Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(May 2017) |
| Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar,c. 1907-09 | |||||
| Shah of Iran | |||||
| Reign | 3 January 1907 – 16 July 1909 | ||||
| Predecessor | Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar | ||||
| Successor | Ahmad Shah Qajar | ||||
| Prime Ministers | |||||
| Born | 21 June 1872 Tabriz,Azerbaijan,Persia | ||||
| Died | 5 April 1925(aged 52) San Remo,Italy | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Malekeh Jahan | ||||
| Issue | Seebelow | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Qajar | ||||
| Father | Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar | ||||
| Mother | Taj ol-Molouk (Umm al-Khakan) | ||||
| Religion | Shia Islam | ||||
| Tughra |  | ||||
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar(Persian:محمدعلی شاه قاجار; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925) was the sixth shah of theQajar dynastyand remained theShah of Iranfrom 8 January 1907 until being deposed on 16 July 1909.
Biography[edit]
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was opposed to thePersian Constitution of 1906,which had been ratified during the reign of his father,Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar.Therefore, he was frequently criticized by the publications of the period, including a weekly newspaperMusavat.[1]In 1907, Mohammad Ali dissolved theNational Consultative Assemblyand declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary toIslamic law.[2]Hebombarded the Majles(Persian parliament) with the military and political support ofRussiaandBritain.[3]
In July 1909, pro-Constitution forcesmarched from Persia's provinces to Tehranled bySardar As'ad,Sepehdar A'zam,Sattar Khan,Bagher KhanandYeprem Khan,deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. On 16 July 1909, the parliament voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Mohammad Ali Shah abdicated following the newConstitutional Revolutionand he has since been remembered as a symbol of dictatorship.
Having fled toOdesa,Russia(currentlyUkraine), Mohammad Ali plotted his return to power. In 1911 he landed atAstarabad,Persia, but his forces were defeated.[2]Mohammad Ali Shah returned to Russia, then in 1920 toConstantinople(present dayIstanbul) and later toSan Remo,Italy,where he died on 5 April 1925. He was buried at the Shrine ofImam HusaininKarbala,Iraq.EveryShah of Persiasince Mohammad Ali has died in exile.
His son and successor,Ahmad Shah Qajarwas the last sovereign of theQajar dynasty.[4]
Honours[edit]
- Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of theOrder of Leopold(1900)
- French Third Republic: Grand Cross of theLegion of Honour(1907)
- Ottoman Empire: Exalted Order of theHouse of Osman(1905)
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of theOrder of St. Andrew(1905)
- Knight of theOrder of St. Alexander Nevsky(1905)
- Knight of theOrder of the White Eagle(1905)
- Knight of theOrder of Saint Stanislaus,1st Class (1905)
- Knight of theOrder of St. Anna,1st Class (1905)
Marriages and children[edit]
Wives[edit]
Mohammad Ali Shah had two wives:
- Robabeh Khanum "Malih-os-Saltaneh"
- PrincessZahra Qajar "Malekeh Jahan",daughter ofKamran Mirza "Nayeb-os-Saltaneh"
Children[edit]
Mohammad Ali Shah had six sons and two daughters:
- Sons
- Hossein Ali Mirza "E'tezad Saltaneh"
- Gholam Hossein Mirza (died in infancy)
- Sultan Ahmad Mirza (laterAhmad Shah Qajar)
- Mohammad Hassan Mirza
- Sultan Mahmoud Mirza
- Sultan Majid Mirza
- Daughters
- Khadijeh Khanum "Hazrat-e Ghodsieh"
- Assieh Khanum
List of prime ministers[edit]
- Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir od-Dowleh(till 17 March 1907)
- Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan(1 May 1907 – 31 August 1907)
- Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni(1st Term) (13 September 1907 – 21 December 1907)
- Hossein Khan Nezam os-Saltaneh Mafi (21 December 1907 – 21 May 1908)
- Morteza-Qoli Khan Hedayat Sani od-Dowleh(21 May 1908 – 7 June 1908)
- Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh(7 June 1908 – 29 April 1909)
See also[edit]
- Qajar dynasty
- Qajar family tree
- Attempts at Constitutionalization in Iran
- Persian Constitutional Revolution
- Persian Cossack Brigade
- Anglo-Russian Entente
- 1908 bombardment of the Majlis
- History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
References[edit]
- ^Iago Gocheleishvili (February 2007). "Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance".Iranian Studies.40(1): 60.doi:10.1080/00210860601138632.JSTOR4311875.S2CID153631653.
- ^abDonzel, Emeri "van" (1994).Islamic Desk Reference.BRILL.ISBN90-04-09738-4.p. 285-286
- ^"گزارشی از سمینار 'سده انقلاب مشروطیت ایران' در لندن".BBC Persian. 24 July 2006.Retrieved23 May2020.
- ^Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar, 'Mohammad Ali Shah: The Man and the King', in:Qajar Studies. Travellers and Diplomats in the Qajar Era. Journal of the International Qajar Studies Association,volume VII, 2007.
Further reading[edit]
- Shablovskaia, Alisa (2019). "Treacherous friends or disenchanted masters? Russian diplomacy and Muhammad 'Ali (Shah) Qajar, 1911-1912".British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.48(4): 1–18.doi:10.1080/13530194.2019.1683717.S2CID210459869.
External links[edit]
- Portrait of Mohammad Ali Shah
- Portrait in Library of Congress collection
- Shah's palace in Odesa, Ukraine
- Photos of Qajar kings
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1872 births
- 1925 deaths
- 20th-century monarchs of Persia
- Qajar monarchs
- Iranian royalty
- People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
- Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
- Monarchs who abdicated
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Iranian emigrants to Italy
- Iranian exiles
- Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire