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Mockbuster

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withTwin films.

Amockbuster(also known asknockbusterordrafting opportunity[1]) is afilmcreated to exploit the publicity of another major motion picture with a similar title or subject. Mockbusters are often made with a low budget and quick production to maximize profits. "Mockbuster" is aportmanteauof the words "mock" and "blockbuster".

Criteria

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Unlike films produced to capitalize on the popularity of a recent release by adopting similar genre or storytelling elements, mockbusters are generally produced concurrently with upcoming films and releaseddirect-to-videoaround the time the film they are inspired by is released. A mockbuster may be similar enough in title or packaging that consumers confuse it with the actual film it mimics, but their producers maintain that they are simply offering additional products for consumers who want to watch more films in the same subgenres.[2]

History

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Mockbusters have a long history in Hollywood and elsewhere.[3][4][5][6]For example, the 1959 Vanwick filmThe Monster of Piedras Blancaswas a clear derivative ofCreature from the Black Lagoon,complete with a creature suit by the same designer, Jack Kevan.Attack of the 50 Foot WomanspawnedVillage of the Giants,andThe Land That Time ForgotspawnedLegend of Dinosaurs & Monster Birds.

Such films fit theB moviemodel, being produced on a small budget and derivative of the target film and other similar projects. The lower costs of using modern video and computer graphics equipment and the tie-in to the mainstream film's advertising have allowed the mockbuster to become a profitable niche in the home video market.Blockbuster,once the largest DVD rental chain, implied support to the concept by buying 100,000 copies ofThe Asylum's version ofWar of the Worldsduring the theatrical opening week ofSteven Spielberg'sfilm based on the same novelstarringTom Cruise.[2]

Most mockbusters capitalize on the popularity of theatrically released films, but some are derivative of a TV series. The 1979 filmAngels Revengebore many superficial similarities to the popular TV seriesCharlie's Angels;its promotional materials even resembledCharlie's Angels'graphic style. In reverse,Glen A. Larsonwas accused of producing mockbusters at the height of his career, with his television series plagiarizing popular films of the time (Battlestar Galactica,for example, capitalized on the popularity ofStar Wars,whileAlias Smith and Joneswas a take onButch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid).[7][8]

Blaxploitation films

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Inblaxploitationfilmmaking, it was a common practice to title blaxploitation films after previously successful films starring predominantly white casts, and produce similarly titled films starring predominantly African American casts, as observed in the filmsBlack Shampoo(1976, afterShampoo),Black Lolita(1975, afterLolita),The Black Godfather(1974, afterThe Godfather). This would arguably also include blaxploitation renditions of classic horror stories, such asBlacula(1974) andDr. Black, Mr. Hyde(1976).[9]

GoodTimes Entertainment

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GoodTimes Entertainmentwas notorious for distributing animated "mockbuster" counterparts to popular Disney films in the 1990s (such as those made byGolden Films);[10]because Disney was creating its films based onpublic domainfolk tales and historical stories, GoodTimes' actions were legal and survived Disney's legal challenge against it.

Vídeo Brinquedo

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Similarly,Vídeo Brinquedois a BrazilianCGI animationstudio that, in 2006, began to produce low-budget direct-to-video films that are for the most part knockoffs of films fromPixar,Disney,andDreamWorks.Their films includeLittle & Big Monsters(DreamWorks'Monsters vs. Aliens),The Little Carsseries of cartoons (Pixar'sCarsseries),Ratatoing(Pixar'sRatatouille),Tiny Robots(Pixar'sWALL-E),What's Up?: Balloon to the Rescue!(Pixar'sUp), andThe Frog Prince(Disney'sThe Princess and the Frog).[11]In every case, Vídeo Brinquedo's knockoff has been released close to the release date of the more professional, higher-budgeted film that inspired it.[12]

Dingo Pictures

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Dingo Pictures was a German animation company founded in 1992 by Ludwig Ickert and Roswitha Haas, and based inFriedrichsdorf.[13]They created traditionally-animated films based on fairy tales and concepts similar to those used by Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks. These cartoons are characterized by low-budget animation, small voice casts, and character designs that are very similar to equivalent characters in more high-profile films.[14]The films have been dubbed into Scandinavian languages, notablySwedish,and also into Romance languages, notablyItalian.All of them have been releaseddirect-to-videoin Germany in their original languages.[14]European game publishers Phoenix Games and Midas Games released some of them in the early 2000s on home video consolesPlayStationandPlayStation 2.These releases were developed byThe Code Monkeysand included the film, as well as a small collection of mini games. Phoenix Games B.V. declared bankruptcy on 3 August 2010. On 27 March 2012, the bankruptcy was suspended due to a lack of income.[15]

