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Monarchy in Ontario

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
King in Right ofOntario
Provincial
Coat of arms of Ontario
Incumbent
Charles III
King of Canada
since 8 September 2022
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchVictoria
Formation1 July 1867

By the arrangements of theCanadian federation,Canada's monarchyoperates inOntarioas the core of the province'sWestminster-styleparliamentarydemocracy.[1]As such,the Crownwithin Ontario's jurisdiction may be referred to asthe Crown in Right of Ontario,[2]His Majesty in Right of Ontario,[3]the King in Right of Ontario,[4]orHis Majesty the King in Right of Ontario.[5]TheConstitution Act, 1867,leaves many functions in Ontario specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, thelieutenant governor of Ontario,[1]whose direct participation in governance is limited by theconstitutional conventionsofconstitutional monarchy.[6]

Constitutional role

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Main article:Monarchy in the Canadian provinces

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions inOntarioin the same wayit does in all of Canada's other provinces,being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.[7]It is thus the foundation of theexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranches of theprovince's government.[8]TheCanadian monarch—since  8 September 2022, KingCharles III—is represented and his duties carried out by thelieutenant governor of Ontario,whose direct participation in governance is limited by theconventionalstipulations ofconstitutional monarchy,with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, theministers of the Crowngenerally drawn from among them, and thejudgesandjustices of the peace.[6]The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and anonpartisansafeguard against the abuse of power.[6][9][10]

Part of the two storeyviceregal suitein theOntario Legislative Building

This arrangement began with the 1867British North America Act[1]and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century. Though it has its own government headed by the King, as a province, Ontario is not itself a kingdom.[11]

There is currently nogovernment housein Ontario. Aviceregal suitein theOntario Legislative BuildinginTorontois used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor, the sovereign, and other members of theroyal family.The lieutenant governor resides in their own private residence, though may be provided accommodations by the provincial government if they are not from Toronto. The King and his relations reside at a hotel, usually theFairmont Royal York,when in Toronto.[12][13]

Royal associations

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Further information:Royal tours of Canada
(Clockwise from top) AnOntario vehicle licence plate,showing a silhouette of the Crown; the badge of theOntario Provincial Police,containing an image of the Crown; thePrinces' GatesinToronto,named for PrincesEdwardandGeorge;theQueen Elizabeth Theatrein Toronto, named for QueenElizabeth II;theMartello toweratFort FrederickinKingston, Ontario,named forPrince Frederick;theGreat Seal of Ontario,including a depiction of theTudor crown

Those in the royal familyperform ceremonial dutieswhen on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Ontario Crownsin their respective councils.[14]Monuments around Ontariomark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Ontario's monarchical status is illustrated byroyal names applied to regions, communities, schools, and buildings,many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the royal family; for example, Ontario has at least 47 distinct features named forQueen Victoria:one county, one township, 14 populated places, and 31 physical features.[15]Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by aroyal charter,received aroyalprefix,and/or be honoured withthe patronage of a member of the royal family.Examples include theRoyal Hamilton Yacht Club,which is under the patronage ofCharles IIIand received itsroyaldesignation from Queen Victoria in 1891,[16]and theRoyal Conservatory of MusicinToronto,which, though founded in 1886, was constituted through royal charter by KingGeorge VIin 1947.

The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.[17]Aroyal cypheror crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions ofOntario's honours,they do stem from the Crown as thefount of honourand, so, bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.

History

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Main article:History of monarchy in Canada
Further information:History of Ontario

Origins

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The modern Crown's place in Ontario results, in part, fromthe French monarchy's historyinNew France(mostly in thePays d'en Hautregion; todaysouthern Ontario), from the 16th century to thetransfer of the territoryto the British Crown in 1763, and, in part, from the establishment ofRuperts Landbyroyal proclamationof KingCharles II of Englandin 1670, which included what is nownorthern Ontario.

