
Main articles:Meitei cinema,Cinema of Manipur,List of Meitei-language films,andKalakshetra Manipur
The clapperboard ofMeitei cinema(Maniwood)

The firstManipuri-language film,Matamgi Manipur,was released on 9 April 1972.[58]Paokhum Ama (1983) is the first full-lengthcolour feature film(according to theAcademy'sdefinition of a feature film)[59]of Manipur and was directed byAribam Syam Sharma.Lammei(2002) is the first Manipuri Video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre.[60]

Golden Montgolfiere at the Nantes

[edit]

Imagi Ningthem(Meiteifor 'My Son, My Precious') (1981) is the only Indian filmthat gets theGolden Montgolfiereat theFestival des 3 Continents,Nantesin 1982, bringing fame and honour of the Indian cinema at the international platform.[61][62]

World classic in Cannes

[edit]

Ishanou(Meiteifor 'The Chosen One') (1990) was screened in theUn Certain Regardsection at the1991 Cannes Film Festival,[63]and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognised as a "World Classic" by the2023 Cannes Film Festival.Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year.[64][65][66]

Achievements in the National Film Awards

[edit]
Further information:National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Meitei

Religions and beliefs

[edit]
Further information:Sanamahism,Sanamahi creation myth,Meitei deities,Meitei dragons,List of creatures in Meitei folklore,andMeitei Hindus

According to the 2011 census, 83.38% of Meiteis practiceHinduism,around 16% of Meiteis follow the traditionalSanamahireligion, about 8% follow Islam[12]and are known asMeitei Pangals,and about 1.06% are Christians.[13]Meiteis follow bothHinduismas well asSanamahireligious traditions and rituals. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.[67]

Calendar

[edit]
Main article:Meitei calendar
Further information:Sanamahi creation myth

The Meitei people follow a traditional calendar calledMaliyafam Palcha Kumsing,which has 12 months and a 7-day week.[68]

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article:Meitei cuisine
Singjuis a signature dish of theMeitei cuisine

Rice, vegetables and fish are staple food of the Meiteis, although meat is also consumed; but in traditional meitei dishes meat is never used in non-vegetarian dishes. In traditional and cultural gatherings fish, snails, oysters, crabs, eels etc. are the only non-vegetarian elements used and a significant number of meiteis follow it where meat is cooked and eaten outside the house if consumed. Rice is the main carbohydrate source in a Meitei dish; typically, it is served with vegetables, fish, freshwater snails, crabs, oyesters, eels etc. Among the most famous species of fishes Manipuri Sareng (Wallago attu) or commonly known as Helicopter catfish, Hilsa (ilishTenualosa ilisha), freshwater snails (pila (gastropod)) and edible oysters are considered a delicacy. The vegetables are either made as stews (Kangsoi) with less oil/no oil used in sauteing, or stir fried directly in oil with various added spices to make an oily spicy side dish (Kanghou). Roasted/Smoked and Sun-dried fish or fried fresh fish is usually added in most of the stews and curry to impart special taste. The vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed in the region are more similar to those in Southeast/East/Central Asian, Siberian, Arctic, Polynesian and Micronesian cuisines such as Myanmar, Thailand, Inuit, etc. E.g. treebean (yongchak), galangal (loklei),culantro(awa phadigom),lime basil(mayangton),fishwort(tokningkhok) and many others, which are not cultivated in northern India. One of the most important ingredients in Meitei cooking is Ngari (fermented fish). Roasted ngari is used in thesingju(a kind of salad), morok metpa (chilli chutney),eromba(boiled and mashed veggies with chillies). A variety of fermented bamboo shoots (soibum) as well as fresh bamboo shoots (Ushoi/Shoidon), and fermented soya beans (hawaijaar) also form an important part of Meitei cuisines. All meals are served with some fresh aromatic herbs on the side.

A typical every day Meitei meal will have rice, vegetable or fish curry, a piquant side dish (either morok metpa orerombaaccompanied with herbs), a champhut (a steamed/boiled vegetable with little sugar, e.g., carrot, pumpkin or cucumber slices or steamed/boiled mustard green stems, etc. without sugar), and a Kanghou. Meat cuisines are also popular amongst the Meiteis and some of the common meat curries are yen thongba (chicken curry) and nganu thongba (duck cury) and depending on regions, oak thongba (pork curry) and shan thongba (beef curry).

Subsistence

[edit]

The Meitei are mainly agriculturists in which rice is a staple crop. However, they also grow mangoes, lemons, pineapples, oranges, guavas, and other fruits. Fishing is also common among the Meitei that can either be a profession or a hobby. Women tend to dominate the local markets as sellers of food items, textiles, and traditional clothing.[69]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article:List of Meitei people

Associations and organisations

[edit]

Society-based

[edit]

Language-based

[edit]

Religion-based

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Sources

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