Jump to content

Moria, Middle-earth

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromMoria (Middle-earth))

Moria
J. R. R. Tolkien'slegendariumlocation
Durin's emblem, as on Moria's West-gate
In-universe information
Other name(s)Khazad-dûm
TypeGreatest city ofDwarves[T 1]
subterranean realm,labyrinth
RulerKings of Durin's Folk(toT.A.1981); Durin's Bane, Azog; Balin; Durin VII
GeographyCentralMisty Mountains
LifespanYears of the Trees[T 1]–T.A.1981;Fourth Age
FounderDurin

In the fictional world ofJ. R. R. Tolkien,Moria,also namedKhazad-dûm,is an ancient subterranean complex inMiddle-earth,comprising a vastlabyrinthinenetwork of tunnels, chambers, mines and halls under theMisty Mountains,with doors on both the western and the eastern sides of the mountain range. Moria is introduced in Tolkien's novelThe Hobbit,and is a major scene of action inThe Lord of the Rings.

In much ofMiddle-earth's fictional history,Moria was the greatest city ofthe Dwarves.The city's wealth was founded on its mines, which producedmithril,a fictional metal of great beauty and strength, suitable for armour. The Dwarves dug too greedily and too deep formithril,and disturbed a demon of great power:a Balrog,which destroyed their kingdom. By the end of theThird Age,Moria had long been abandoned by the Dwarves, and was a place of evil repute. It was dark, in dangerous disrepair, and in its labyrinths lurkedOrcsand theBalrog.

Scholars have identified likely sources for Tolkien's Moria: he had studied a Latin inscription abouta lost ringat the temple ofNodensin Gloucestershire, at a place called Dwarf's Hill full of old mine-workings. The name Moria, Tolkien wrote, echoed the name ofa castlein a Norwegian folktale, while Gandalf's death and reappearance reminded critics of theresurrectionandtransfiguration of Jesus.The West Gate that theWatcher in the Watercrashes closed behind theFellowshiprecalled to commentators theWandering RocksofGreek mythology,andOdysseus's passage between the devouringScyllaand the whirlpoolCharybdis.Finally, the Fellowship's entry into the darkness via the deadly lake by the West Gate, and its exit into the light via the beautiful Mirrormere, alongside Gandalf's death and reappearance, has been compared to abaptism,a ceremony that combines a symbolic death and the gift of new life.

Moria provided dramatic scenes inPeter Jackson's filmThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring,inspired byAlan Lee's illustrations. Its multiple levels of tunnels and halls have served, too, as the basis for a variety of computer and board games.

Names[edit]

The name "Moria" means "the Black Chasm" or "the Black Pit", fromSindarinmor,"dark, black" andiâ,"void, abyss".[T 2]The elementmorhad the sense "sinister, evil", especially by association with infamous names such asMorgothandMordor;indeed Moria itself had an evil reputation by the times in whichThe HobbitandThe Lord of the Ringsare set. The nameMoriahad (within the fiction) originally applied only to the Black Chasm itself. However, after theDwarveswere forced to abandon Khazad-dûm, its many lamps went out, and the whole subterranean complex became dark.Tolkienborrowed the nameMoriaitself, but not its meaning, from a book he had read.[T 2][1]

Khazad-dûmis the name of the fabulous city-kingdom of the Dwarves, especially in a historical or nostalgic context. In the fictional history,Khazad-dûmwas Moria's original name, given by the Dwarves in their own language,Khuzdul.It is rendered (in "translated Westron" ) asthe Dwarrowdelf,an archaic form of what would bethe Dwarves' delvingin more modern English. Tolkien rhymesdûmwith "tomb".[T 3]

Tolkien's account[edit]

Geography[edit]

Mist on theAlps:Tolkien's experiences on his 1911 visit gave him the idea for difficulties crossing the Misty Mountains.[T 4]

Moria was originally a system of natural caves located in Dimrill Dale, a valley on the eastern side of the Misty Mountains. The appearance of the Misty Mountains, and some of the experiences of Tolkien's protagonists, were inspired by his travels in theSwiss Alpsin 1911.[T 4]

The caves led to the Black Chasm, a subterranean abyss, some fifty feet wide and of indeterminate depth, which was crossed only by Durin's Bridge, "a slender bridge of stone, without kerb or rail".[T 3]It forced any group wishing to cross to go in single file, limiting the power of any attack.[T 5]

Moria's location, beneath the Misty Mountains, opening on to Dimrill Dale, surrounded by three high mountains,Celebdil,CaradhrasandFanuidhol.Mirrormere lies in Dimrill Dale; the River Celebrant flows out of it.