American refugees and American invaders

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(Clockwise from top) theUnited Empire Loyalistmonument inHamilton;Loyalists' civilcoronet;Loyalists' military coronet

During and following theAmerican Revolutionary War,which took place between 1775 and 1783, some 46,000 American settlers loyal to the Crown, known as theUnited Empire Loyalists,fled north to theProvince of Quebec(formerly a part of New France, until the British were given control in 1763) and other colonies in the Canadas. The King-in-Council granted each family 0.81 square kilometres (200 acres) of land. From then, Ontario residents descended from these original refugees may use thepost-nominalsUE,standing forUnited Empire,[18]and theCanadian Heraldic Authoritycan grant them distinctivecoronetsin theircoats of arms.[19]

Additionally, thousands ofIroquoisand otherAboriginalswere expelled from New York and other states, resettling under the protection of the Crown in what is now Ontario.[20]In particular,Governor of the Province of QuebecFrederick Haldimandissued a royal proclamation (known as theHaldimand Proclamation) granting land to theMohawk peoplewho had served the British Crown through the revolution. The proclamation stated:

Whereas His Majesty, having been pleased to direct that, in consideration of the early attachment to his cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, and of the loss of their settlement which they thereby sustained, that a convenient tract of land under his protection should be chosen as a safe and comfortable retreat for them and others of the Five Nations, who have either lost their settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British, I have at the earnest desire of many of these, His Majesty's faithful allies, purchased a tract of land from the Indians situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron, and I do hereby, in His Majesty's name, authorize and permit the said Mohawk Nation and such others of the Five Nation Indians as wish to settle in that quarter to take possession of and settle upon the banks of the river commonly called Ours [Ouse], or Grand River.

(Clockwise from top)Christ Church Royal Chapel,on theTyendinaga Mohawk Territory;the bible gifted to the chapel byQueen Victoria;the rendering of theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdomgiven to the chapel by KingGeorge V

On this land, the Crown in 1785 erected theMohawk Chapel,inBrantford,as a gift to the Mohawk people and their then-leader,Joseph Brant.At the same time, the King provided lands nearBellevilleto the displacedTyendinaga Mohawks.There, too, a chapel was built, today known as theChrist Church Royal Chapel.The Mohawks brought there the silvercommunionset given to them byQueen Annein 1711, as a symbol of the alliance between the Crown and the Mohawks. Further gifts from monarchs included a triptych in the Mohawk language and a bell from King George III, a royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom from KingGeorge V,a bible fromQueen Victoria,and a communion chalice from QueenElizabeth II(given in 1984 to mark the bicentennial of the Mohawks arrival in Ontario), in addition to a set of eight silver handbells. The churches are now two of the threechapels royalin Canada.

A few dozenBlack Loyalistsalso settled in the western region of the Province of Quebec; although, not nearly as many as those who located themselves inNova Scotia.The majority of black inhabitants ofPays d'en Hautwere slaves brought into the colony by the Loyalists,[20][21]including Brant.

It was the attempted forced return to the United States of one of those slaves—Chloe Cooley—in 1793 that prompted the abolitionistJohn Graves Simcoe,then serving asKing George III's representative in Upper Canada(a territoryformed out of the western portion of the Province of Quebec in 1791, because of the influx of Loyalists), to push for legislation abolishing slavery in the colony. Though he faced resistance from theLegislative Assembly,Simcoe, later that year, gaveroyal assentto theAct Against Slavery,making Upper Canada "the first jurisdiction in theBritish Empireto pass a law freeing slaves. "[22][23]

Prince Edward,a son of King George III, visited Upper Canada eight months after its establishment, becoming the first member of the royal family to tour the area, seeingCornwall,Kingston,Prince Edward County,Niagara-on-the-Lake,going so far asFort Erie.Along the way, he met with Loyalists and various First Nations delegations, helping to foster a British identity for Upper Canada. Along with Simcoe, Prince Edward made a point of visitingForts NiagaraandScholsser,getting himself involved in a boundary dispute with the United States in the process.[24]

Isaac Brock,who stood-in forFrancis Gore(who was on leave) as theKing's representative in Upper Canadaduring theWar of 1812
Prince George, Prince of Wales (later KingGeorge IV), acted asPrince Regentfrom 1811 until the death of his father, KingGeorge III,in 1820

