Modern art
History of art |
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Modern artincludes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles andphilosophiesof theartproduced during that era.[1]The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2]Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from thenarrative,which was characteristic of the traditional arts, towardabstractionis characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often calledcontemporary artorPostmodern art.
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters likeVincent van Gogh,Paul Cézanne,Paul Gauguin,Georges SeuratandHenri de Toulouse-Lautrecall of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th centuryHenri Matisseand several other young artists including thepre-cubistsGeorges Braque,André Derain,Raoul Dufy,Jean MetzingerandMaurice de Vlaminckrevolutionized the Paris art world with "wild," multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics calledFauvism.Matisse's two versions ofThe Dancesignified a key point in his career and the development of modern painting.[3]It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination withprimitive art:the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation andhedonism.
At the start of20th-century Western painting,and initially influenced byToulouse-Lautrec,Gauguinand other late-19th-century innovators,Pablo Picassomade his firstCubistpaintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids:cube,sphereandcone.With the paintingLes Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent ofAfrican tribal masksand his new Cubist inventions.Analytic cubismwas jointly developed by Picasso andGeorges Braque,exemplified byViolin and Candlestick, Paris,from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed bySynthetic cubism,practiced by Braque, Picasso,Fernand Léger,Juan Gris,Albert Gleizes,Marcel Duchampand several other artists into the 1920s.Synthetic cubismis characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces,collageelements,papier colléand a large variety of merged subject matter.[4][5]
The notion of modern art is closely related toModernism.[a]
History
[edit]Roots in the 19th century
[edit]Although modernsculptureandarchitectureare reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modernpaintingcan be located earlier.[7]Francisco Goyais considered by many as the Father of Modern Painting without being a Modernist himself, a fact of art history that later painters associated with Modernism as a style, acknowledge him as an influence.[8][9][10]The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art as a movement is 1863,[7]the year thatÉdouard Manetshowed his paintingLe déjeuner sur l'herbein theSalon des Refusésin Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the yearGustave CourbetexhibitedThe Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the yearJacques-Louis Davidcompleted his paintingThe Oath of the Horatii).[7]In the words of art historianH. Harvard Arnason:"Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning.... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[7]
The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to theEnlightenment.[b]The modern art criticClement Greenberg,for instance, calledImmanuel Kant"the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside.... Modernism criticizes from the inside."[12]TheFrench Revolutionof 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historianErnst Gombrichcalled a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[13]
The pioneers of modern art wereRomantics,RealistsandImpressionists.[14][failed verification]By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge:Post-ImpressionismandSymbolism.
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularlyJapanese printmaking,to the coloristic innovations ofTurnerandDelacroix,to a search for morerealismin the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such asJean-François Millet.The advocates of realism stood against theidealismof the tradition-boundacademic artthat enjoyed public and official favor.[15]The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light that they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[16]Impressionist artists formed a group,Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs( "Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers" ) which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[17]The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a"movement."These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, the establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
Early 20th century
[edit]Among the movements that flowered in the first decade of the 20th century wereFauvism,Cubism,Expressionism,andFuturism.
Futurism took off in Italy a couple years beforeWorld War Iwith the publication ofFilippo Tommaso Marinetti'sFuturist Manifesto.Benedetta Cappa Marinetti,wife of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, created the second wave of the artistic movement started by her husband. "Largely thanks to Benedetta, her husband F.T. Marinetti re orchestrated the shifting ideologies of Futurism to embrace feminine elements of intuition, spirituality, and the mystical forces of the earth."[18]She painted up until his death and spent the rest of her days tending to the spread and growth of this period in Italian art, which celebrated technology, speed and all things new.
During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday ofcubism,several movements emerged in Paris.Giorgio de Chiricomoved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known asAlberto Savinio). Through his brother, he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at theSalon d'Automnewhere he exhibited three of his dreamlike works:Enigma of the Oracle,Enigma of an AfternoonandSelf-Portrait.In 1913 he exhibited his work at theSalon des Indépendantsand Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed byPablo Picasso,Guillaume Apollinaire,and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings ofSurrealism.Song of Love(1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of thesurrealiststyle, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" byAndré Bretonin 1924. TheSchool of Paris,centered inMontparnasseflourished between the two world wars.