Moria lay on the western edge of theMiddle-earthregion ofWilderland.The Mountains of Moria, three of the Misty Mountains' most massive peaks, surrounded Dimrill Dale:Silvertineon the west,Redhornon the north, andCloudyheadon the east – inSindarinrespectivelyCelebdil,CaradhrasandFanuidhol.TheirKhuzdûlnames, respectivelyZirakzigil,BarazinbarandBundushathûr,are mentioned by Gimli, as the Fellowship nears Moria. The caves of Moria, where theDwarfcity-kingdom of Khazad-dûm was founded, were situated under Silvertine; their mouth overlooked Dimrill Dale, which contained many waterfalls and a long, oval lake that reflected stars even in daylight. Perceiving these stars as acrown glittering above his head,Durin took this as an auspicious sign, named the lakeKheled-zâram,the Mirrormere, and chose the eastward-facing caves above it for his new stronghold.[T 6]

Geology[edit]

Further information:Mithril

TheDwarvesexcavated most of Khazad-dûm out of solid rock, leaving polished walls.[T 3]Minerals includedgold,gemsandiron ore.However the principal mineral wasmithril,a fabulously precious and versatile metal found nowhere else in Middle-earth. It was the source of Khazad-dûm's huge wealth, but ultimatelyits miningwas the cause of its downfall. Beginning under the Silvertine, the Dwarves mined ever deeper, and down towards the roots of Mount Caradhras. There they unearthed the Balrog, which drove the Dwarves into exile.[T 3]

Far below even the deepest mines of the Dwarves lay a primordial underworld of tunnels,streamsandlakesin perpetual darkness, inhabited by primitive creatures. The tunnels were "gnawed by nameless things" from the beginnings ofArda,[T 7]and, asGandalfsuggested, from this underworld theWatcher in the Watermay have emerged.[T 3]

History[edit]

Moria was founded byDurinat the end of theAges of the Stars.During his reign, the precious metal mithril was discovered in the mines, and some of the major structures of Moria were built: Durin's Bridge, the Second Hall, the Endless Stair and Durin's Tower. Durin died before the end of the First Age. He was buried in the royal tombs of Khazad-dûm.[T 3][T 8]Orcsconstantly attacked the dwarf kingdom; men and dwarves fought together against the orcs.[T 9]The dwarves became friendly with the Elves ofEregionto the west; the Elves assisted in developing Khazad-dûm's mansions, making it "far more beautiful" as it grew westwards through tunnels to the West Gate,[T 10]which opened on to Eregion.Celebrimbor,the Lord of Eregion, usedithildinlettering on this gate on behalf of its builder, his friend the dwarf smithNarvi.[T 3]

In theSecond Age,Rings of Powerwere made by elves in Eregion.Durin III,the King of Khazad-dûm at the time, obtained one of the rings; another wasNenya,made from Moria'smithril;it becameGaladriel's ring. When the elves discovered thatSauron,the Dark Lord had made theOne Ring,giving him control of all the other rings, the War of the Elves and Sauron broke out.[T 9]Sauron conquered Eregion, but Khazad-dûm's intervention enabled Elves includingElrondandCelebornto escape Eregion's destruction and foundRivendell.[T 10]Khazad-dûm was closed, and its population dwindled. At the end of the Second Age, Khazad-dûm fought Sauron in the War of the Last Alliance, helping to defeat him.[T 11]

In the Third Age, the more easily accessible seams ofmithrilwere exhausted, and the Dwarves dug deeper until they disturbed aBalrog,a powerful fire-demon.Itkilled King Durin VI, acquiring the name Durin's Bane, and then Náin I, his son. The Dwarves abandoned Khazad-dûm and fled intoWilderland.[T 8]

Orcs occupied Moria, while the Balrog haunted its depths. The Orc-chieftain Azog became the master of Moria. Thrór, the heir of the Dwarf-kings of Khazad-dûm, attempted to enter his people's ancestral home, and was killed by Azog. This started the War of the Dwarves and Orcs; Azog was beheaded byDáin Ironfoot,but thevictory was Pyrrhic,and the Dwarves did not dare face the Balrog.[T 8]Much later,Balinleft Erebor to recolonize Moria, but after five years his colony was destroyed by Orcs.[T 12]

