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Melvin Van Peebles

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Melvin Van Peebles
Van Peebles in 2015
Born
Melvin Peebles

(1932-08-21)August 21, 1932
Chicago,Illinois, U.S.
DiedSeptember 21, 2021(2021-09-21)(aged 89)
New York City,New York, U.S.
Other namesBrer Soul, Block
Occupations
  • Actor
  • director
  • screenwriter
  • playwright
  • producer
  • composer
Years active1955–2021
SpouseMaria Marx
Children4, includingMario Van Peebles

Melvin Van Peebles(bornMelvin Peebles;August 21, 1932 – September 21, 2021) was an American actor, filmmaker, writer, and composer. He worked as an active filmmaker into the early 2020s. His feature film debut,The Story of a Three-Day Pass(1967), was based on his own French-language novelLa Permissionand was shot in France, as it was difficult for a black American director to get work at the time. The film won an award at theSan Francisco International Film Festivalwhich gained him the interest of Hollywood studios, leading to his American feature debutWatermelon Man,in 1970. Eschewing further overtures from Hollywood, he used the successes he had so far to bankroll his work as anindependent filmmaker.

In 1971, he released his best-known work, creating and starring in the filmSweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song,considered one of the earliest and best-regarded examples of theblaxploitationgenre. He followed this up with the musical,Don't Play Us Cheap,basedon his own stage play,and continued to make films, write novels and stage plays in English and in French through the next several decades; his final films include the French-language filmLe Conte du ventre plein(2000) and the absurdist filmConfessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha(2008). His son, filmmaker and actorMario Van Peebles,appeared in several of his works and portrayed him in the 2003 biographical filmBaadasssss!.

Early life and education[edit]

Born Melvin Peebles[1]inChicago,Illinois, he was the son of Edwin Griffin and Marion Peebles.[2]In 1953 Peebles graduated with a B.A. in literature fromOhio Wesleyan Universityand, 13 days later, joined theAir Force,serving for three and a half years.[3]He added "Van"to his name when he lived in theNetherlandsin his late 20s.[4]

Career[edit]

Early years[edit]

He worked as acable cargripmanin San Francisco, California.[3]Later, he wrote about these experiences. His first book,The Big Heart,credited to Melvin Van, evolved from a small article and a series of photographs taken byRuth Bernhard.[3]

According to Van Peebles, a passenger suggested that he should become a filmmaker. Van Peebles shot his first short film,Pickup Men for Herrickin 1957 and made two more short films during the same period. About these films, Van Peebles said: "I thought they were features. Each one turned out to be eleven minutes long. I was trying to do features. I knew nothing." As he learned more about the filmmaking process, he found out that "I could make a feature for five hundred dollars. That was the cost of 90 minutes of film. I didn't know a thing about shooting a film sixteen to one or ten to one or none of that shit. Then I forgot you had to develop film. And I didn't know you needed a work print. All I can say is that after I did one thing he would say, 'Well, aren't you gonna put sound on it?' and I would go, 'Oh shit!' That's all I could say."[3]

After Van Peebles completed his first short films, he took them with him toHollywoodto try to find work, but was unable to find anyone who wanted to hire him as a director. Van Peebles decided to move his family to the Netherlands where he planned to study astronomy. On the way to Europe, inNew York City,he metAmos Vogel,founder of the avant-gardeCinema 16who agreed to place two of Van Peebles's shorts in his rental catalog.[5]Vogel screened Van Peebles'sThree Pickup Menfor Herrickat Cinema 16 on a program withCity of Jazzin the spring of 1960 withRalph Ellisonleading a post-film discussion.[6]

When Vogel went to Paris shortly after, he brought Van Peebles's films to showHenri LangloisandMary Meersonat theCinémathèque Française.Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, Van Peebles's marriage dissolved and his wife and children went back to the United States. Shortly thereafter, Van Peebles was invited toParisprobably byMary Meersonand/orLotte Eisner,founders of theCinémathèque Française,on the strength of his short films.[7]In France, Van Peebles created the short filmLes Cinq Cent Balles(500 Francs) (1961) and then established himself as a writer. He did investigative reporting forFrance Observateurduring 1963–64, during which he profiled, and later became friends with,Chester Himes.Himes got him a job at the anti-authoritarian humor magazineHara-kiri,where Van Peebles wrote a monthly column and eventually joined the editorial board.[8]

1965–1970[edit]