World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of manyanti-artmovements, such asDada,including the work ofMarcel Duchamp,and ofSurrealism.Artist groups likede StijlandBauhausdeveloped new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with theArmory Showin 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
After World War II
[edit]It was only afterWorld War II,however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[19]The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence ofAbstract Expressionism,Color field painting,Conceptual artistsofArt & Language,Pop art,Op art,Hard-edge painting,Minimal art,Lyrical Abstraction,Fluxus,Happening,video art,Postminimalism,Photorealismand various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s,Land art,performance art,conceptual art, and other new art forms attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[20]Largerinstallationsandperformancesbecame widespread.
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 byDouglas Crimp),new media arthad become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such asvideo art.[21]Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise ofneo-expressionismand the revival offigurative painting.[22]
Towards the end of the 20th century, many artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typicallyPostmodern works.[23]
Art movements and artist groups
[edit](Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
19th century
[edit]- Romanticismand theRomantic movement–Francisco de Goya,J. M. W. Turner,Eugène Delacroix
- Realism–Gustave Courbet,Camille Corot,Jean-François Millet,Rosa Bonheur
- Pre-Raphaelites–William Holman Hunt,John Everett Millais,Dante Gabriel Rossetti
- Macchiaioli–Giovanni Fattori,Silvestro Lega,Telemaco Signorini
- Impressionism–Frédéric Bazille,Gustave Caillebotte,Mary Cassatt,Edgar Degas,Armand Guillaumin,Édouard Manet,Claude Monet,Berthe Morisot,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Camille Pissarro,Alfred Sisley
- Post-Impressionism–Georges Seurat,Paul Cézanne,Paul Gauguin,Vincent van Gogh,Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,Henri Rousseau,Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin,Albert Lebourg,Robert Antoine Pinchon
- Pointillism–Georges Seurat,Paul Signac,Maximilien Luce,Henri-Edmond Cross
- Divisionism–Gaetano Previati,Giovanni Segantini,Pellizza da Volpedo
- Symbolism–Gustave Moreau,Odilon Redon,Edvard Munch,James Whistler,James Ensor
- Les Nabis–Pierre Bonnard,Édouard Vuillard,Félix Vallotton,Maurice Denis,Paul Sérusier
- Art Nouveauand variants –Jugendstil,Secession,Modern Style,Modernisme–Aubrey Beardsley,Alphonse Mucha,Gustav Klimt,
- Art Nouveauarchitectureanddesign–Antoni Gaudí,Otto Wagner,Wiener Werkstätte,Josef Hoffmann,Adolf Loos,Koloman Moser
- EarlyModernistsculptors–Aristide Maillol,Auguste Rodin
Early 20th century (before World War I)
[edit]- Abstract art–Francis Picabia,Wassily Kandinsky,František Kupka,Robert Delaunay,Sonia Delaunay,Léopold Survage,Piet Mondrian,Kazimir Malevich,Hilma af Klint