As theWar of the Ringloomed, a messenger fromSauronoffered Dáin the return of Moria and threeDwarf-Ringsif he helped Sauron to find theOne Ring.Dáin refused, sendingGlóinand his sonGimlito theCouncil of Elrond,starting the quest of theFellowship of the Ring.[T 12]

The Fellowship of the Ringin Moria.Scraperboardillustration byAlexander Korotich,1981

The Fellowship reluctantly passed through Moria in winter, gambling that most of itsOrcshad been killed in theBattle of Five Armies.They were attacked by the monstrousWatcher in the Wateras they entered the West-gate, and faced further perils in the subterranean passages. They reached the Chamber of Mazarbul, the ancient repository of documents holdingBalin's tomb and his colony's chronicle, theBook of Mazarbul.[T 3]They were attacked there by aTrolland many Orcs, before being approached by the Balrog.Gandalfconfronted the Balrog on Durin's Bridge. The two duelled briefly before plunging together into the chasm, allowing the rest of the Fellowship to escape to the Eastern Gates.[T 5]

Unknown to the Fellowship, Gandalf climbed to the top of Mount Celebdil and continued to fight the Balrog for two days in the Battle of the Peak; both died, but Gandalf returned to Middle-earth as Gandalf the White.[T 7]

Khazad-dûm lay empty. Some centuries into theFourth Age,the auspiciously-named Durin VII, a descendant ofDáin Ironfoot,succeeded as the King of the Longbeards and heir of the Kings of Khazad-dûm.[T 13]He led his people back to Khazad-dûm, where they remained "until the world grew old and the Dwarves failed and the days of Durin's race were ended".[T 13]

Architecture[edit]

The city of Khazad-dûm had many levels, linked by flights of stone steps. There were at least six levels above the Great Gates, and many more levels —or Deeps— below it. Every level consisted of a network of arched passages, chambers and many-pillared halls, often with "black walls, polished and smooth as glass".[T 3]Below the level of the Gates lay treasuries, armouries, dungeons, and mines. The Endless Stair of many thousands of steps rose in an unbroken spiral from the lowest dungeon of Moria to Durin's Tower at the summit of Celebdil; it was destroyed in the battle betweenGandalfand the balrog,Durin's Bane.[T 7]

During the kingdom of Khazad-dûm, the subterranean realm was "full of light and splendour", illuminated by many "shining lamps ofcrystal".[T 3]The higher levels hadskylightscarved through the mountain-side which provided daylight. The East-gate or the Dimrill Gate was the main entrance, looking overDimrill Dale.[T 3]It opened into the First Hall of Moria. The West-gate enabled travellers to pass right through theMisty Mountains,thus providing a weather-free alternative to the notorious and arduous Redhorn Pass, 15–20 miles to the north.The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedianotes that Middle-earth gates are important both symbolically and practically: "They mark exclusion or admission. They test character and wisdom. They suggest mystery, secrecy, and privilege."[2]

Doors of Durin[edit]

Further information:Tolkien's artwork
Tolkien's illustration of theDoors of Durin,withSindarininscription inTengwarscript.[3]

The Doors of Durin, also called the West-gate or the West-door, formed the western entrance to Moria. When shut, the gates were invisible and impossible to open by physical means. They were however decorated with designs engraved inithildinmade by the elf-Lord Celebrimbor of Eregion and the dwarf Narvi frommithrilmined in Moria. The designs included the emblems of Durin, the two trees of the High Elves, and the Star of the House ofFëanor.Tolkien's drawing of the designs on the Doors of Durin was the only illustration inThe Lord of the Ringsduring his lifetime (other than cover-art and calligraphy). In moonlight, a password made the designs visible. The designs contained a second password toopen the doors.When the Fellowship entered, theWatcher in the Water,the aquatic guardian of the gates, slammed the doors shut with its tentacles, plunging the Fellowship into darkness.[T 14][T 15][4]

The inscription was in the Elvish language ofSindarin,using theTengwarscript;[3]Gandalf translates it as "The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria. Speak, friend, and enter. I, Narvi, made them. Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs".[T 14]Scholars have commented that "Moria", an unfriendly Elvish description meaning "The Black Pit", was hardly how a ruler of Khazad-Dûm would choose to describe his realm; and that since the name was not used until the Balrog was awakened in the Third Age, it was also anachronistic. Possible resolutions have been proposed: that Celebrimbor had foresight of the name; that the magic lettering reshaped itself; or that Gandalf indeed saw the Sindarin name "Hadhodrond" on the door, and read it out as "Moria" for the benefit of those listening (and in the same way, he must have seen "Eregion" and read out "Hollin" ).[3]