The United States endeavoured to conquer the Canadas in theWar of 1812;[30]all the American parties involved assumed their troops would be greeted as liberators.[31]When theUS Armyfirst invaded, crossing theDetroit Riverand landing at Sandwich (todayWindsor) on 12 July,[32]the commander,William Hullordered all subjects of the King to surrender, telling them he desired to free them from the "tyranny" of Britain and give them liberty, security, and wealth, unless they preferred "war, slavery, and destruction."[33][34]The loyal among the Upper Canadians chose the King and war to defend him, whereas American immigrants who'd settled in Upper Canada merely for the free land chose neutrality, stating they would neither obey British orders to march against Hull, nor "a man would join Hull to fight against the King."[35]Hull retreated across the river on 7 August,[36]but, the US made repeated incursions into Upper Canada through to 1814 and the British regulars, warriors of theSix NationsandSeven Nations,[37]and free-African-[38]and European-Canadians (the volunteers who were colloquially said to be "taking the King'sshilling"[39]) reisited them at every try. By the time theTreaty of Ghentwas signed on 24 December 1814, ending the war, the United States made no gains into the Canadas.

Rebellion

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Lieutenant Governor of Upper CanadaFrancis Bond Head
William Lyon Mackenzie

The republican agitations ofLouis-Joseph Papineauin Lower Canada in the late 1830s spread quickly to Upper Canada. These met with agreeable circumstances in western colony, including a politically active lieutenant governor,Francis Bond Head,who had, since 1834,[40]thwarted the efforts of theReformparty-dominated Legislative Assembly,[41]to the point the Executive Council resigned and Head actively campaigned for the Tories in the subsequent election,[42]equatng voting for that party with showing loyalty to the Crown.[43]The Reformers' leader,William Lyon Mackenzie,attempted to petition the King to have the election declared invalid, but, was dismissed by theColonial OfficeinLondon.Meanwhile, the now Tory majority in the Upper Canada parliament passed laws that were self-serving to Tory parliamentarians and burdensome on farmers, increased the colony's debt,[44]and continued the legislative session even after the death of William IV in 1837.[45]

On 9 October of that year, Mackenzie received a message from Papineau'sPatriotesin Lower Canada, informing him that therebellion therewas about to begin.[46]A month later, Mackenzie published a satirical piece in his magazine, theConstitution,that included a draft republican constitution for the "State of Upper Canada"[47]and he printed handbills declaring independence, which were distributed to citizens north of Toronto.[48]Actual armed rebellionbroke out in Upper Canada on 5 December.[49]Of it, the new Queen,Victoria,wrote in her diary, "the news are, I grieve to say, very bad from Canada; that is to say, rumours and reports by the papers; though, we have no official reports. But [Prime Minister] Lord Melbourne hopes it may not be so bad as it is rumoured. There certainly is open rebellion."[50]

The Queen need not have worried about Upper Canada, however, as the uprising was put down within a matter of days. Mackenzie and 200 supporters fled toNavy Islandin theNiagara Riverand declared it theRepublic of Canadaon 13 December. That sustained until 13 January 1838, when, under attack by British armaments, the rebels fled, with Mackenzie running to the United States mainland, where he was arrested for violating theNeutrality Act.[51]In the wake of the disturbances, the Queen called on her people in Upper Canada to eschew vengeance on the perpetrators in favour of justice and,[52]as a mark of goodwill with which to begin her reign and to commemorateher coronation,the Victoria used herroyal prerogativetopardonmany of the rebels, continuing to do so through the 1840s.[53]

Responsible government

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The Queen's representative in British North America,the Earl of Durham,penneda reportcontaining recommendations for change following the Lower and Upper Canada Rebellions. Based on that document, theAct of Union 1840was passed by the parliament atWestminsterandproclaimedin effect by Queen Victoria on 10 February 1841, thus renaming Upper and Lower Canada asCanada West(today Ontario) andCanada East(today Quebec), respectively, and merging them to form theProvince of Canada,with agovernor generalto represent the monarch and housed atMonklands,inMontreal.Five years later, theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadamade Victoria's birthday, 24 May, a public holiday calledVictoria Day.[53]

A copy ofJohn Partridge's portrait ofQueen Victoriathat was saved from the burning of the parliament of the Province of Canada

