Military junta
| Part of thePolitics series |
| Basic forms ofgovernment |
|---|
| List of countries by system of government |
 Politics portal |
Amilitary junta(/ˈhʊntə,ˈdʒʌntə/) is agovernmentled by a committee ofmilitaryleaders. The termjuntameans "meeting" or "committee" and originated in thenational and local junta organized by the Spanish resistancetoNapoleon's invasion of Spainin 1808.[1]The term is now used to refer to anauthoritarianform of governmentcharacterized byoligarchicmilitary dictatorship,as distinguished from other categories of authoritarian rule, specificallystrongman(autocratic military dictatorships); machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); and bossism (autocratic party dictatorships).[2]
A junta often comes to power as a result of acoup d'état.[1]The junta may either formally take power as the nation's governing body, with the power torule by decree,or may wield power by exercising binding (but informal) control over a nominally civilian government.[3]These two forms of junta rule are sometimes calledopen ruleanddisguised rule.[4]Disguised rule may take the form of eithercivilianizationorindirect rule.[4]Civilianization occurs when a junta publicly ends its obviously military features, but continues its dominance.[4]For example, the junta may terminate themartial law,forgo military uniforms in favor of civilian attire, "colonize" government with former military officers, and make use ofpolitical partiesor mass organizations.[5]"Indirect rule" involves the junta's exertion of concealed, behind-the-scenes control over a civilianpuppet.[4]Indirect rule by the military can include either broad control over the government or control over a narrower set of policy areas, such as military ornational securitymatters.[4]
Throughout the 20th century, military juntas were frequently seen inLatin America,typically in the form of an "institutionalized, highly corporate/professional junta" headed by the commanding officers of the differentmilitary branches(army,navy,andair force), and sometimes joined by the head of the nationalpoliceor other key bodies.[3]Political scientistSamuel Finer,writing in 1988, noted that juntas in Latin America tended to be smaller than juntas elsewhere; the median junta had 11 members, while Latin American juntas typically had three or four.[3]"Corporate" military coups have been distinguished from "factional" military coups. The former are carried out by the armed forces as an institution, led by senior commanders at the top of the military hierarchy, while the latter are carried out by a segment of the armed forces and are often led by mid-ranking officers.[3][6]
A 2014 study published in theAnnual Review of Political Sciencejournal found that military regimes behaved differently from both civilian dictatorships and autocratic military strongmen. Military regime is ruled by a group of high ranking officers, whereas military strongman is ruled by a single dictator.[7]The study found that (1) "strongmen and military regimes are more likely to commithuman rights abusesand become embroiled in civil wars than are civilian dictatorships "; (2)" military strongmen start more international wars than either military regimes or civilian dictators, perhaps because they have more reason to fear postouster exile, prison, or assassination "and (3) military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end indemocratization,in contrast to the rule of military strongmen, which more often ends by insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion.[7]
Current examples
[edit]Africa
[edit]
Burkina Faso–Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration(2022–)
Chad–Transitional Administration(2022–2024)[8]
Gabon–Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions(2023–)
Guinea–National Committee of Reconciliation and Development(2021–)
Mali–Transitional Administration(2021–)[9]
Niger–National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland(2023–)
Sudan–Transitional Sovereignty Council(2021–)[10][11]
Asia
[edit]
Former examples
[edit]Africa
[edit]- Burkina Faso–National Council for Democracy(2015)
- Chad–Transitional Military Council(2021–2022)
Egypt–Supreme Council of the Armed Forces(2011–2012)
Equatorial Guinea–Supreme Military Council(1979–1982)
Ethiopia–Derg(1974–1987)
The Gambia–Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council(1994–1996)
Ghana–National Liberation Council(1966–1969),Supreme Military Council(1975–1979),Provisional National Defence Council(1981–1993)- Guinea–Military Committee of National Restoration(1984–1991)
Liberia–People's Redemption Council(1980–1984)
Libya–Revolutionary Command Council(1969–1977)- Mali–Military Committee for National Liberation(1968–1979),Military Committee for National Salvation(1979–1992),National Committee for the Salvation of the People(2020–2021)[12]
Mauritania–Military Committee for National Recovery(1978–1979),Military Council for Justice and Democracy(2005–2007),High Council of State(2008–2009)- Niger–Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy(2010–2011)