During 1965–66,Madmagazine attempted a French edition and hired Van Peebles as editor-in-chief during its run of only five issues. He began to write plays in French, utilizing thesprechgesangform of songwriting, where the lyrics were spoken over the music. This style carried over to Van Peebles' debut album,Brer Soul.[3]

Van Peebles was a prolific writer in France. He published four novels and a collection of short stories. He completed at least one play,La Fête à Harlemwhich was also released as a novel, and which he would later make into the musicalDon't Play Us Cheap(1970).[9]Roger Blin directedLa Fête à Harlemwith theLes Griotstheatrical troupe for theFestival du jeune théâtreinLiège,Belgium in September 1964.[10]Van Peebles made his first feature-length film,The Story of a Three-Day Pass(La Permission) (1968) based on a novel by the same title. The film caught the attention of Hollywood producers who mistook him for a Frenchauteurafter it won an award at theSan Francisco International Film Festivalas the French entry.[11]Van Peebles's first[citation needed]Hollywood film was the 1970Columbia PicturescomedyWatermelon Man,written byHerman Raucher.StarringGodfrey Cambridge,the movie tells the story of a casually racist white man who suddenly wakes up black and finds himself alienated from his friends, family, and job.

1970–1995[edit]

In 1970, Van Peebles directed filming of thePowder Ridge Rock Festival,which was banned by court injunction.[citation needed]AfterWatermelon Man,Van Peebles became determined to have complete control over his next production, which became the groundbreakingSweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song(1971), privately funded with his own money, and in part by a $50,000 loan fromBill Cosby.[12]Van Peebles not only directed, scripted, and edited the film, but wrote the score and directed the marketing campaign. The film, which in the end grossed $15 million,[13]was, among many others, acclaimed by theBlack Panthersfor its political resonance with the black struggle. His son Mario's 2003 filmBAADASSSSS!tells the story behind the making ofSweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song;father and son presented the film together as the Closing Night selection forMaryland Film Festival2004.[citation needed]

Van Peebles wrote the book, music, and lyrics for the stage musicalAin't Supposed to Die a Natural Death,which openedoff-Broadwayand then moved toBroadway,running for 325 performances in 1971–72.[14]The show was nominated for sevenTony Awards,includingBest Musical,Best Book of a Musical,andBest Original Score.[15]

As his intended follow-up toSweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song,Van Peebles made the musical filmDon't Play Us Cheap.[16]The film was an adaptation of anearlier stage musical of the same namewhich Van Peebles had created for performances atSan Francisco State Collegein November 1970.[9]At the time of the film's creation in 1971, a Broadway production of the stage musical was not planned, but the failure to find a distributor for the completed film led to Van Peebles' decision to bring the musical to Broadway in 1972 for a production of the play at theEthel Barrymore Theatre.[16][9]Van Peebles performed the same duties as his previous stage musical, as well as producing and directing. The show ran for 164 performances in 1972, earning Van Peebles another Tony nomination for Best Book of a Musical.[17]The previously shot film version was later released on January 1, 1973.[18]

In 1977, Van Peebles was one of four credited screenwriters on the filmGreased Lightning,about the life of pioneering BlackNASCARdriverWendell Scott.He was originally the director of the film as well, but was replaced byMichael Schultz.[19]

Van Peebles was involved with two more Broadway musicals in the 1980s. He was a co-writer on the book forReggae,which closed after 21 performances in 1980.[20]ForWaltz of the Stork,he wrote book, music, and lyrics, as well as producing the show and playing the lead role. It ran for 160 performances in 1982.[21]

In the 1980s, Van Peebles became anoptionstrader on theAmerican Stock Exchangewhile continuing to work in theater and film.[22][23]

In 1995, he co-starred in the American live-action version ofJapanesemangaFist of the North Star,alongsideGary Daniels,Costas Mandylor,Chris Penn,Isako Washio,Malcolm McDowell,Downtown Julie Brown,Dante Basco,Tracey Walter,Clint Howard,Tony Halme,andBig Van Vader.[24]

2005–2009[edit]

In 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of a documentary entitledHow to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (and Enjoy It).Also in 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of the documentaryUnstoppable: Conversation with Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, and Ossie Davis,which also featuredOssie DavisandGordon Parksin the same room. It was moderated byWarrington Hudlin.[25]