- Fauvism–André Derain,Henri Matisse,Maurice de Vlaminck,Georges Braque,Kees van Dongen
- Expressionismand related –Die Brücke,Der Blaue Reiter–Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,Wassily Kandinsky,Franz Marc,Egon Schiele,Oskar Kokoschka,Emil Nolde,Axel Törneman,Karl Schmidt-Rottluff,Max Pechstein
- Cubism–Pablo Picasso,Georges Braque,Jean Metzinger,Albert Gleizes,Fernand Léger,Robert Delaunay,Henri Le Fauconnier,Marcel Duchamp,Jacques Villon,Francis Picabia,Juan Gris
- Futurism–Filippo Tommaso Marinetti,Benedetta Cappa Marinetti,Giacomo Balla,Umberto Boccioni,Carlo Carrà,Gino Severini,Natalia Goncharova,Mikhail Larionov
- Orphism–Robert Delaunay,Sonia Delaunay,František Kupka
- Suprematism–Kazimir Malevich,Alexander Rodchenko,El Lissitzky
- Synchromism–Stanton Macdonald-Wright,Morgan Russell
- Vorticism–Wyndham Lewis
- Sculpture–Constantin Brâncuși,Joseph Csaky,Alexander Archipenko,Raymond Duchamp-Villon,Jacques Lipchitz,Ossip Zadkine,Henri Laurens,Elie Nadelman,Chaim Gross,Chana Orloff,Jacob Epstein,Gustave Miklos,Antoine Bourdelle
- Photography–Pictorialism,Straight photography
World War I to World War II
[edit]- Dada–Jean Arp,Marcel Duchamp,Max Ernst,Francis Picabia,Kurt Schwitters
- Surrealism–Marc Chagall,René Magritte,Jean Arp,Salvador Dalí,Max Ernst,Giorgio de Chirico,André Masson,Joan Miró
- Expressionismand related:Chaim Soutine,Abraham Mintchine,Isaac Frenkel
- Pittura Metafisica–Giorgio de Chirico,Carlo Carrà,Giorgio Morandi
- De Stijl–Theo van Doesburg,Piet Mondrian
- New Objectivity–Max Beckmann,Otto Dix,George Grosz
- Figurative painting–Henri Matisse,Pierre Bonnard
- American Modernism–Stuart Davis,Arthur G. Dove,Marsden Hartley,Georgia O'Keeffe
- Constructivism–Naum Gabo,Gustav Klutsis,László Moholy-Nagy,El Lissitzky,Kasimir Malevich,Vadim Meller,Alexander Rodchenko,Vladimir Tatlin
- Bauhaus–Wassily Kandinsky,Paul Klee,Josef Albers
- Scottish Colourists–Francis Cadell,Samuel Peploe,Leslie Hunter,John Duncan Fergusson
- Social realism–Grant Wood,Walker Evans,Diego Rivera
- Precisionism–Charles Sheeler,Charles Demuth
- Boychukism-Mykhailo Boychuk,Sofiya Nalepinska-Boychuk,Ivan Padalka,Vasily Sedlyar
- Sculpture–Alexander Calder,Alberto Giacometti,Gaston Lachaise,Henry Moore,Pablo Picasso,Julio Gonzalez
After World War II
[edit]- Figuratifs–Bernard Buffet,Jean Carzou,Maurice Boitel,Daniel du Janerand,Claude-Max Lochu
- Sculpture–Henry Moore,David Smith,Tony Smith,Alexander Calder,Richard Hunt,Isamu Noguchi,[24]Alberto Giacometti,Sir Anthony Caro,Jean Dubuffet,Isaac Witkin,René Iché,Marino Marini,Louise Nevelson,Albert Vrana
- Abstract expressionism–Joan Mitchell,Willem de Kooning,Jackson Pollock,Arshile Gorky,Hans Hofmann,Franz Kline,Robert Motherwell,Clyfford Still,Lee Krasner,
- American Abstract Artists–Ilya Bolotowsky,Ibram Lassaw,Ad Reinhardt,Josef Albers,Burgoyne Diller
- Art Brut–Adolf Wölfli,August Natterer,Ferdinand Cheval,Madge Gill
