Moshava
Amoshava(Hebrew:מושבה,plural:moshavotמושבות,lit.colonyorvillage) was a form of agriculturalJewishsettlement in theregion of Palestine(nowIsrael), established by the members of theOld Yishuvbeginning in the late 1870s and during the first two waves of JewishZionistimmigration – theFirstandSecond Aliyah.
History
In a moshava, as opposed to later communal settlements like thekibbutzand themoshav(pluralmoshavim), all the land and property are privately owned. The first moshavot were established by the members of theJewish communityalready living in, and by pioneers of the arriving to,Ottoman Syria.[1]The economy of the early moshavot was based on agriculture and resembled the grain-growing villages of eastern Europe in layout. Farms were established along both sides of a broad main street.[2]
Petah Tikva,known as the "Mother of the Moshavot" (Em HaMoshavot),[3]was founded in 1878 by members of the Old Yishuv, as well as Gai Oni, which later becameRosh Pinnawith the arrival of the First Aliyah. The first four moshavot of the First Aliyah period wereRishon LeZion,Rosh Pinna,Zikhron Ya'akovandYesud HaMa'ala.[1]
One of the driving forces behind these early settlements was theHovevei Zionmovement in Europe, whose branches operated as financially independent settlement societies.[4]
The moshava was governed by a charter outlining communal principles that established a covenant or bond between the residents.[5]
Old Yishuv and First Aliyah moshavot
Chronological list by year of establishment.
- Rishon LeZion(1882)
- Rosh Pinna(1882, taking over and renaming the colony of Gei Oni established in 1878 and down to three families by 1882)
- Zikhron Ya'akov(1882)
- Petah Tikva(1882; reestablished after first attempt in 1878)
- Mazkeret Batya(1883 established as "Ekron" )
- Ness Ziona(1883; began as "Nahalat Reuven" )
- Yesud HaMa'ala(1883)
- Gedera(1884)
- Bat Shlomo(1889)
- Meir Shfeya(1889)
- Rehovot(1890)
- Mishmar HaYarden(1890)
- Hadera(1891)
- Ein Zeitim(1892)
- Motza(1894)
- Hartuv(1895)
- Metula(1896)
- Be'er Tuvia(1896 reestablished and renamed byHovevei Zion;first settled in 1887 as Castina)
- Bnei Yehuda (1898; not identical with the newBnei Yehuda)
- Mahanayim(1898–1912)
- Sejera(1899–1902), now Moshav Ilaniya
- Mas'ha (1901), renamedKfar Tavorin 1903
- Yavne'el(1901)
- Menahemia(1901)
- Beit Gan(1903; next toYavne'el)
- Atlit(1903)
- Giv'at Ada(1903)
- Kfar Saba(1904)
Colonies were also established in theHauranon lands bought by BaronEdmond de Rothschildin the area of the villages of Sahem al-Jawlan,Jileenand Nafa’a, by immigrants of theFirst Aliyahin a total of nine outposts, but the main five colonies, founded in 1895, had to be abandoned within a short while:[6][unreliable source?]
- Tiferet Binyamin(1895)[6]
- Zichron Menachem (1895)[6]
- Nahalat Moshe (1895)[6]
- Achvat Yisrael (1895)[6]
- Beit Ikar (1895).[6]
Second and Third Aliyah moshavot
- Kinneret(1908, Second Aliyah)
- Binyamina(1922,Third Aliyahand people from Zikhron Ya'akov )
See also
- Motzafarm, est. 1854 by Old Yishuv members, later a village
- Mikveh Israelagricultural school, est. 1880 by theAlliance Israélite Universelle
References
- ^abBennett, John W. (1971). "Moshava, Kibbutz, and Moshav: Patterns of Jewish Rural Settlement and Development in Palestineby D. Weintraub, M. Lissak, Y. Azmon ".American Journal of Agricultural Economics.53(2).Agricultural & Applied Economics Association:380–2.doi:10.2307/1237479.ISSN1467-8276.JSTOR1237479.
- ^The Middle East: A Geographical Study, Peter Beaumont, Gerald Blake and J. Malcolm Wagstaff
- ^MoshavaZionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary
- ^Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization, Ran Aaronsohn, p.49
- ^Contemporary Israel: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn
- ^abcdefHauser, Zvi; Zarfati, Isaac (2018). "History of Jewish Communities in the Golan and in the Hauran".Recognition of Israel's Sovereignty over the Golan Heights(PDF).Coalition for the Israeli Golan.ISBN978-965-7674-46-8.Retrieved8 December2019.
Further reading
- Ran Aaronsohn,Rothschild and Early Zionist Colonization,Rowman & Littlefield and Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 2000