In 2005, it was announced that Van Peebles would collaborate withMadlibfor a proposeddouble albumtitledBrer Soul Meets Quasimoto.However, nothing further was issued about this project from the time that it was first announced.[26]

In 2008, Van Peebles completed the filmConfessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha,which was the Closing Night selection forMaryland Film Festival2008, and appeared onAll My Childrenas Melvin Woods, the father of Samuel Woods, a character portrayed by his son, Mario.[27][28]

In 2009, Van Peebles became involved with a project to adaptSweet Sweetbackinto a musical.[29]A preliminary version of this was staged at theApollo Theateron April 25–26, 2009. As well, he wrote and performed in a stage musical,Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies,which featured some of his previous songs as well as some new material.[30]

2011–2019[edit]

In 2011, Van Peebles started doing shows in NYC with members ofBurnt Sugar,under the nameMelvin Van Peebles wid Laxative.[31]Van Peebles said that the band is called Laxative because they "make shit happen".[32]In November 2011, Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative performed his song "Love, That's America"atZebulon Cafe Concert,two weeks after the venue showed the original video for this song involvingOccupy Wall Streetfootage,[33]which was uploaded toYouTubein October 2011.[34][unreliable source?]

Van Peebles in front of his artwork,A Ghetto Mother's Prayer,in 2017

On August 21, 2012, he distributed a new album, on vinyl only, calledNahh... Nahh Mofo.[35][36][37][38]This album was distributed at his birthday celebration atFilm Forum.[39]On November 10, 2012, he released a video for the song "Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail"to go with the album,[40][41]which was announced on his Facebook page.[42][unreliable source?]

On May 5, 2013, he returned to theFilm Forumfor a screening ofCharlie Chaplin'sThe Kid(1921) and was a judge at the Charlie Chaplin Dress-Alike Contest which was held after the screening. He wore abowler hatand baggy pants in honor of Chaplin.[citation needed]

In September 2013, Van Peebles made his public debut as a visual artist, as a part of a gallery featured called "eMerge 2.0: Melvin Van Peebles & Artists on the Cusp".[43]It features "Ex-Voto Monochrome (A Ghetto Mother's Prayer)", one of many pieces of art he created to be on display in his home.[43]

In 2017,Methane Momma,a short film directed by Alain Rimbert, featured Van Peebles and his narration of poetic work with accompaniment of music byThe Heliocentrics.[44][45][46]

In 2019,Burnt Sugarpresented the filmSweetbackin Brooklyn while playing their own interpretation of the soundtrack. Van Peebles appeared at the presentation.[47]

Personal life[edit]

Melvin Van Peebles married Maria Marx, aGermanactress. They lived inMexicofor a period in the late 1950s, where he painted portraits. Their son, actor and directorMario Van Peebles,was born while they resided in Mexico. The family subsequently returned to the United States.[48]

Death[edit]

Van Peebles died on September 21, 2021, at his home inManhattan,New York, at the age of 89.[49][50]He is survived by his sons, Mario and Max, and his daughter Marguerite.[13]

Awards and honors[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • (As "Melvin Van" )The Big Heart,San Francisco: Fearon, 1957. With photographs byRuth Bernhard,a book about life on San Francisco'scable cars."A cable car is a big heart with people for blood. The people pump on and off—if you think of it like that it is pretty simple" (p. 21).
  • Un Ours pour le F.B.I.(1964);A Bear for the F.B.I.,Trident, 1968.
  • Un Américain en enfer(1965);The True American,Doubleday, 1976.
  • La Reine des Pommes(1965); French translation and illustrations for a graphic novel adaptation ofChester Himes'A Rage in Harlem.[64]
  • Le Chinois duXIVe(1966) (short stories), illustrated byRoland Topor[65]
  • La Fête à Harlem(Harlem Party) (1967) (novel)
  • La Permission(1967)
  • Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song,Lancer Books, New York, 1971.
  • Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death,Bantam, New York, 1973.[66]
  • Don't Play Us Cheap: A Harlem Party,Bantam Books, New York, 1973.
  • Just an Old Sweet Song,Ballantine, New York, 1976.
  • Bold Money: A New Way to Play the Options Market,Warner Books, New York, 1986,ISBN0-446-51340-7(nonfiction)
  • Melvin and Mario Van Peebles:No Identity Crisis,A Fireside Book, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1990.
  • Panther,Thunder's Mouth Press, 1995.[67]
  • Introduction to the 1998 edition ofChester Himes'Yesterday Will Make You Cry,1997.[68]
  • Confessions of a Ex Doofus Itchy Footed Mutha,New York: Akashic Books, 2009, ISBN 9781933354866. With illustrations by Caktuz Tree, a graphic novel adaptation of the film with the same title.

