Monkey bite
Amonkey biteis the bite of amonkeyand is the second most commonanimal biteafter dog bites in India. Monkey bites account for 2–21% of animal bite injuries. Monkey bites are an important risk among travelers and after dog bites is the most common animal bite for travelers. Treatment depends upon many factors including the suspicion ofrabies.Management involves:
- wound cleansing and care
- prophylacticantibiotics
- post-bite rabies treatment
- post-bitetetanustreatment[1]
Seriousinfectionscan result after a monkey bite.Simian herpes B virusis endemic in some species of Asian monkeys. It was first identified by an investigator who was bitten by what appeared to be a healthy monkey. The investigator died shortly thereafter frombrain inflammation (encephalitis).Subsequent simian-acquired infections with this virus have occurred withmortality rateas high as 80%. Currently, transmission of the virus through a monkey bite almost always is the result of an occupational exposure by biomedical research workers.[2]
The progression of the infection has been described: "[The infection presents with] herpetic skin lesions and sensory changes [are visible] near the exposure site, fever and nonspecificflu-likemyalgiasand headaches,fatigue,and progressive neurologic impairment, including dyspnea. Once thecentral nervous systemis involved, the outcome is invariably fatal. But with the deployment of antiviral therapy, both for prophylaxis and treatment, cases are now infrequent and deaths are rare, although they have occurred. "[2]
Prevention is accomplished through education and traveler's warnings. Prevention also includes the surveillance for the presence of rabies within monkey populations. Research is lacking in the assessment of the impact of monkey bites.[1][2][3][4][5][6]From 1960 to 2013, 159 cases of rabies infections in humans have been documented as a result of monkey bites. These numbers were gathered from records of traveler's injuries and the prevalence of monkey bites in area residents is assumed to be much higher.[7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ab"Animal bites Fact sheet N°373".World Health Organization.February 2013.Retrieved30 January2018.
- ^abcGautret, Philippe; Blanton, Jesse; Dacheux, Laurent; Ribadeau-Dumas, Florence; Brouqui, Philippe; Parola, Philippe; Esposito, Douglas H.; Bourhy, Hervé (2014-05-15)."Rabies in Nonhuman Primates and Potential for Transmission to Humans: A Literature Review and Examination of Selected French National Data".PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.8(5): e2863.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002863.ISSN1935-2735.PMC4022521.PMID24831694.
- ^Johnston, William F.; Yeh, Jesson; Nierenberg, Richard; Procopio, Gabrielle (2015). "Exposure to Macaque Monkey Bite".The Journal of Emergency Medicine.49(5): 634–637.doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.012.PMID26281802.
- ^Nsabimana, Jean-Marie Mafuko; Moutschen, Michel; Thiry, Étienne; Meurens, François (2008-09-02). "Infection humaine par le virus B du singe en Afrique".Cahiers d'Études et de Recherches Francophones / Santé.18(1): 003–008.doi:10.1684/san.2008.0101.ISSN1157-5999.PMID18684683.
- ^Newton, Frank; United States Armed Forces (2010). "Monkey bite exposure treatment protocol".Journal of Special Operations Medicine.10(1): 48–49.doi:10.55460/FBRG-HMXT.ISSN1553-9768.PMID20306415.S2CID8057261.
- ^Mani, Reeta S.; Sundara Raju, Y. G.; Ramana, P. V.; Manoor Anand, Ashwini; Bhanu Prakash, B. (2016-05-01)."Human rabies following a non-human primate bite in India".Journal of Travel Medicine.23(3): taw007.doi:10.1093/jtm/taw007.ISSN1195-1982.PMID26988199.
- ^Riesland, Nicholas J.; Wilde, Henry (2015-07-01)."Expert Review of Evidence Bases for Managing Monkey Bites in Travelers".Journal of Travel Medicine.22(4): 259–262.doi:10.1111/jtm.12214.ISSN1195-1982.PMID26031198.