Origins[edit]

Nodens[edit]

Tolkien visited the temple ofNodensat a place called "Dwarf's Hill" and translated an inscription with acurseupon a ring. It may have inspired his dwarves, mines, rings, andCelebrimbor"Silver-Hand", an Elven-smithwho contributed to Moria's building.[5]
Further information:NodensandRing of Silvianus

In 1928, a 4th-century pagan mystery cult temple was excavated atLydney Park,Gloucestershire.[6]Tolkien was asked to investigate aLatininscription there: "For the godNodens.Silvianus has lost a ringand has donated one-half [its worth] to Nodens. Among those who are called Senicianus do not allow health until he brings it to the temple of Nodens. "[7]An old name for the place was Dwarf's Hill, and in 1932 Tolkien traced Nodens to the Irish heroNuada Airgetlám,"Nuada of the Silver-Hand".[T 16]The Tolkien scholarTom Shippeythought this"a pivotal influence" on Tolkien's Middle-earth,combining as it did a god-hero, a ring, dwarves, and a silver hand.[5]The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedianotes also the "Hobbit-like appearance of [Dwarf's Hill]'s mine-shaft holes", and that Tolkien was extremely interested in the hill's folklore on his stay there, citing Helen Armstrong's comment that the place may have inspired Tolkien's "Celebrimbor and the fallen realms of Moria and Eregion".[5][8]The scholar of English literature John M. Bowers notes that the name of the Elven-smith Celebrimbor is the Sindarin for "Silver Hand" and that "because the place was known locally as Dwarf's Hill and honeycombed with abandoned mines, it naturally suggested itself as background for theLonely Mountainand the Mines of Moria. "[9]

Norwegian Folktales[edit]

Moria first appeared in Tolkien's 1937 novelThe Hobbit.Tolkien later recalled that the name was "a casual 'echo' ofSoria Moria Castlein one of the Scandinavian tales translated byDasent.... I liked the sound-sequence; it alliterated with 'mines', and it connected itself with the MOR element inmy linguistic construction."[T 2]The tales translated by Dasent were from the 1852 collectionNorwegian Folktales.[1]A historic source is thePoetic Edda,with which Tolkien was familiar; the protagonist in theSkírnismálnotes that his quest will involve misty mountains,orcs,and giants.[10]

Analysis[edit]

Further information:Christianity in Middle-earth
The first page fromThe Book of Mazarbul,artwork created by Tolkiento support the story. The publishers did not include it in the first edition ofThe Lord of the Rings.[11][T 17]

The criticJane Chanceobserves that the fall of the dwarves, first those of Durin, then those of Balin, is brought about through avarice, their greed for Moria's deeply-buriedmithril.She identifies this as "their internal vice",[12]which the Balrog "monstrously projects".[12]Chance notes further that Balin meets his death at the lake Mirrormere, "a very dark mirror in which he is blind to himself."[12]

The critic Clive Tolley notes that the contest between the wizard Gandalf and the evil Balrog on Durin's Bridge somewhat recalls ashamanisticcontest but that a far closer parallel is medieval vision literature, giving the example ofSt Patrick's Purgatoryand evenDante'sDivine Comedy.[13]

Critics such as Chance and Jerram Barrs have recognised the death of Gandalf the Grey (at the hands of the Balrog), and his reappearance as Gandalf the White, as atransfiguration,[14]the change in colour hinting at "a parallel withChrist's own death andresurrection".[15][16][17]

The professor of English literature Sue Zlosnik notes that the fantasy world in Tolkien'sinvented mythology for England[18]is constructed with elaborate detail. She citesHumphrey Carpenter's biographical account of Tolkien's "painstaking crafting" of The Book of Mazarbul that appears in Moria, complete with "burnt and tattered" pages, and Tolkien's disappointed wish for a facsimile of this artefact to appear in the first edition ofFellowship of the Ring.In Zlosnik's view, this sort of detail recallsHorace Walpole's love of the "Gothic".[18]

Erin Derwin, writing onThe Artifice,compares the fellowship's time in Moria withSiegfried Sassoon'sFirst World Warpoem "The Rear-Guard", in which he describes "groping along the tunnel" in a labyrinth of dark trenches, with "muttering creatures underground", recalling, Derwin suggests, the awakening of the Orcs and the Balrog by the hobbit Pippin.[19]

The scholar of English literatureCharles A. Huttarcompares this "clashing gate" that crashed shut behind the travellers to theWandering Rocksthat inGreek mythologylie near the opening of theunderworld,Hades,and, along with the monstrous Watcher in the Water, toOdysseus's passage between the devouringScyllaand the whirlpoolCharybdis.[4]