Filmography[edit]

Peebles' 1971 filmSweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Songreceived acclaim from black rights groups for its political resonance with the black struggle and grossed $10 million.
Year Film Credited as Notes
Director Producer Writer Composer
1957 Three Pickup Men for Herrick Yes Yes Yes Yes Short
1957 Sunlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Short
1961 Les cinq cent balles(500 Francs) Yes No Yes Yes Short; included in a 2023 Icarus Films collection, Early Short Films of the French New Wave[69]
1967 The Story of a Three-Day Pass(also known asLa Permission) Yes No Yes Yes from his novelLa Permission
1969 Slogan No No Yes No Screenwriter, Directed by Pierre Grimblat.
1970 Watermelon Man Yes No No Yes
1971 Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song Yes Yes Yes Yes also actor and editor
1973 Don't Play Us Cheap Yes Yes Yes Yes also editor
1976 Just an Old Sweet Song(also known as Down Home) No No Yes Yes made for television; screenwriter and theme song
1977 Greased Lightning No No Yes No screenwriter
1981 The Sophisticated Gents No Yes Yes No made for television; actor, screenwriter, song "Greased Lightning" and associate producer
1987 The Day They Came to Arrest the Book No No Yes No made for television; screenwriter; based on 1982 novel byNat Hentoff[54]
1989 Identity Crisis Yes Yes No No Also actor and co-editor
1995 Panther No Yes Yes No based on his novelPanther,also actor
1996 Vrooom Vroom Vroooom Yes Yes Yes Yes later included inTales of Erotica,also known asErotic Tales.Also editor
1996 Gang in Blue Yes Yes No No Co-director and also actor
1998 Melvin Van Peebles' Classified X No No Yes No Documentary; screenwriter, actor and executive producer
2000 Le Conte du ventre plein(also known asBellyful) Yes Yes* Yes Yes *Delegate Producer; based on a short story from 1966 bookLe Chinois du XIVe[70]
2008 Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha Yes Yes Yes No based on his own graphic novel

Music videos[edit]

Other writing credits[edit]

As himself[edit]

  • Unstoppable(2005)
  • How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company(2005)

Other acting-only credits[edit]

Plays[edit]

Discography[edit]

See also:List of songs recorded by Melvin Van Peebles
Further information:Melvin Van Peebles discography