- Arte Povera–Jannis Kounellis,Luciano Fabro,Mario Merz,Piero Manzoni,Alighiero Boetti
- Color field painting–Barnett Newman,Mark Rothko,Adolph Gottlieb,Sam Francis,Morris Louis,Kenneth Noland,Jules Olitski,Helen Frankenthaler
- Tachisme–Jean Dubuffet,Pierre Soulages,Hans Hartung,Ludwig Merwart
- COBRA–Pierre Alechinsky,Karel Appel,Asger Jorn
- Conceptual art–Art & Language,Dan Graham,Lawrence Weiner,Bruce Nauman,Daniel Buren,Victor Burgin,Sol LeWitt
- De-collage–Wolf Vostell,Mimmo Rotella
- Neo-Dada–Robert Rauschenberg,Jasper Johns,John Chamberlain,Joseph Beuys,Lee Bontecou,Edward Kienholz
- Figurative Expressionism–Larry Rivers,Grace Hartigan,Elaine de Kooning,Robert De Niro, Sr.,Lester Johnson,George McNeil,Earle M. Pilgrim,Jan Müller,Robert Beauchamp,Bob Thompson
- Feminist Art—Eva Hesse,Judy Chicago,Barbara Kruger,Mary Beth Edelson,Ewa Partum,Valie Export,Yoko Ono,Louise Bourgeois,Cindy Sherman,Kiki Smith,Guerrilla Girls,Hannah Wilke
- Fluxus–George Maciunas,Joseph Beuys,Wolf Vostell,Nam June Paik,Daniel Spoerri,Dieter Roth,Carolee Schneeman,Alison Knowles,Charlotte Moorman,Dick Higgins
- Happening–Allan Kaprow,Joseph Beuys,Wolf Vostell,Claes Oldenburg,Jim Dine,Red Grooms,Nam June Paik,Charlotte Moorman,Robert Whitman,Yoko Ono
- Dau-al-Set– founded inBarcelonaby poet/artistJoan Brossa,–Antoni Tàpies
- Grupo El Paso – founded inMadridby artistsAntonio Saura,Pablo Serrano
- Geometric abstraction–Wassily Kandinsky,Kazimir Malevich,Nadir Afonso,Manlio Rho,Mario Radice,Mino Argento,Adam Szentpétery
- Hard-edge painting–John McLaughlin,Ellsworth Kelly,Frank Stella,Al Held,Ronald Davis
- Kinetic art–George Rickey,Getulio Alviani
- Land art–Ana Mendieta,Christo,Richard Long,Robert Smithson,Michael Heizer
- Les Automatistes–Claude Gauvreau,Jean-Paul Riopelle,Pierre Gauvreau,Fernand Leduc,Jean-Paul Mousseau,Marcelle Ferron
- Minimal art–Sol LeWitt,Donald Judd,Dan Flavin,Richard Serra,Agnes Martin
- Postminimalism–Eva Hesse,Bruce Nauman,Lynda Benglis
- Lyrical abstraction–Ronnie Landfield,Sam Gilliam,Larry Zox,Dan Christensen,Natvar Bhavsar,Larry Poons
- Neo-figurative art–Fernando Botero,Antonio Berni
- Neo-expressionism–Georg Baselitz,Anselm Kiefer,Jörg Immendorff,Jean-Michel Basquiat
- Transavanguardia–Francesco Clemente,Mimmo Paladino,Sandro Chia,Enzo Cucchi
- Figuration libre–Hervé Di Rosa,François Boisrond,Robert Combas
- New realism–Yves Klein,Pierre Restany,Arman
- Op art–Victor Vasarely,Bridget Riley,Richard Anuszkiewicz,Jeffrey Steele
- Outsider art–Howard Finster,Grandma Moses,Bob Justin
- Photorealism–Audrey Flack,Chuck Close,Duane Hanson,Richard Estes,Malcolm Morley
- Pop art–Richard Hamilton,Robert Indiana,Jasper Johns,Roy Lichtenstein,Robert Rauschenberg,Andy Warhol,Ed Ruscha,David Hockney
- PostwarEuropeanfigurative painting–Lucian Freud,Francis Bacon,Frank Auerbach,Gerhard Richter
- New European Painting–Luc Tuymans,Marlene Dumas,Neo Rauch,Bracha Ettinger,Michaël Borremans,Chris Ofili
- Shaped canvas–Frank Stella,Kenneth Noland,Ron Davis,Robert Mangold.