Matthew Dickerson,writing inThe J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia,suggests that of all the caves, barrows, tunnels and underground kingdoms in Tolkien's writings, Moria is "the most significant".[20]He writes that these dark places, home to many of the major events in the stories, from the Paths of the Dead toGollum's various tunnels and theGlittering Caves of Aglarondserve as symbols of darkness and death, the Tomb, or of fertility and new life, the Womb. Moria, he argues, citing Hugh Keenan's description of the two contrasting lakes at the Fellowship's entrance and exit from Moria, and giving the example of Gandalf's death and rebirth, functions as both Womb and Tomb. In Christianity, he notes,Baptismis at once a symbolic death and the gift of new life.[20][21]

Matthew Dickerson's analysis of Moria's symbolism[20]
"Tomb" "Womb"
Baptism
Gandalffalls to his death in the Black Chasm Gandalf is reborn as "the White"
Entrance lake:
MonstrousWatcher in the Wateroffers death		 Exit lake:
Beautiful Mirrormere (Kheled-Zaram) offers life

Tolkien was asked whether the nameMoriameant thebiblicalmountains ofMoriah,whereAbrahamwas to sacrifice his son,Isaac.Tolkien wrote that his mind did not work that way, explaining thatMoriameant "Black Chasm" inSindarin,the rootMoroccurring inMordor,Morgoth,Morgul.He went on "As for the 'land of Morīah' (note stress): that has no connection (even 'externally') whatsoever."[T 2]

Adaptations[edit]

Film[edit]

The 21st Hall, now abandoned, as seen inPeter Jackson'sThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Jackson'sdepiction of the underground hallsof Moria was largely inspired byAlan Lee's illustration.[22]

Peter Jackson's portrayal of Moria in hisThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ringmovie was mostly inspired byAlan Lee's illustrations.[23][22]Lee worked as the project's conceptual artist in New Zealand throughout the making of the film trilogy.[24]Moria was modelled for the film at 1/12 scale.[23][22]

Games[edit]

Theroguelikecomputer gameMoriawas modelled onThe Lord of the Ringsevents. The goal in the game is to reach the bottom of a maze-like simulation of the Mines of Moria and kill a Balrog.[25]

Moria is featured in board games such as Reiner Knizia'sLord of the Rings.[26]

The first expansion pack of theMMORPGThe Lord of the Rings OnlinenamedMines of Moriatakes place almost entirely in Moria, which has several levels. The uppermost is the path of Durin's Way, which pierces the mountain to reach the cliffs of Zirak-Zigil. The main levels of Moria span from the Doors of Durin to Dolven-View, Zelem-Melek, Nud-Melek and the East doors, known as the First Hall. Further down in the subterranean realm are the Silvertine Lodes and the Redhorn Lodes, and the furthest depths contain the submerged Water-Works, the fiery Flaming Deeps, and the Foundations of Stone, where Gandalf and the Balrog fought before ascending the Endless Stair.[27][28]

Music[edit]

The Dutch composerJohan de Meijwrote a movement in hisSymphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"called "Journey in the Dark", that was directly inspired by Moria. The movement is split into two sections, "The Mines of Moria" and "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm", and it depicts the events that take place there inThe Fellowship of the Ring(novel).[29]

References[edit]

Primary[edit]

  1. ^abTolkien 1977
  2. ^abcdCarpenter 2023,letter #297 draft to Mr Rang, August 1967
  3. ^abcdefghijkTolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 4 "A Journey in the Dark"
  4. ^abCarpenter 2023,letter #306 toMichael Tolkien,October 1968
  5. ^abTolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 5 "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm"
  6. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 6 "Lothlórien"
  7. ^abcTolkien 1954,book 3, ch. 5 "The White Rider"
  8. ^abcTolkien 1955,Appendix A: III "Durin's Folk"
  9. ^abTolkien 1996,part 2 ch. 10 "The Shibboleth of Fëanor"
  10. ^abTolkien 1980,part 2 ch. 4 "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn"
  11. ^Tolkien 1977,"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  12. ^abTolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
  13. ^abTolkien 1996,"The Making of Appendix A", (iv) "Durin's Folk"
  14. ^abTolkien 1954,book 2, ch. 4 "A Journey in the Dark"
  15. ^Carpenter 2023,#137 toRayner Unwin,11 April 1953
  16. ^Tolkien, J. R. R.,"The Name Nodens", Appendix to "Report on the excavation of the prehistoric, Roman and post-Roman site inLydney Park,Gloucestershire ",Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London,1932; also inTolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review,Vol. 4, 2007
  17. ^Carpenter 2023,#141 toAllen & Unwin,9 October 1953