Nigeria–Military juntas(1966–1979 and 1983–1999)
Sierra Leone–National Reformation Council(1967–1968)
Somalia–Supreme Revolutionary Council(1969–1976)- Sudan–National Revolutionary Command Council(1969–1971),Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation(1989–1993),Transitional Military Council(1985–1986),Transitional Military Council(2019)
Zaire– Dictatorship ofMobutu Sese Seko(1965–1997)
Americas
[edit]
Argentina–Argentine Revolution(1966–1973),National Reorganization Process(1976–1983)
Bolivia–Bolivian military juntas(1861, 1879–1880, 1899, 1920–1921, 1930–1931, 1936–1938, 1943–1944, 1946–1947, 1951–1952, 1964–1966, 1970–1971 and 1980–1982)
Brazil– Brazilian military juntas of1889–1894,1930,and1969(part of the wider1964–1985 military dictatorship)
Chile–Government Junta(1973–1990)
Colombia–Military Junta(1957–1958)
Cuba– Dictatorship ofFulgencio Batista
Ecuador–Military Junta(1963),Supreme Council of Government(1976–1979)
El Salvador–Civic Directory(1931),Junta of Government(1960–1961),Civic-Military Directory(1961–1962),Revolutionary Government Junta(1979–1982)
Guatemala– Junta of the1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Haiti– Junta of the1991 Haitian coup d'état(1991–1994)
Nicaragua–Junta of National Reconstruction(1979–1985)
Peru–Military junta(1962–1963),Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru(1968–1980)
Suriname–National Military Council(1980–1987)
Uruguay–Military junta(1973–1985)
Venezuela–Military junta(1948–1958)
Asia
[edit]
Bangladesh– Military governments ofZiaur Rahman(1975–1981) andHussain Muhammad Ershad(1982–1990)
Cambodia–Khmer Republic(1970–1975)
China (Republic of)–Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion(1948–1991) used by theKuomintangafter thefallofmainland Chinato theCommunists[citation needed]
Indonesia– Military government ofSuharto,also known as theNew Order(1966–1998)
Iraq–Sovereignty Council(1958–1963)
Japan–Shogunate period(1185–1868)
Myanmar–Union Revolutionary Council(1962–1974),State Peace and Development Council(1988–2011)
Pakistan– Military governments ofAyub Khan(1958–1969),Yahya Khan(1969–1971),Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq(1977–1988),Pervez Musharraf(1999–2008)
South Korea– Military governments ofPark Chung Hee(1962–1979, initially as theSupreme Council for National Reconstruction) andChun Doo-hwan(1980–1988)
Syria–National Council for the Revolutionary Command(1963–1966)
Thailand–National Peace Keeping Council(1991–1992),Council for National Security(2006–2008),National Council for Peace and Order(2014–2019)
Europe
[edit]
Bulgaria– Junta of the1934 Bulgarian coup d'état(1934–1935)
France–Bonapartistrule in France (1799–1815), Government ofVichy France(1940–1945)
Georgia–Military Council of the Republic of Georgia(1992)
Greece–Regime of the Colonels,officially the "Revolutionary Committee" (1967–1974)
Poland–Military Council of National Salvation(1981–1983)
Portugal–National Salvation Junta(1974–1975)
Spain–Francoist Spain(1939–1975)
Turkey[a]–National Unity Committee(1960–1961),Council for National Security(1980–1983)
United Kingdom–The Protectorate(1653–1660)
Oceania
[edit]
Fiji– Military government ofFrank Bainimarama(2006–2014)[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Turkey is a part of both Europe and Asia
- ^abJunta,Encyclopædia Britannica(last updated 1998).
- ^Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950-1992".American Journal of Political Science.50(1): 113–126.doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x.JSTOR3694260.
- ^abcdPaul Brooker,Non-Democratic Regimes(Palgrave Macmillan: 2d ed. 2009), pp. 148-150.
- ^abcdePaul Brooker,Comparative Politics(ed. Daniele Caramani: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 101-102.
- ^Brooker,Non-Democratic Regimes(2d ed.), p. 153.
- ^David Kuehn, "Democratic Control of the Military" inHandbook of the Sociology of the Military(eds. Giuseppe Caforio & Marina Nuciari: Springer, 2nd ed.), p. 164.
- ^abGeddes, Barbara; Frantz, Erica; Wright, Joseph G. (2014)."Military Rule".Annual Review of Political Science.17:147–162.doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418.
- ^Ramadane, Mahamat (2 October 2022)."Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years".Reuters.N'Djamena.Retrieved20 October2022.
- ^Ahmed, Baba (2 January 2022)."Mali junta defies mediators with 5-year transition plan".Associated Press.Bamako.Retrieved20 March2023.
- ^Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022)."Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan".Council on Foreign Relations.Retrieved20 March2023.
- ^Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022)."Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta".Associated Press.Cairo, Egypt.Retrieved20 March2023.
- ^"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP".The Africa Report.com.2021-01-28.Retrieved2021-02-02.
- ^"Fiji holds historic election after years of military rule - DW - 17.09.2014".DW.com.Deutsche Welle.