- Soviet art–Aleksandr Deyneka,Aleksandr Gerasimov,Ilya Kabakov,Komar & Melamid,Alexandr Zhdanov,Leonid Sokov
- Spatialism–Lucio Fontana
- Video art–Nam June Paik,Wolf Vostell,Joseph Beuys,Bill Viola,Hans Breder
- Visionary art–Ernst Fuchs,Paul Laffoley,Michael Bowen
Notable modern art exhibitions and museums
[edit]Austria
[edit]Belgium
[edit]Brazil
[edit]Colombia
[edit]Croatia
[edit]Ecuador
[edit]Finland
[edit]France
[edit]- Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art,Montsoreau
- Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art,Villeneuve d'Ascq
- Musée d'Orsay,Paris
- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris,Paris
- Musée National d'Art Moderne,Paris
- Musée Picasso,Paris
- Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art,Strasbourg
- Musée d'art moderne de Troyes
Germany
[edit]- Degenerate Art exhibition,a touring exhibition of modern art held inNazi Germanytocondemnmodern art
- documenta,Kassel,an exhibition of modern and contemporary art held every 5 years
- Museum Ludwig,Cologne
- Pinakothek der Moderne,Munich
India
[edit]- National Gallery of Modern Art,New Delhi
- National Gallery of Modern Art,Mumbai
- National Gallery of Modern Art,Bangalore
Iran
[edit]Ireland
[edit]Israel
[edit]Italy
[edit]- Palazzo delle Esposizioni
- Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
- Venice Biennial,Venice
- Palazzo Pitti,Florence
- Museo del Novecento,Milan
Mexico
[edit]Netherlands
[edit]Norway
[edit]Poland
[edit]Qatar
[edit]Romania
[edit]Russia
[edit]Serbia
[edit]Spain
[edit]- Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona,Barcelona
- Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía,Madrid
- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum,Madrid
- Institut Valencià d'Art Modern,Valencia
- Atlantic Center of Modern Art,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- Museu Picasso,Barcelona.
- Museo Picasso Málaga,Málaga.
Sweden
[edit]Taiwan
[edit]- Asia Museum of Modern Art,Taichung
United Kingdom
[edit]- Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art,London
- Saatchi Gallery,London
- Tate Britain,London
- Tate Liverpool
- Tate Modern,London
- Tate St Ives
Ukraine
[edit]United States
[edit]- Albright-Knox Art Gallery,Buffalo, New York
- Art Institute of Chicago,Chicago, Illinois
- Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection,Albany, New York
- Guggenheim Museum,New York City, New York,andVenice, Italy;more recently inBerlin, Germany,Bilbao, Spain,andLas Vegas, Nevada
- High Museum,Atlanta, Georgia
- Los Angeles County Museum of Art,Los Angeles, California
- McNay Art Museum,San Antonio, Texas
- Menil Collection,Houston, Texas
- Museum of Fine Arts,Boston, Massachusetts
- Museum of Modern Art,New York City, New York
- San Francisco Museum of Modern Art,San Francisco, California
- The Baker Museum,Naples, Florida
- Walker Art Center,Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Whitney Museum of American Art,New York City, New York
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^"One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'Modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity... [this means] that Modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of Modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." — Lawrence E. Cahoone[6]
- ^"In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a newviewof the world, which would eventually create a newworld,the modern world. "— Lawrence E. Cahoone[11]
References
[edit]- ^Atkins 1997,pp.118–119.
- ^Gombrich 1995,p.557.
- ^Clement 1996,p. 114.
- ^Scobie 1988,pp.103–107.
- ^John-Steiner 2006,p.69.
- ^Cahoone 1996,p.13.
- ^abcdArnason & Prather 1998,p.17.
- ^Lubow, Arthur (2003-07-27)."The Secret of the Black Paintings".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2024-04-28.
- ^Danto, Arthur C. (2004-03-01)."FRANCISCO DE GOYA".Artforum.Retrieved2024-04-28.
- ^"The unflinching eye".The Guardian.2003-10-04.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved2024-04-28.
- ^Cahoone 1996,p.27.
- ^Greenberg 1982,p.5.
- ^Gombrich 1995,p.477.
- ^Arnason & Prather 1998,p.22.
- ^Corinth et al. 1996,p. 25.
- ^Cogniat 1975,p. 61.
- ^Cogniat 1975,pp. 43–49.
- ^Conaty, Siobhan M. (2009)."Benedetta Cappa Marinetti and the Second Phase of Futurism".Woman's Art Journal.30(1): 19–28 – via JSTOR.
- ^Saunders 2013.
- ^Mullins 2006,p. 14.
- ^Mullins 2006,p. 9.
- ^Mullins 2006,pp. 14–15.
- ^Jencks 1987,p.[page needed].
- ^Lander 2006.