Secondary[edit]

  1. ^abWayne G. Hammond&Christina Scull(2005),The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion,HarperCollins,p. 224 "Moria"ISBN0 00 720308 X
  2. ^Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.).Doors and Gates.Taylor & Francis.p. 127.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  3. ^abcHammond & Scull 2005,pp. 279–283.
  4. ^abcHuttar, Charles A.(1975). Lobdell, Jared (ed.).Hell and the City: Tolkien and the Traditions of Western Literature.Open Court.pp.121–122.ISBN978-0875483030.Clearly Charybdis is yet another route to hell.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  5. ^abcAnger, Don N. (2013) [2007]. "Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 563–564.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  6. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 40–41.
  7. ^"RIB 306. Curse upon Senicianus".Roman Inscriptions of Britain.Retrieved17 February2020.
  8. ^Armstrong, Helen (May 1997). "And Have an Eye to That Dwarf".Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society(145): 13–14.
  9. ^Bowers, John M. (2019).Tolkien's Lost Chaucer.Oxford University Press.pp. 131–132.ISBN978-0-19-884267-5.
  10. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 80–81.
  11. ^Holmes, John R. (2013) [2007]. "Art and Illustrations by Tolkien". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge.pp. 27–32.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  12. ^abcNitzsche, Jane Chance(1980) [1979].Tolkien's Art.Papermac.pp. 108–109.ISBN0-333-29034-8.
  13. ^Tolley, Clive."Old English influence on The Lord of the Rings"(PDF).Pearson Education.p. 55.Retrieved10 January2020.
  14. ^Barrs, Jerram (2013).Echoes of Eden: Reflections on Christianity, Literature, and the Arts.Crossway. p. 123.ISBN978-1-4335-3600-7.
  15. ^abNitzsche, Jane Chance(1980) [1979].Tolkien's Art.Papermac. p. 42.ISBN0-333-29034-8.
  16. ^Petty, Anne C. (2013) [2007]. "Allegory". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 6–7.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  17. ^Maher, Michael W. (2003).Chance, Jane(ed.)."'A land without stain': medieval images of Mary and their use in the characterization of Galadriel".Routledge.p. 225.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  18. ^abZlosnik, Sue (2006). Eaglestone, Robert (ed.).Gothic Echoes.A&C Black.p. 50.ISBN978-0-8264-8460-4.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  19. ^Derwin, Erin (8 July 2014)."World War I and The Lord of the Rings: The Trenches of Moria".The Artifice.
  20. ^abcdDickerson, Matthew(2013) [2007]. "Moria". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 438–439.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  21. ^Keenan, Hugh (2000). Bloom, Harold (ed.).The Appeal of The Lord of the Rings: A Struggle for Life.Chelsea House Publishers.pp. 3–5.ISBN978-1-349-38251-4.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  22. ^abcRussell, Gary (2002).The Lord of the Rings: the Art of The Fellowship of the Ring.London:HarperCollins.ISBN978-0-00-713563-9.OCLC50329727.
  23. ^abLeotta, Alfio (2015).Peter Jackson.Bloomsbury Publishing.p. 176.ISBN978-1-62356-948-8.
  24. ^Barnett, David M. (3 September 2018)."Making fantasy reality: Alan Lee, the man who redrew Middle-earth".The Guardian.
  25. ^Koeneke, Robert Alan (1983)."The Dungeons of Moria".Internet Archive.
  26. ^Woodruff, Teeuwynn(2007). "Lord of the Rings". InLowder, James(ed.).Hobby Games: The 100 Best.Green Ronin Publishing.pp. 183–187.ISBN978-1-932442-96-0.
  27. ^Royce, Bree (19 December 2016)."Turbine SpinsLord of the Rings Onlineand DDO Teams out to New Studio, Using Daybreak as Publisher ".Massively Overpowered.Retrieved20 December2016.
  28. ^Michael (26 February 2019)."Lord of the Rings OnlineExpansion to Include Minas Morgul and Shelob ".MMOCourt.Retrieved27 August2019.
  29. ^"Der Herr der Ringe, Johan de Meij - Sinfonie Nr.1".Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2014.Retrieved21 October2021.

Sources[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moria,_Middle-earth&oldid=1216382046"