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Sharif ibn Ali

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مولايَ الشَّرِيف بْن عَلِيّ
Moulay Sharif ibn Ali
Emir of Tafilalt
Reign1631–1636
SuccessorSidi Muhammad ibn Sharif
Born1589
Tafilalt, Morocco
Died4 June 1659
Sijilmasa, Morocco
IssueSidi Muhammad ibn Sharif
Al-Rashid of Morocco
Ismail Ibn Sharif
Names
Moulay Mohammed ech-Cherif ben Ali ben Mohammed al-Alaoui[1][2]
HouseHouse of Alaoui
ReligionIslam

Abul Amlak Moulay Sharif ibn 'Ali[3][a](Arabic:مولايَ الشَّرِيف بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّد بْن عَلِيّ بْن يوسف بْن عَلِيّ;bornc. 1589[8]– June 4, 1659[9]) was anArabEmirofTafilaltfrom 1631 to 1636.[10]He was asharifwhose family claimed to be descended from theIslamic prophetMuhammadthrough his grandsonHasan.Moulay Sharif is considered to be the founder of theAlaouite DynastyofMoroccofor being the father ofSidi Muhammad,Al-Rashid of Morocco,andIsmail Ibn Sharif.

Ancestry

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The Alaouites were a family of Sharifian religious notables (shurafain Arabic) who claimed to be descended from Muhammad via his descendantHasan,the son ofAliandMuhammad's daughterFatimah.The family migrated fromHejaz,Arabia,toTafilaltat around the 12th or 13th century in response to a request made by the locals who hoped that the presence of a Sharifian family would benefit the region. It is possible that theAlaouiteswere merely one of manyArabfamilies who moved westwards toMoroccoduring this period.[original research?]

The Tafilalt was anoasisregion in theZiz Valleyof easternMorocco;its capital city isSijilmasa,which is, historically, an important terminus of thetrans-Saharan traderoutes.[7][4][11]

In the 13th century, Moulay Sharif's first ancestor,Moulay Hassan al-Dakhil,lived in Morocco after migrating from Hejaz. Moulay Sharif's family were the spiritual leaders of Sijilmasa. His fourth-degree ancestor, Moulay Youssef, succeeded his father Moulay Ali Cherif I at the head of thezaouia.HistorianMohammed al-Ifraniquotes that the act which confirms this authority was, in the 17th century, in the hands of one of his great-grandchildren.[12]Moulay Youssef's wife was Seyida (Ladyin Arabic) Khalifa Tālākakīn al-Ṣanhājī of theAlmoravid dynasty,he was also wedded to her sister Halima.[13]

Biography

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Personality

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Since his teenage years, Moulay Sharif was reported to be a virtuous man.[14][15]As an adult, he was trustworthy; people from Sijilmasa and theMaghreb(Morocco) would ask him for mediation practices.[16]

Reign

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Moulay Sharif was born in 1589 as the eldest son of Moulay Ali Cherif.[17]Before his proclamation, he wasMukadam( "General"in Arabic) in Sijilmasa and commanded troops.[18]In 1631, Moulay Sharif was proclaimedEmirofTafilaltby the people of Sijilmassa.[19]Tafilalt is a region composed ofksours,or fortified villages, which all held equal status and traded with each other. Historians agree[weasel words]that Moulay Sharif did not conquer all ksours in Tafilalt, but was unanimously proclaimed Emir of Tafilalt as people regarded his prestigioussharifianlineage.[20]

Moulay Sharif's rise to sovereignty took place when the power of theSaadi Sultanatewas declining and multiple regional factions rebelled and fought for control of what is present-dayMorocco.The most powerful faction among them were theDilaites,a federation ofSanhajaAmazighin theMiddle Atlaswho partly captured central Morocco at this time, reaching their utmost power in the 1640s when their leaderMohammed al-Hajj al-Dila'iconqueredFezandSalé.Another faction was led by Aboulhasen Ali ben Mohammed Essoussi Essemlali (commonly named Bou Hasen or Abu Hassun[citation needed]), who, initially serving theSaadians,had rebelled with his army and became leader of theSousand theDraa Riverin 1614. Bou Hasen was a close friend of Moulay Sharif.[16]

Conflict in Tabouasamt

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In 1633, the people ofTabouasamtrejected Moulay Sharif's authority.[16]The town is surrounded by acitadelsituated 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the south of Sijilmasa.[21][22]A great enmity existed between Moulay Sharif and the Beni Ezzoubir inhabitants of Tabouasamt. The latter were prideful of their citadel and wealth from commerce, which resulted in their rejection of any central authority from Sijilmasa. Moulay Sharif asked his friend Bou Hasen for help in the Tafilalt, while people from Tabouasamt recruited the Dilaites. Both responded by assembling two armies in Bou Hasen, and the Dilaites met in Sijilmasa. However, on July 8, 1633, the armies were asked to separate and stop fighting to avoid spilling the blood ofMuslims.[23]

When the people of Tabouasamt saw the friendship between Emir Moulay Sharif and Bou Hasen, they attempted to break that friendship. They would have their children serve Bou Hasen; as a result, Moulay Sharif and Bou Hasen ended their friendship.[15]After people from Tabouasamt took their group and established Bou Bekr as Governor of Sijilmasa, it aligned with thepeace treatybetween Moulay Sharif and Tabouasamt. Bou Hasen went back toSousafterwards.