Sources
[edit]- Arnason, H. Harvard;Prather, Marla (1998).History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography(4th ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.ISBN978-0-8109-3439-9.OCLC1035593323– via Internet Archive.
- Atkins, Robert (1997).Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords(2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers.ISBN978-0-7892-0415-8.OCLC605278894– via Internet Archive.
- Cahoone, Lawrence (1996).From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology.Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers.ISBN978-1-55786-602-8.OCLC1149327777– via Internet Archive.
- "CIMA Art Gallery".Times of India Travel.2015-06-30.Retrieved2021-06-12.
- Clement, Russell (1996).Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis.Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.ISBN978-0-313-29752-6.OCLC34191505.
- Cogniat, Raymond(1975).Pissarro.New York: Crown Publishers.ISBN978-0-517-52477-0.OCLC2082821.
- Corinth, Lovis;Schuster, Peter-Klaus; Vitali, Christoph; Butts, Barbara; Brauner, Lothar; Bärnreuther, Andrea (1996).Lovis Corinth.Munich; New York: Prestel.ISBN978-3-7913-1682-6.OCLC35280519.
- Greenberg, Clement(1982)."Modernist Painting".In Frascina, Francis;Harrison, Charles;Paul, Deirdre (eds.).Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology.In association with the Open University. London: Harper & Row.ISBN978-0-06-318234-9.OCLC297414909– via Internet Archive.
- Gombrich, Ernst H.(1995).The Story of Art.London: Phaidon Press Limited.ISBN978-0-7148-3355-2.OCLC1151352542– via Internet Archive.
- Jencks, Charles(1987).Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture.New York: Rizzoli.ISBN978-0-8478-0835-9.OCLC1150952960– via Inernet Archive.
- John-Steiner, Vera (2006). "Patterns of Collaboration among Artists".Creative Collaboration.Oxford University Press. pp. 63–96.doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0004.ISBN978-0-19-530770-2.OCLC5105130725,252638637.
- Lander, David (November–December 2006)."Fifties Furniture THE SIDE TABLE AS SCULPTURE".Shopping.American Heritage.57(6). American Association for State and Local History.ISSN2161-8496.OCLC60622066.Archivedfrom the original on 2007-10-20.
- Mullins, Charlotte (2006).Painting people: figure painting today.New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs.ISBN978-1-933045-38-2.OCLC71679906.
- Saunders, Frances Stonor(2013-06-14) [1995-10-22]."Modern art was CIA 'weapon'".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-15.Retrieved2021-04-17.
- Scobie, Stephen(1988)."The Allure of Multiplicity: Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein".In Neuman, S. C.; Nadel, Ira Bruce (eds.).Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature.London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08541-5_7.ISBN978-1-349-08543-9.OCLC7323640453– via Internet Archive.
Further reading
[edit]- Adams, Hugh (1979).Modern Painting.New York: Mayflower Books.ISBN978-0-8317-6062-5.OCLC691113035– via Internet Archive.
- Childs, Peter (2000).Modernism.London New York: Routledge.ISBN978-0-203-13116-9.OCLC48138104– via Internet Archive.
- Crouch, Christopher (1999).Modernism in Art, Design and Architecture.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN978-0-312-21830-0.OCLC1036752206– via Internet Archive.
- Dempsey, Amy (2002).Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements.New York: Harry N. Abrams.ISBN978-0-8109-4172-4.OCLC47623954.
- Everdell, William(1997).The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-22484-8.OCLC45733213– via Internet Archive.
See also:The First Moderns. - Frazier, Nancy (2000).The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History.New York: Penguin Reference.ISBN978-0-14-051420-9.OCLC70498418.
- Hunter, Sam;Jacobus, John M; Wheeler, Daniel (2005).Modern Art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.ISBN978-0-13-150519-3.OCLC1114759321.
- Kolocotroni, Vassiliki; Goldman, Jane; Taxidou, Olga, eds. (1998).Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents.Edinburgh; Chicago: Edinburgh University Press; The University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-585-19313-7.OCLC1150833644,44964346– via Internet Archive.
- Lynton, Norbert (1980).The Story of Modern Art.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.ISBN9780801413513.
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