When, in 1848,Robert BaldwinandLouis-Hippolyte Lafontainewere reappointed asJoint Premiers,responsible governmentwas implemented in the colony, with the backing of Queen Victoria.[54]This meant the governor general was to act on theadviceof his co-prime ministers, who were responsible to the elected parliament. The first test of this came in the same year, when theRebellion Losses Actwas put to Governor Generalthe Earl of Elginfor royal assent. Elgin had strong misgivings about the bill, and was pressured by theToriesto refuse assent, but he gave it approval, regardless, on 28 April 1849. As a result, the Anglophone population of Montreal (where the legislature was located) became incensed, the Governor General was assaulted,[55]theparliament building was burned,[56]and theMontreal Annexation Manifestowas issued, calling for the absorbption of the Province of Canada into the United States.[57]

Still, all was not lost: The portrait of Queen Victoria that hung in the parliament, painted byJohn Partridge,[58]was saved from the fire bySandford Fleming(and hangs in the federalParliament of Canadatoday[58]),[59][60]the colony did not join the US, and responsible government remained a part of the Province of Canada's constitutional order.

The Queen's eldest son and heir, Prince Albert Edward (later KingEdward VII) for four months toured the Maritimes andProvince of Canadain 1860, setting the cornerstone of theparliament buildinginBytown(today Ottawa) and officially openingQueen's ParkinToronto.[61]AtDundurn Castle,inHamilton,Albert Edward met withAllan MacNab,a formerjoint premier of the Province of Canada.In a twist of fate, the Prince's great-great-grandson, KingCharles III,marriedCamilla Shand(now Queen Camilla), the great-great-great-granddaughter of MacNab. The Prince also crossed the border to pay a visit toPresident of the United StatesJames Buchananat theWhite House.[61]

Sectarian tensions were high in Canada at the time and Prince Albert Edward was cautioned not to do or say anything that might exacerbate the situation.The Duke of Newcastle,who accompanied the Prince, instructed theMayor of Torontoto ensure Albert Edward's procession would not pass under anyOrange Orderarches. AtKingston,the Duke ordered the royal yacht not to dock, as theOrangemenhad erected a welcoming arch on the pier, with an image ofWilliam of Orangeon one side and a depiction of the Albert Edward with the anti-Catholic revolutionaryGiuseppe Garibaldion the other. Orangemen thereafter protested the Prince's steamer along part of its route.[62]

Confederation

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The Queen Motherlighting the Flame of Hope in London, Ontario, 1989
Prince Philippresents new coloursto theRoyal Canadian Regimentas theircolonel-in-chief,atQueen's Park,2013.

The province of Ontario was created from the boundaries of Canada West followingCanadian Confederationin 1867. The next year, on 26 May,Queen Victoriaissued aroyal warrantgranting the provinceits coat of arms.[63]Several areas were incorporated into Ontario in the mid 19th and early 20th century, with Ontario reaching its final size in 1912.