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Greasley, Philip A., ed. (2001).Melvin Van Peebles.Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 505.ISBN0253108411.{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help)
  2. ^"Corrections: Sept. 25, 2021".The New York Times.September 25, 2021.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedSeptember 26,2021.
  3. ^abcdeJames, Darius (1995).That's Blaxploitation!: Roots of the Baadasssss 'Tude (Rated X by an All-Whyte Jury).St. Martin's Press.ISBN0-312-13192-5.
  4. ^Wiegand, Chris (September 23, 2021)."Melvin van Peebles obituary".The Guardian.
  5. ^MacDonald, Scott (1997)."Cinema 16: Documents Toward a History of the Film Society".Wide Angle.19(1): 3–48.doi:10.1353/wan.1997.0001.ISSN1086-3354.S2CID191566024.
  6. ^Ellison, Ralph (2010).Trading twelves: the selected letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray.Vintage eBooks.ISBN978-0-307-56074-2.OCLC681584951.
  7. ^"Entretein avec Melvin Van Peebles."Cahiers du Cinéma#308. February 1980. pp. 14–16.
  8. ^Himes, Chester (1976).My Life of Absurdity.New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 291.
  9. ^abcdeBernard L. Peterson (1993). "Don't Play Us Cheap!".A Century of Musicals in Black and White: An Encyclopedia of Musical Stage Works By, About, Or Involving African Americans.Greenwood Press.p. 112.ISBN9780313266577.
  10. ^"Fête à Harlem – Spectacle – 1964".
  11. ^"Interview with Melvin Van Peebles – Bay Area Television Archive".Diva.sfsu.edu.RetrievedMarch 2,2020.
  12. ^Kohn, Eric (September 27, 2021)."Mario Van Peebles on His Father's Greatest Legacy: 'He Put Black Power on the Screen for the First Time'".IndieWire.RetrievedJanuary 3,2022.
  13. ^abcMartin, Douglas (September 22, 2021)."Melvin Van Peebles, Champion of New Black Cinema, Dies at 89".The New York Times.
  14. ^Dagan, Carmel (September 22, 2021)."Melvin Van Peebles, Influential Director, Actor and Writer, Dies at 89".Variety.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  15. ^abc"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death".IBDB.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  16. ^abUnterberger, Richie."Don't Play Us Cheap Review".AllMusic.RetrievedNovember 6,2022.
  17. ^abc"Don't Play Us Cheap!".IBDB.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  18. ^Deming, Mark."Synopsis".AllMovie.RetrievedNovember 6,2022.
  19. ^Arnold, Gary (July 16, 1977)."'Greased Lightning': A Sketchy Saga of a Stock-Car Career ".The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  20. ^ab"Reggae".IBDB.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  21. ^ab"Waltz of the Stork".IBDB.RetrievedSeptember 24,2021.
  22. ^Booker, James (March 27, 1984)."James Booker's N.Y."The Washington Afro-American.p. 11.RetrievedMarch 15,2014.
  23. ^Wylie, William H. (March 11, 1986)."Movie director weighs his options".The Pittsburgh Press.p. D2.RetrievedMarch 15,2014.
  24. ^Randel, Tony (1999).Fist of the North Star(DVD). United States: WinStar TV & Video.ISBN1-57252-654-8.
  25. ^Obenson, Tambay A. (June 13, 2014)."'Unstoppable: A Conversation w/ Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks & Ossie Davis' – a Documentary in Need of a Re-Release ".Indiewire.com.Archived fromthe originalon June 15, 2014.RetrievedJune 14,2014.
  26. ^"Madlib & Melvin Van Peebles – Brer Soul meets Lord Quas".Stonesthrow.com.October 1, 2005.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  27. ^Epstein, Daniel Robert (January 19, 2006)."Melvin Van Peebles".SuicideGirls.com.Archived fromthe originalon September 29, 2007.RetrievedJune 23,2006.
  28. ^Tate, Greg (January 13, 2006)."The MVP of Black Cinema".Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2007.RetrievedMarch 3,2007.
  29. ^"The Apollo Salon Series".ApolloTheater.org.The Apollo Theater Foundation. Archived fromthe originalon May 11, 2008.RetrievedApril 14,2020.
  30. ^abDenton, Martin (June 22, 2009)."Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies".NYTheatre.com.Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2009.
  31. ^"NYC: Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative".Uptown.January 3, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon July 28, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  32. ^"Melvin Van Peebles With Laxative, Zebulon Cafe Concert, May 12, 2011".Zebuloncafeconcert.com.May 12, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  33. ^"The winter of our discontent".Zebuloncafeconcert.com.November 8, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  34. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Occupy Wall Street montage to the song" Love, That's America "by Melvin Van Peebles #OWS, YouTube".YouTube.com. October 26, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  35. ^"Give The Drummer Some 10/05/12".WFMU.org.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  36. ^"The cat is out of..."Facebook. Archived fromthe originalon February 26, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  37. ^"Melvin Van Peebles – Fireside Chat".Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2013.RetrievedDecember 21,2013.
  38. ^"Melvin Van Peebles: Biography, Celebrity Facts and Awards".TV Guide.RetrievedMarch 22,2019.
  39. ^vagabond (August 22, 2012)."Melvin Van Peebles | #nothingtobegainedhere".nothingtobegainedhere.wordpress.com.RetrievedMarch 22,2019.
