Mengtemu

Möngke Temür(Chinese:Mãnh ca thiếp mộc nhĩ;pinyin:Měnggē Tiē mù'ěrorMãnh ca thiếp mộc nhi;Měnggē Tiēmù'er) orDudu Mengtemu(Manchu:ᡩᡠᡩᡠ ᠮᡝᡢᡨᡝ᠋ᠮᡠ;^[1]Mạnh đặc mục;Mèngtèmù) (1370–1433) was aJurchenchieftain of the Odoli tribe, one of the three tribes of the lowerSunggari rivervalley in Manchuria. In the 1380s the tribe migrated southward towards the lower valley of theTumen Riverand settled in Womuho (present dayHoeryong). As a distant ancestor of theAisin Gioroclan which founded theQing dynasty,Möngke Temür was accorded theposthumous nameEmperor Yuan( nguyên hoàng đế ) and thetemple nameZhaozu( triệu tổ ) by theShunzhi Emperorof theQing dynasty.His son wasCungšan.

Career

In 1388, theHongwu Emperorestablished contact with three tribes of theJianzhou Jurchens,the Odoli, Huligai and Tuowen and attempted to enlist them as allies against the Mongols. There was a general migration south of the variousJurchengroups around the start of the 15th century and the three tribes established themselves around the Tumen River (near the modern border ofChina,RussiaandNorth Korea). Not long afterwards, the various Jurchens began accepting Ming titles from theYongle Emperoras the Military Commanders of the three Wei, namely Jianzhou Wei (Kiến châu vệ), Jianzhou Left Wei (Kiến châu tả vệ) and Jianzhou Right Wei (Kiến châu hữu vệ). The Wei (Vệ) was military unit composed of 5 Suo (Sở), and each Suo was staffed with 1100 soldiers. As Military Commanders of Wei, they were required to go to Beijing every year to pay tribute to the Emperor.

In 1395, he visited theJoseoncourt to present tribute to theTaejo of Joseon.As a result, in 1404, he was awarded an honorary military position by the Koreans.

During this time, the Ming court frequently sent envoys to local chieftains to persuade local chieftains to recognize the suzerainty of the Ming emperor, however Möngke Temür did not respond. This was to the delight of the Korean court and in 1405, he was nominated to be a myriarch under the Korean king. In April 1405, a Ming envoy of Jurchen origin Wang Jiaohuati, was sent to Korea to persuade the Korean king along with Möngke Temür to enter into tributary relations with the Ming.

Ahacu(A cáp xuất), later also known as Li Sicheng (Lý tư thành), chief of the Huligai, became commander of the Jianzhou Wei ( kiến châu vệ ) in 1403, named after aYuan Dynastypolitical unit in the area. Möngke Temür of the Odoli became leader of the Jianzhou Left Wei (Kiến châu tả vệ) and accepted the Chinese surname of Tóng (Đồng) not long afterward.

The Koreans tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject the Ming dynasty's overtures, but was unsuccessful since Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming.^[2]The Korean king ordered Möngke Temür not to comply with the request of Ming, he first complied with this order only to capitulate, visiting Nanjing in September 1405, leaving with an appointment as regional commissioner.

In the following years, the Jurchen tribes along with Möngke Temür's Odoli tribe fought skirmishes and battles with the Koreans. With the constant insecurity in the presence of the Koreans, Meng and his followers migrated westward, settling in May 1411 in Fengzhou, in the valley of the Hoifa river, an affluent of theSunggari river,where the Jianzhou guard under Šigiyanu (Li Xianzhong) was located.

Here the Ming government would establish the Jianzhou Left Guard from the existing Jianzhou guard with Möngke Temür as the regional commander of the new guard.

During this time, the Yongle Emperor began frequently sending expeditionary forces towards theMongols,Möngke Temür and his followers would take part in one such expedition in 1422. With the threat of retaliatory invasions of the Mongols and the growing dominance of Möngke Temür,Li Manzhu,and his followers, who numbered more than six thousand were forced to leave Fengzhou and head back to Womuho in 1423.

After his return, Möngke Temür decided that the best policy of self-preservation would be to serve both Ming and Korean interests. In 1426, he visited Beijing and was awarded a promotion as assistant commissioner in chief. His half brother Fanca visited Beijing in 1432, presented tribute, and was promoted to assistant commissioner. In 1432, Möngke Temür visited Beijing again and was promoted to commissioner in chief while Fanca was made a regional commissioner. Starting in 1427, Möngke Temür had begun sending his eldest son Agu to visit the Korean court with the hopes that Agu would become a royal bodyguard in Korea.

On November 30, 1433, Möngke Temür and his son Agu were killed in a riot led by Yang Mutawuta, a Jurchen battalion commander from a different tribe in the area of Kaiyuan. Yang Mutawuta had followed Mongke Temur and his son.

References

^Liêu ninh tỉnh đương án quán 『 mãn châu thật lục thượng hàm 』
^Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; phòng triệu doanh (January 1976).Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644.Columbia University Press. pp. 1066–.ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA The Qing Empire To 1800

Mengtemu House of Odoli Born:1370Died:1433
Preceded by Bukūri Yongšon	Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens 1405–1433	Succeeded by Cungšan

[1] Liêu ninh tỉnh đương án quán 『 mãn châu thật lục thượng hàm 』

[CommitteeGoodrich1976-2] Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; phòng triệu doanh (January 1976).Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644.Columbia University Press. pp. 1066–.ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.

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