On 26 May 2021, the independent label Vier Sterne Deluxe Records announced that it is negotiating with the current owners of Dingo Pictures to release the films as radio plays; the new CEO also want to make new films and a documentary behind the studio.[13]In August 2021, the first radioplay released.[16][17]

Other

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The 2011 filmAliens vs. Avatarswas named to market it as acrossovertoAlienandAvatar,even though the latter two films have no connection outside of directorJames Cameron.[18]The film follows the intergalactic battle between a quarrelsome alien race andshape-shiftingextraterrestrials, while six college friends find themselves in the middle of the interstellar war.

A 1993science fictionhorror filmtitledCarnosaur,produced byRoger Cormanand starringDiane Laddas amad scientistwho plans to recreate dinosaurs and destroy humanity, is loosely based on the 1984novel of the same namebyJohn Brosnan,but the two have little in common. It was released byNew Horizons Picture Corptwo weeks before the blockbusterJurassic Park.Carnosaurmay be considered a mockbuster.[19](Diane Ladd's daughterLaura Dernstarred inJurassic Park)

In some cases, the knockoff film may bear little or no resemblance to the original. In 2012,Super K – The Movie,an Indian fantasy/science-fiction animated film about an artificially created boy named "Super Kloud" with superpowers, was releaseddirect-to-videoin the United States asKiara the Brave.Its title and cover art focused on an incidental female character with red hair, in an attempt to evoke the design ofBrave's protagonistMerida.[20]

In other cases, the knockoff film simply renames an already existing film into a name that is similar to a popular film.[21]For example, whenPhase 4 Filmsacquired the US distribution rights toThe Legend of Sarila,the company renamed the film toFrozen Landto cash in on Disney's 2013 film,Frozen,complete with a logo that was made to look similar to the official logo to the film.[22]In another case, a collection of animated shorts from the 90s animated series,Britannica's Tales Around the World,was rereleased under the nameTangled Upby Brightspark to cash in on Disney's 2010 film,Tangled.[23][24]Brightspark also rereleased the filmThe Adventures of Scamper the Penguinunder the name "Tappy Feet: The Adventures of Scamper"to cash in onHappy Feet.

The Asylum CEO David Michael Latt responds to criticisms about loose plot lines by stating that "We don't have spies at the studios. We have a general sense of what the film is and we make our movie completely original, just based on that concept".[citation needed]

Mockbusters are low budget, and their revenue is based entirely on the sales of their DVDs.[25]Low budgets also mean that directors need to think of creative yet cheap ways to achieve the endings that they desire. For example,Snakes on a Traincapitalized on the Internet hype surroundingSnakes on a Plane.Consumers wanted what they saw. Latt said, "With only four days left of shooting my partner called and said everyone is really excited aboutSnakes on a Train,but they're more excited about the poster, which showed a snake swallowing a train. It was meant to be, you know, metaphorical. But the buyers wanted it, so I was given the mandate that the ending had to have the snake eat the train. "At the same time, another representative of Asylum, David Rimawi, says that while a handful of their films do have" artistic elements ", that's just not something they're concerned with. The Asylum does not claim to be an" artsy "production house.[26]

Released by The Asylum in 2015,Avengers Grimmis a mockbuster hybrid ofAvengers: Age of UltronandOnce Upon a Time.Released in 2018,Tomb Invaderis a mockbuster based on theTomb Raiderseries.

Soundalike titling

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Mockbusters often use a title with a similar-sounding name to the mainstream feature it intends to piggy-back upon. For instance, the 2006 mockbusterSnakes on a Traintraded on the publicity surrounding the theatrically releasedSnakes on a Plane.[citation needed]Besides the aforementioned film,The Asylumhas also releasedThe Land That Time Forgot,Transmorphers,AVH: Alien vs. Hunter,The Da Vinci Treasure,Battle of Los Angeles,Atlantic RimandParanormal Entity.In an earlier example,Astor Picturescompiled a collection of earlyBing Crosbyshort films to createRoad to Hollywood,a mockbuster ofParamount Pictures'Road to...buddy comedies that featured Crosby withBob Hope.