  40. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"(official video) Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative – Lilly Done the Zampoughi".November 9, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013– via YouTube.
  41. ^"Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail (2012)".IMDb.Archived fromthe originalon February 11, 2017.RetrievedJune 30,2018.
  42. ^"We have a new video..."Facebook. November 10, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon February 26, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 10,2013.
  43. ^abLeland, John (September 19, 2013)."At 81, Still a Master of Reinvention".The New York Times.
  44. ^"Methane Momma (2016)".IMDb.com.
  45. ^"From The Vaults – Photos: Melvin Van Peebles Records For Heliocentrics".Now-Again Records Newsletter.September 30, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 24,2018.
  46. ^Kesh, Jonathan."5 Cool Sci-Fi Shorts From the 2018 Philip K. Dick Film Festival".Outerplaces.com.
  47. ^"Movies on Myrtle: Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Redux, Remix & Requiem Rescheduled!".fortgreenepark.org.Fort Greene Park Conservancy.RetrievedMarch 2,2020.
  48. ^Wankoff, Jordan, and Deborah A. Ring. "Van Peebles, Melvin." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Derek Jacques, et al., vol. 95, Gale, 2012, pp. 160–164. Gale eBooks.
  49. ^Barnes, Mike (September 22, 2021)."Melvin Van Peebles Dies: Iconic Filmmaker, Actor, and Novelist Was 89".Indiewire.
  50. ^Grobar, Matt (September 22, 2021)."Melvin Van Peebles Remembered: Spike Lee, David Alan Grier & Barry Jenkins Among Those Paying Tribute To Cinema's" True Revolutionary "".Deadline.RetrievedSeptember 23,2021.
  51. ^abcdefg"Melvin Van Peebles".Playbill.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  52. ^"Melvin Van Peebles".GRAMMY.com.November 23, 2020.RetrievedDecember 13,2021.
  53. ^Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame 1976.Cultural and Ethnic Affairs Guild of the Oakland Museum Association. 1976. p. 39.
  54. ^abHarmetz, Aljean (July 8, 1987)."'Promise' Wins Humanitas ".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedSeptember 6,2023.
  55. ^Archives, L. A. Times (June 30, 1987)."PEE-WEE AND CBS PREVAIL WITH EMMYS".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon August 4, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 10,2023.
  56. ^"Distinguished Achievement Citation".Ohio Wesleyan University.RetrievedSeptember 10,2023.
  57. ^Brozan, Nadine (December 15, 1994)."CHRONICLE".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedMarch 5,2023.
  58. ^Petersen, Scott (August 31, 1999)."FESTIVALS: Chicago's Underground Marketplace – of Fun & Ideas".IndieWire.RetrievedJanuary 3,2022.
  59. ^"Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 147 (2001), Part 15 – TRIBUTE TO MELVIN VAN PEEBLES".www.govinfo.gov.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  60. ^"Vital Reissues: Melvin Van Peebles, Ghetto Gothic".Billboard.June 2, 2001. p. 32.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  61. ^Guerrasio, Jason (September 17, 2008)."Melvin Van Peebles to be Honored at Gothams".Filmmaker Magazine.RetrievedJanuary 3,2022.
  62. ^Jackson, Angelique (November 10, 2021)."Ava DuVernay to Receive Inaugural Melvin Van Peebles Trailblazer Award at Celebration of Black Cinema & Television".Variety.RetrievedDecember 13,2021.
  63. ^"Equal Justice Now Announces Honorees and Host for the 2nd Annual Attorney Benjamin Crump Equal Justice Now Awards, in Los Angeles on June 10".June 26, 2022. Archived fromthe originalon June 26, 2022.RetrievedJune 26,2022.
  64. ^"Chester Himes papers, 1933–1984 | Amistad Research Center".amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  65. ^"Le Chinois du XIVe".January 31, 2023. Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2023.RetrievedMarch 25,2023.
  66. ^Aint supposed to die a natural death.WorldCat.org. 1973.OCLC595072.(book)
  67. ^Van Peebles, Melvin (1995).Panther: A Novel.Thunder's Mouth Press.ISBN9781560250968.RetrievedMarch 22,2019– via Google Books.
  68. ^Himes, Chester B. (1999).Yesterday Will Make You Cry.W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN978-0-393-31829-6.
  69. ^"Icarus Films: Early Short Films of the French New Wave".icarus FIlms.Archived fromthe originalon September 5, 2023.
  70. ^"Movies; An American Who Went to Paris".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 25,2023.
  71. ^Thompson, Lisa B. (September 28, 2021)."Don't Play Us Cheap: The Sacredness of Saturday Night, or the Gospel According to Melvin Van Peebles".The Criterion Collection.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  72. ^Gussow, Mel (February 27, 1973)."Van Peebles Offers Roukin One-Man Show".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  73. ^Gussow, Mel (April 10, 1983)."THEATER:'CHAMPEEEN!' CELEBRATES BESSIE SMITH".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  74. ^Holden, Stephen (July 16, 1984)."THEATER: 'STORK BOOGIE,' BY MELVIN VAN PEEBLES".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.
  75. ^Bacalzo, Dan (June 23, 2009)."Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies | TheaterMania".www.theatermania.com.RetrievedDecember 23,2021.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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