Prince Albert (later KingGeorge VI), toured Ontario in 1913, while serving as a midshipman aboard theRoyal NavycruiserHMSCumberland,[64]visiting Toronto and Niagara Falls.[65]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcVictoria(29 March 1867)."Constitution Act, 1867".III.9, V.58. Westminster: Queen's Printer.Retrieved15 January2009– via Solon.org.
  2. ^Elizabeth II(25 July 2007)."Municipal Tax Assistance Act".1. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.Retrieved2 July2009.
  3. ^Elizabeth II(12 February 2007)."Environmental Protection Act".2.1.i. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.Retrieved2 July2009.
  4. ^Pinet v. The Queen in right of Ontario,Title (Ontario Court of Appeal 13 April 1995),Text.
  5. ^Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario as Represented by the Minister of Finance (Motor Vehicle Accident Claims Fund) and CGU Group Canada Ltd. (Commercial Union Assurance Company of Canada),Title (Arbitration pursuant to the Arbitration Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c. 17 3 March 2000),Text.archivedon 9 November 2015
  6. ^abcMacLeod, Kevin S.(2008),A Crown of Maples(PDF)(1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 16,ISBN978-0-662-46012-1,archived(PDF)from the original on 18 March 2009,retrieved21 June2009
  7. ^Cox, Noel (September 2002)."Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence".Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law.9(3). Perth: Murdoch University: 12.Retrieved17 May2009.
  8. ^Privy Council Office(2008),Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008,Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 49,ISBN978-1-100-11096-7,archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2009,retrieved17 May2009
  9. ^Roberts, Edward(2009),"Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times"(PDF),Canadian Parliamentary Review,23(1), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 15, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 April 2012,retrieved21 May2009
  10. ^MacLeod 2008,p. 20
  11. ^Forsey, Eugene(1974), "Crown and Cabinet", inForsey, Eugene(ed.),Freedom and Order: Collected Essays,Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. (published 31 December 1974),ISBN978-0-7710-9773-7
  12. ^Connor, Kevin (21 April 2016)."An inside look at the Queen's Royal York suite".The Toronto Sun.Postmedia Network Inc.Retrieved12 September2018.
  13. ^Blizzard, Christina (20 April 2016),"See how the Queen lives at the Royal York",The Toronto Sun,Postmedia Network Inc.,retrieved12 September2018
  14. ^Palmer, Sean;Aimers, John(2002),The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian(2 ed.), Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada, archived fromthe originalon 19 June 2008,retrieved15 May2009
  15. ^Rayburn, Alan."Queen Victoria".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved15 September2007.
  16. ^"our Story > The History of The Royal Hamilton Yacht Club".The Royal Hamilton Yacht Club. Archived fromthe originalon 23 February 2008.Retrieved2 July2009.
  17. ^MacKinnon, Frank (1976),The Crown in Canada,Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, p.69,ISBN978-0-7712-1016-7
  18. ^Department of Canadian Heritage,Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > 2005 Royal Visit > The Royal Presence in Canada – A Historical Overview,Queen's Printer for Canada, archived fromthe originalon 7 August 2007,retrieved4 November2007
  19. ^Ruch, John E. (1990),The Canadian Heraldic Authority and the Loyalists(PDF),The United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada
  20. ^ab"Black Loyalists in Ontario"(PDF).Retrieved23 June2019.
  21. ^Wilson, William R. (nd),Early Canada Historical Narratives: an Act to Prevent the Further Introduction of Slaves,Upper Canada History,retrieved19 March2014
  22. ^Taylor, Alan(12 October 2010),The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies,New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Chapter 2, Location 964,ISBN978-1-4000-4265-4,OCLC503042145
  23. ^Michaëlle, Jean(21 June 2007),Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean Speech on the Occasion of the Student Forum: "From the Abolition of the Slave Trade to the Elimination of Racial Discrimination",Queen's Printer for Canada,retrieved12 December2022
  24. ^Tidridge, Nathan,Prince Edward and Ontario,the Crown in Canada,retrieved4 April2023
  25. ^Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2002).The War of 1812.Westport; London: Greenwood Press. p. 4.ISBN0-313-31687-2.
  26. ^Pratt, Julius W. (1925).Expansionists of 1812.New York: Macmillan. pp. 9–15.
  27. ^Hacker, Louis M.(March 1924). "Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture".Mississippi Valley Historical Review.X(4): 365–395.doi:10.2307/1892931.JSTOR1892931.
  28. ^Hickey, Donald R.(1989).The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict.Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 47.ISBN0-252-01613-0.