Foreign knockoffs and illegitimate sequels

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Mockbusters and ripoffs can be filmed and released outside of the original films' countries. Low-budget studios in foreign countries may produce illegitimate sequels to preexisting higher budgeted films series that began in other countries. These sequels are unofficial, and often even unknown to the creators and producers of the original films. These unofficial sequels are rarely, or never, released in the original country, usually due to licensing issues. In other cases, a film released in other countries is renamed as a sequel to another film in contrast to the original title.[27]

Two Italian directors directed unofficial sequels toGeorge A. Romero's 1978Dawn of the Dead:Lucio Fulci'sZombi 2sold itself as the sequel to that film (which was calledZombiin Italy), and even used a line originally written forDawn of the Dead.[28]In a similar, more infamous Italian example, the 1990 goblin-themedTroll 2was hastily marketed as a sequel toTroll.[29]

The Philippine film industry is also known for its unauthorised adaptations of popular Western films. The popularity of theBatmanfilms, most especially the1966 TV series,has led to numerous unauthorised remakes and pastiches, such asJames Batmanstarring comedianDolphy,Batman Fights Dracula,andAlyas Batman en Robin.[30]Dolphy also played leading roles in other mockbusters, includingWanted: Perfect Father,a comedy-drama based on the 1993 filmMrs. Doubtfire,[31][32][33]andTataynic,a 1998 parody ofJames Cameron'sTitanic.Other Filipino knockoffs includeBobo Cop(a parody ofRoboCop)[34]andRocky Plus V(a spoof of theRockyseries).[35]

Turkish cinema was known, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, for knockoff films done at a cheap, amateur level.The Man who Saved the Worldbecame infamous for its theft of clips and songs fromStar WarsandRaiders of the Lost Ark,to the point that the film is popularly known in English-speaking realms as "Turkish Star Wars", where it typifies the concept ofso bad, it's good.[36]Three Giant Meninvolved a battle betweenMarvel ComicscharactersSpider-ManandCaptain America,both unauthorized and dressed in cheap costumes, decades beforeCaptain America: Civil Warcovered the same concept to greater success.

Legality

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Mockbusters based on popular animated films are known as a "draftingopportunity ". For example,Kiara the Brave(a mockbuster ofPixar'sBrave) andPuss in Boots: A Furry Tale(a mockbuster ofPuss in Boots) use soundalike titling to "draft off" the marketing success ( "slipstream" ) of popular films. "Can you trademark an actual noun? The idea of a battleship?", asks Boxoffice magazine editor Amy Nicholson.[26]The originalPuss in Bootswas made byDreamWorks Animationby 300 people working for four years at the cost of $130 million. The mockbuster, with nearly exactly the same name was made by 12 people, in six months, for less than $1 million. For these large production houses, it wasn't just a question of free riding on the marketing success of these more popular films; mockbusters have become a source of bad publicity. Customers who had accidentally bought the mockbusterPuss in Boots: A Furry Talebut did not know that it was a mockbuster gave the original film negative reviews.[37]Mockbuster producers have had no legal troubles with drafting off as a result of Disney losing a case against GoodTimes Entertainment, which had used similar packaging for their own version ofAladdin.[38]

Mockbusters have also had legal complications with false advertising. They supposedly tweak the plot lines and the titles just enough to skirt legal trouble and yet ride on the publicity of major blockbusters. Until theHobbitcase, mockbuster production houses have been able to achieve soundalike titling to such an extent that even actors in the films have been confused about which film they are starring in. Some actors starring in the original have gone on to become fans of the mockbuster model.Kel Mitchellwas the star in the mockbusterBattle of Los Angeles,the mockbuster to the originalBattle: Los Angeles.His friend was in the original and they began promoting both films together. Kel has since then became a fan of the studio's formula: "I laugh out loud when I see that a film is coming out; I wonder what The Asylum is going to do with it. They're going to remix that name and put it out."[26]

In December 2013,The Walt Disney Companyfiled in California federal court to get an injunction against the continued distribution of the Canadian filmThe Legend of Sarila,retitledFrozen Land.In their suit, Disney alleges: "To enhance the commercial success of Sarila, the defendant redesigned the artwork, packaging, logo, and other promotional materials for its newly (and intentionally misleadingly) retitled film to mimic those used byDisneyforFrozenand related merchandise. "The suit was filed against distributorPhase 4 Films.[22]Phase 4 and Disney settled out of court with Phase 4 paying US$100.000, changing the name of the movie back toThe Legend of Sarilaand also changing the logos and other promoting material that resembled Disney's.[39]

Intent to deceive

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Because mockbusters are deliberately similar to more famous films, some film studios have sued mockbuster studios for allegedly tricking consumers into renting or purchasing the wrong film through intentionally deceptive marketing.

