Kingdom of Gibraltar
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TheKingdom of Gibraltar(Reino de Gibraltar) was one of the many historicsubstantive titlespertaining to theCastilian monarchyand its successor, theSpanish monarchy,belonging to what is known asGrand Title(Spanish:Título Grande).[1]It was added to the monarchy titles by KingHenry IV of Castile,upon the addition of Gibraltar to the Crown patrimony in 1462.[2]
The title of "King of Gibraltar" was kept in thetitles and honours of the Spanish Crownand is no longer among the titles of the present king,Felipe VI,[1][3]as only the town of Gibraltar (the territory ceded was only 1% of the Spanish kingdom of Gibraltar) to the British Crown underArticle Xof theTreaty of Utrecht1713.
History
[edit]During theMiddle Ages,Gibraltarwas part of theMoorishTaifaofMálagainAl-Andalus.It was ruled by Abdul Malik, son of theMarinid dynasty,between 1333 and 1340. After an unsuccessful siege led byAlfonso XI of Castileduring theReconquistaperiod, EmirIsa Ibn al-Hassamproclaimed himself "King of Gibraltar and its lands" in 1355. The kingship remained in Muslim hands for the next century.
Gibraltar was finally captured byCastileon 15 December 1462 when it fell to an army led byEnrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca,later 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia, who expelled theMoorsfrom the territory. KingHenry IV of Castile,the brother of the later QueenIsabella I of Castile,rewarded the Duke with the title ofMarquess of Gibraltarand added the kingship of Gibraltar to the list of titles of the Castilian crown. The title can no longer be used by his successors as the territory was ceded to the Crown ofGreat Britainin perpetuity under the terms of theTreaty of Utrechtof 1713.[4]The United Kingdom, by contrast, takes the position that the treaty transferred sovereignty as well as possession.[5]
When Gibraltar was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet on behalf of theArchduke Charles,claimant to the Spanish throne, in 1704, the city council and most of the population left, founding in 1706 the nearby town ofSan Roque.[6]The original royal warrant of 1502, which the city council took with it to San Roque along with Gibraltar's standard and records, is now in the San Roque municipal archives.[7]San Roque still uses a modified version of the originalcoat of arms of Gibraltarto symbolise its connection with Gibraltar.
As with the rest of the historic substantive titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, this title is not officially designated in the 1978 constitution, but the constitution notes that the title of the King is King of Spain and further grants the right to use "the others pertaining to the Crown" (los demás que correspondan a la Corona). This title is not "pertaining to the crown" of Spain. The Spanish Constitution has no competence to authorise the use of foreign titles belonging to other Monarchs.
As the kingship of Gibraltar is no longer among the titles of the Spanish monarchy, it was customary for titles and arms of conquered territories to be omitted from British regnal claims. In 2010 the government of Gibraltar issued coinage using the title "Queen of Gibraltar".[8]The title now appears on most Gibraltar and UK government documents referencing the Queen in relation to Gibraltar, which is the British QueenElizabeth II.[9]Following the accession and proclamation of KingCharles IIIin Gibraltar, Chief MinisterFabian Picardohas referred to the King as "King of Gibraltar",[10]and on February 4, 2024, Gibraltar announced that they would present coins bearing the royal cypher of KingCharles IIIat theBerlin Money Fair.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abFrancisco López-Nieto y Mallo (2006).Honores y protocolo(in Spanish). EL CONSULTOR. p. 126.ISBN84-7052-387-2.
- ^Maurice Harvey (1996).Gibraltar. A History.Spellmount Limited. pp. 50–51.ISBN1-86227-103-8.
- ^Royal Styles: Spain
- ^Juridical Facts as Sources of International Rights and Obligations,vol. 6 inInternational law in historical perspective,J. H. W. Verzijl, W. P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, p. 174. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1973.ISBN90-286-0223-2
- ^Sharon Korman,The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice,p. 97. Oxford University Press, 1996.ISBN0-19-828007-6
- ^Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar,George Hills, p. 176. Robert Hale & Company, 1974.ISBN0-7091-4352-4
- ^"Arms of Gibraltar".Government of Gibraltar. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-08-17.
- ^"No. 103/2010"(PDF)(Press release).Gibraltar:Government of Gibraltar.2010-05-06.Retrieved2016-04-18.
- ^"United Kingdom Partnership Agreement"(PDF).www.gov.uk.HM Government.2014-10-15.Retrieved2016-04-18.
The Governor of Gibraltar is the representative of theQueen of Gibraltar,Queen Elizabeth II.
- ^"A 'seminal moment' in Gibraltar's history - Fabian Picardo reflects on the Proclamation of King Charles III".
- ^Culatto, John (4 February 2024)."Gibralter to present it limited edition King Charles III coins at Berlin Money Fair".The Olive Press.