  29. ^Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (1 February 2007).Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America.ABC-CLIO. p. 44.ISBN978-1-85109-833-0.
  30. ^[25][26][27][28][29]
  31. ^Hickey, Donald R. (2012).The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Bicentennial Edition.Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 68.ISBN978-0-252-07837-8.
  32. ^"History of Sandwich".City of Winsdor. Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  33. ^Laxer, James (2012).Tecumseh and Brock: The War of 1812.House of Anansi Press. p. 131.ISBN978-0-88784-261-0.
  34. ^Taylor, Alan (2010).The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies.Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 137–139.ISBN978-1-4000-4265-4.
  35. ^Wilson, W.R.,War of 1812,Upper Canada History,retrieved23 March2023
  36. ^Laxer 2012,pp. 139–142
  37. ^The impact of the War of 1812 on Upper Canada,Ontario Heritage Trust,retrieved22 March2023
  38. ^Newfield, Gareth (2009),"Upper Canada Upper Canada's Black Def s Black Defenders? Re-e enders? Re-evaluating the War of 1812 ar of 1812 Coloured Corps",Canadian Military History,18(3), Canadian War Museum: 2,retrieved23 March2023
  39. ^Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery,Soldiering in Canada (1812-1814),King's Printer for Ontario,retrieved22 March2023
  40. ^Kilbourn, William(2008).The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada.Toronto: Dundurn. p. 167.ISBN978-1-77-070324-7.Retrieved3 September2020.
  41. ^Kilbourn 2008,pp. 169–170
  42. ^Cadigan, Sean T. (1991). "Paternalism and Politics: Sir Francis Bond Head, the Orange Order, and the Election of 1836".Canadian Historical Review.72(3): 319–347.doi:10.3138/CHR-072-03-02.S2CID154595085.
  43. ^Kilbourn 2008,pp. 139–140
  44. ^Ajzenstat, Janet (1993). "God's Peculiar Peoples: Essays on Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century Canada (book review)".Canadian Journal of Political Science.26(4): 809.doi:10.1017/S0008423900000597.S2CID144534367.
  45. ^Schrauwers, Albert (2009).Union is Strength: W. L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada.Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 184–191.
  46. ^Kilbourn 2008,p. 189
  47. ^Schrauwers 2009,pp. 176–181
  48. ^Kilbourn 2008,p. 196
  49. ^Kilbourn 2008,p. 207
  50. ^Rayburn, Alan; Harris, Carolyn (8 September 2015),"Queen Victoria",THe Canadian Encyclopedia,Historica Canada,retrieved20 February2023
  51. ^Armstrong, Frederick H.; Stagg, Ronald J. (1976)."McKenzie, William Lyon".In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.).University of Toronto Press.
  52. ^Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1991),Royal Observations,Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., p. 11,ISBN1-55002-076-5,retrieved7 March2010
  53. ^abHarris, Carolyn (13 January 2023),"French Canada and the Monarchy",The Canadian Encyclopedia,Historica Canada,retrieved13 March2023
  54. ^Victoria:Bronwen Mantel;Melbourne:Harry Hill(1991).Responsible Government[Queen Victoria and Lord Melbourne discuss the notion of political reform in Canada (1841)](Video)(Educational). Toronto: Historica Canada.Retrieved22 March2023.
  55. ^Lacoursière, Jacques (1995).Histoire populaire du Québec(in French). Vol. 3. Les éditions du Septentrion. p. 46.ISBN978-2-89448-066-3.
  56. ^Royal, Joseph (1909).Histoire du Canada, 1841–1867.Montréal: Beauchemin. p. 525.
  57. ^Tetley, William(14 September 2006),"Cornelius Krieghoff, the Shakspeare Club and the Annexation Manifesto"(PDF),Tetley's maritime & admiralty law website,Montreal:McGill University,retrieved7 November2009
  58. ^abSenate of Canada (22 May 2017),The Legacy of Queen Victoria,Queen's Printer for Canada,retrieved23 March2023
  59. ^Black, Harry (1997).Canadian scientists and inventors: biographies of people who have made a difference.Pembroke Publishers Limited. p. 61.ISBN978-1-55138-081-0.Retrieved14 July2011.
  60. ^Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1991).Royal Observations.Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 8.ISBN1-55002-076-5.Retrieved7 March2010.
  61. ^abBentley-Cranch, Dana (1992),Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910,London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 20–34,ISBN978-0-11-290508-0
  62. ^Kelly, Richard J.,Queen Victoria's 1861 Visit to Ireland and Burgeoning Irish Nationalism(PDF),Kiniki University,retrieved19 February2023
  63. ^"Arms of Canada's Provinces and Territories".Royal Heraldry Society of Canada.3 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2007.Retrieved6 October2008.
  64. ^Harris, Carolyn (13 September 2022),"King George VI",The Canadian Encyclopedia,Historica Canada,retrieved12 March2024
  65. ^Harris, Carolyn (13 September 2022),"King George VI",The Canadian Encyclopedia,Historica Canada,retrieved12 March2024
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