In one such lawsuit,Walt Disney Picturessued the UK-based studio Brightspark, complaining that the studio was "misleading consumers with numerous releases that confuse and undermine the trust those consumers have in Disney". Among Brightspark's films mentioned in the lawsuit wereBraver,Tangled Up,The Frog Prince,andLittle Cars,which resemble Disney'sBrave,Tangled,The Princess and the Frog,andCars,respectively.[40]

Warner Bros.similarly suedThe Asylumover their release ofAge of the Hobbits.The judge ruled in favor of Warner Bros., writing that "There is substantial likelihood that consumers will be confused by Age Of Hobbits and mistakenly purchase the film intending to purchaseThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey."[41]

Most mockbusters follow the trend of releasing their films close to the release dates of the original:[42]

The Asylum defend this practice, stating their intention is not to dupe customers. The Asylum cites reports from bothBlockbuster LLCandHollywood Videothat show that less than 1% of customers who rent one of their films ask for a refund. That the low return rate of their films has been used to argue that consumers are renting The Asylum's films deliberately.[43]"There's a segment of people who watch them because they know they're bad and they're funny, and they're fun to make fun of with their friends", says Kyle Ryan, the managing editor ofThe A.V. Club,a sister publication ofThe Onion.[25]

The Asylum v. Warner Bros.,2012

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In 2012,Warner Bros. Pictures,New Line Cinema,Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,WingNut Films,and TheSaul ZaentzCompany (SZC) sued The Asylum for trademark infringement, false designation of origin, trademark dilution, false advertising, and unfair competition. Plaintiffs alleged that defendant's film titleAge of the Hobbitsinfringed the registered trademarks held by SZC in the designation "Hobbit". Unlike fairy tales, which are in the public domain, theJ. R. R. Tolkiennovels have been exclusively licensed to Warner Bros. and SZC for production and film adaptation. The court described Global Asylum (the defendant in this case) as a low-budget company that makes "mockbusters" of popular films with similar titling. Warner Bros. and SZC submitted evidence to prove that consumers would be confused by the identical title and that they would lose not only ticket sales but also DVD revenue. The evidence included a survey showing that 48 percent of 400 surveyed respondents associated the term "Hobbit" with SZC, d/b/a "Tolkien Enterprises" and Tolkien properties. A separate survey conducted by Nielsen National Research Group showed that approximately 16 to 24 percent of survey respondents were confused about the source ofAge of the Hobbits.[44]

The Asylum claimed that they were justified in using the word "Hobbit"as a fair use of scientific terminology after some scientists borrowed the term from theHobbitstories a few years prior to describe ahuman speciesinIndonesia.The Asylum argued that it provided warnings stating that this was not the Tolkien creature.[45]The films also featured major plot differences: "In an ancient age, the small, peace-loving Hobbits are enslaved by theJava Men,a race of flesh-eating dragon-riders. The young Hobbit Goben must join forces with their neighbor giants, the humans, to free his people and vanquish their enemies. "[46]

The Federal Court found that Warner Bros. had a valid trademark on the word "Hobbit". The court rejected The Asylum's scientific fair-use claims since there was no evidence to suggest that the film was about a prehistoric group of people who lived in Indonesia. The court rejected all of The Asylum's defenses: (i) that it was permitted to use "Hobbits" in the title of its film pursuant to the free speech test of the Second Circuit's decision inRogers v. Grimaldi,(ii) that its use of the mark constituted nominative fair use to indicate plaintiffs' films and (iii) that the "Hobbits" mark was a generic name. The court decided that The Asylum had failed to prove its defenses and on December 10, 2012, found in favor of the plaintiffs and entered a temporary restraining order. This restraining order prevented the use by Global Asylum of the titleAge of the Hobbits.[47]The Ninth Circuit court of appeals affirmed in 2013. The film was then released under the nameClash of the Empires.

Notable studios and directors

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[edit]

The 2022 adaptation ofChip 'n Dale Rescue Rangersspoofed animated mockbusters with "bootlegged" titles likeFlying Bedroom Boy,Pooj the Fat Honey BearandSpaghetti Dogs.[52][53]

The cult television showsMystery Science Theater 3000and the German similar showSchleFaZhave featured mockbusters of other films (eg.Atlantic Rim,Pod People).[54][51]

Two ofVídeo Brinquedo's productions were parodied in an episode ofThe Amazing World of Gumballcalled "The Treasure", in which Gumball picks up a mockbuster DVD calledHow to Ratatwang Your Panda.The fictional production is a cross betweenThe Little Panda FighterandRatatoing,mockbusters based onKung Fu PandaandRatatouille.[55]

See also

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Further reading

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  • Brian Raftery (December 21, 2009)."Now Playing: Cheap-and-Schlocky Blockbuster Ripoffs".Wired.Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2010.RetrievedJune 25,2011.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Fritz, Ben (June 24, 2012)."Low-budget knockoff movies benefit from Hollywood blockbusters".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved2012-06-25.The animated knockoff is what's known in the film industry as a 'drafting opportunity.'... The Asylum, a production company in Burbank that built much of its business with what staffers lovingly call 'mockbusters,'...
  2. ^abPotts, Rolf (October 7, 2007)."The New B Movie".The New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 6,2009.
  3. ^Editorial Writer(s) (January 21, 2000)."Faux Film Festival".Suck.com.Archived fromthe originalon December 24, 2020.RetrievedMay 10,2009.
  4. ^Gagliano, Rico (March 17, 2008)."Bollywood's copycat film industry".Marketplace. Archived fromthe originalon July 5, 2008.RetrievedMay 18,2009.
  5. ^Lovece, Frank (May 7, 1993)."Faux Lee Artists".Entertainment Weekly.Archivedfrom the original on December 24, 2020.RetrievedMay 20,2009.
  6. ^Baby, Sean."Turkish Star Wars, E.T., Wizard of Oz".Wave Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon November 12, 2006.RetrievedMay 20,2009.
  7. ^Delaney, Sean; Bryant, Chris (2002)."Battlestar Galactica"(PDF).BFI National Library – TV Sci-Fi Source Guide.British Film Institute: 17. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 22, 2008.RetrievedNov 3,2011.
  8. ^Hughes, David (March 2011). "Glen A. Larson does Star Wars!".Empire Magazine.No. 261.
  9. ^Strausbaugh, John (2007).Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult & Imitation in American Popular Culture.Penguin Publishing Group. p. 261.ISBN9780312131494.
  10. ^Edwards, C. (January 8, 2014)."The Ultimate Guide to Animated Mockbusters".Cartoon Brew.
  11. ^"Animated Knock-offs #1: The Real 'Mockbusters'! |".cartoonresearch.com.
  12. ^"The History of the Mockbuster".28 March 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-12 – via Filmmaker IQ on YouTube.
  13. ^ab"Final negotiations with Dingo Pictures".vsdeluxe.26 May 2021.
  14. ^ab"The Insanely Strange Lion King Knockoff and Other 'Mockbusters' You Must See".The Village Voice.October 14, 2014.
  15. ^"Phoenix Games (holland) BV | Faillissement".April 10, 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-04-10.
  16. ^"Wabuu - der Freche Waschbär"[Wabuu the cheeky raccoon].Vier Sterne Deluxe Records.Retrieved2022-06-18.
  17. ^Dingo Pictures - Wabuu - Der Freche Waschbär(in German), 2 August 2021,retrieved2022-06-18
  18. ^"Does Anyone Know The Way To MOCKBUSTER? - Warped Factor - Words in the Key of Geek".www.warpedfactor.com.
  19. ^Raftery, Brian (21 December 2009)."Now Playing: Cheap-and-Schlocky Blockbuster Ripoffs".Wired.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-04-07.Retrieved7 December2023.
  20. ^Brent Lang (2012-06-14)."Low-Budget 'Kiara the Brave' Capitalizes on Similarities to That Other 'Brave' Cartoon".The Wrap.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-03-17.Retrieved2013-03-30.
  21. ^"Animated Knock-Offs #2: Not Quite 'Mockbusters'! |".cartoonresearch.com.
  22. ^abKoch, Dave (28 December 2013)."Disney Acts To Freeze Out Competition".Big Cartoon News. Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2013.Retrieved28 December2013.
  23. ^Prentice, Verity (6 September 2012)."Disney threatens legal action against 'copycat' DVDs".Retrieved20 August2016.
  24. ^Acuna, Kirsten (12 September 2012)."Disney's Going After A UK Company For These Knockoff Films".Retrieved20 August2016.
  25. ^abDel Barco, Mandalit (2012-09-10)."The Straight-To-DVD World Of 'Mockbusters'".NPR.Retrieved2015-11-05.
  26. ^abc"Mockbuster Video «".Grantland.com. 10 October 2012.Retrieved2015-11-05.
  27. ^Roland-Martin, Tré (9 March 2015)."Some more quasi-mockbusters that some people might confuse for the real movie".Moviepilot.Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2015.Retrieved18 April2015.
  28. ^Glenn Kay (2008).Zombie Movies.Chicago Review Press. p.95.ISBN978-1-55652-770-8.
  29. ^"10 Strange Things You'd Better Not Eat or Drink!".Bloody Disgusting.2010-03-24.Retrieved2011-02-23.
  30. ^"The Unauthorized Batman Films of the 1960s".Nothing But Comics.28 May 2014.Retrieved17 April2015.
  31. ^Oca, Alysa."5 Filipino knock-off versions of Hollywood blockbusters".Pacifiqa.Archived fromthe originalon 27 June 2014.Retrieved7 December2023.
  32. ^Ancheta, Maria Rhodora G."The" King "of Philippine Comedy: Some Notes on Dolphy and the Functions of Philippine Cinematic Humor as Discourse".UPD Journals.
  33. ^"Top 10 Worst Pinoy Plot Piracies".Spot.ph.2013-07-03.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-04-04.Retrieved2024-06-12.
  34. ^"Bobo Cop".Internet Movie Database.Retrieved2015-04-17.
  35. ^"Rocky Plus V".Internet Movie Database.Retrieved2015-04-17.
  36. ^"Reviews - Film Threat - Part 2341".www.filmthreat.com.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-03-12.Retrieved2013-03-14.
  37. ^Fritz, Ben (June 24, 2012)."Low-budget knockoff movies benefit from Hollywood blockbusters".LA Times.
  38. ^Nichols, Peter M. (September 10, 1993)."Home Video".The New York Times.
  39. ^Gardner, Eriq."Disney Knocks Out 'Frozen Land' Film By Settling Lawsuit".The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved7 December2023– via uk.sports.yahoo.com/.
  40. ^Smithers, Rebecca (September 6, 2012)."Disney challenges UK film company over 'misleading' DVDs".The Guardian.London.
  41. ^Patten, Dominic (2012-12-10)."UPDATE: Warner Bros Hails 'Hobbit' Victory Over" Cynical "Mockbuster Producers".Deadline.Retrieved2015-11-05.
  42. ^Curry, Sean (2013-02-26)."Mockbusters: Way Worse Than The Worst Blockbusters".BuzzFeed.Retrieved2015-11-05.
  43. ^"In Defense Of Mockbusters".The Asylum.2011-04-14. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-18.Retrieved2023-12-07.
  44. ^"Trademark Suit Blocks" Age of the Hobbits "Mockbuster Release".Sullivan Law. 11 December 2012.
  45. ^Belloni, Matthew (2012-11-07)."'The Hobbit' Producers Sue 'Age of the Hobbits' Studio for Trademark Infringement (Exclusive) ".The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved2013-04-30.
  46. ^Moore, Trent (2012-11-08)."Warner Bros. officially trying to kill that Hobbit mockbuster".blastr. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-15.Retrieved2013-04-30.
  47. ^"IP/Entertainment Law Weekly Case Update for Motion Picture Studios and Television Networks".Loeb & Loeb, LP. 2012-12-20. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-12-03.Retrieved2013-04-30.
  48. ^ab"20 Mockbusters You Might Confuse for the Real Movie".www.mentalfloss.com.March 3, 2014.
  49. ^AFM: How The Asylum Used Schlock and Awe to Create a B-Movie EmpireThe Hollywood Reporter
  50. ^John Squires (February 11, 2019)."20 'Pet Sematary' Gets a Bootleg Mockbuster With Upcoming 'Pet Graveyard'".Bloody Disgusting.
  51. ^abFrom Grizzly to Great White: The Death of Film Ventures International - Paste
  52. ^The 6 Best Jokes Disney's 'Chip N Dale: Rescue Rangers' Makes About Disney Itself|The Wrap
  53. ^Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers Is an Irreverent, Intelligent Piece of Disney Necromancy - Paste
  54. ^Mockbusters: The Art of the Knockoff Film - Game Rant
  55. ^"The Amazing World of Gumball" The Treasure (TV Episode 2012) - Connections - IMDb
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