Moulay Sharif's eldest sonSidi Mohammed,who knew about the plans carried out by the people of Tabouasamt against his father's authority, took the opportunity to retaliate.[16]With 200 horsemen, he assaulted the citadel. Some of his men entered it, while others climbed the wall. Once they were inside, they massacred and slaughtered defenseless inhabitants.[16]Sidi Mohammed and his men looted the citadel and captured Tabouasamt.[clarification needed]Moulay Sharif was then informed of the capture of the citadel by his son; this act healed his heart of further revenge he was planning on them.[24]After the capture of Tabouasamt, Moulay Sharif entered the citadel victorious, and a procession took place. Defeated, the Tabouasamt inhabitants recognized Moulay Sharif as theirsovereign.[25]

Bou Hasen was angry when he heard of the news and ordered his partisans from Sijilmassa to capture Moulay Sharif. HistorianMohammed al-Ifraniclaims that Bou Hasen wanted to specifically capture Moulay Sharif and asked the Governor of Sijilmasa and his partisans to do so,[26]with fellow historianAl Nacirisupporting this.[24]However,Al Zayaniclaims that Bou Hasen secretly told Tabouasamt's inhabitants to either capture Moulay Sharif or his eldest son Sidi Mohammed and that he was coming to Tabouasamt[clarification needed]to take them home to Sous.[25]Bou Hasen succeeded in his plan, and in both versions, Moulay Sharif was captured bytreasonand sent to Sous as a prisoner. The exact date of his capture is unknown; however, it happened shortly after the capture of Tabouasamt by Sidi Mohammed, which was from 1634 to 1635.

It is also theorized that Moulay Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun'sgarrisonat Tabuasamt in 1635/1636 (1045 AH), but he failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go to Sous.[6]: 222, 228 [27]: 224 

Captivity

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Bou Hasen kept Moulay Sharif inside a citadel. He would be released if a ransom was paid.[28]Although Moulay Sharif was a captive of Bou Hasen, he was treated well. Bou Hasen gifted him amulattoslave from the M'gharfa tribe, who later gave birth to one of his sons,Moulay Ismail.[25][6]: 222, 228 [27]: 224 

In 1637 (1047 AH), Sidi Mohammed, upon amassing the huge ransom, Moulay Sharif went back home toSijilmasa.[28]While his father was a captive, his eldest son Sidi Mohammed (or Muhammad II)[7]decided to become thede factoEmir.Upon Moulay Sharif's release in 1637 and when he was safely far from Sous,[29]Sidi Mohammed led a rebellion which expelled Bou Hasen's followers from Sijilmasa. Subsequently, on April 23, 1640, he was proclaimed Emir of Tafilalt in place of his father,[6]: 228 who relinquished the throne for him.[30]

Later years and death

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Moulay Ali CherifMausoleuminRissani, Morocco

Having relinquished the throne to his eldest son Sidi Mohammed, Moulay Sharif abandoned politics and concentrated his life inpiety.[30]Moulay Sharif spent time with his family; he was close to his youngest sons. At some point in Moulay Sharif's life, Arabs from Tafilalt offered him gifts when they came to greet him. Among those gifts were a Portuguese slave to serve him. The man, Dom Louis Gonsalez, was a Portuguese captive (afidalgoand knight of theOrder of Christ)[31]who got lost during an adventure then brought unwillingly to Tafilalt despite explaining that his master was Ben Bakar the chieftain ofal-Gharbprovince.[31]Moulay Sharif, who was distraught at the sight of his gift, was going to have the slave brought back to his master. However, he changed his mind when his young children wanted to keep him because they had noChristianslaves.[31]He kept Dom Louis to please his sons, and he bonded with Moulay Sharif's sons, particularly Moulay Ismail and Moulay Hicham.[31][32]

Moulay Sharif died in Sijilmasa (near present-dayRissani), Tafilalt, on 4 June 1659.[9]Upon his death, his eldest son Sidi Mohammed was re-affirmed sovereign.[33]However, Sidi Mohammed's rivalry with his half-brotherMoulay al-Rashidresulted in his evasion from Tafilalt in fear of Sidi Mohammed's retaliation. In 1664, Moulay Rachid, who auto-proclaimed himselfSultan,battled his eldest brother Sultan Sidi Mohammed in theAngad Plainswhere his brother perished. Moulay Rachid became the firstAlaouiteSultan of Morocco and went on to conquer most of present-dayMorocco.[6]

Moulay Sharif'smausoleumis in the center of a mosque and religious complex in Rissani. The complex was rebuilt in 1955 following flood damage.[34]

Personal life

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Moulay Sharif had 208 children, of which 84 were boys and 124 were girls.[20][35]Among the children he had with his wives and slave concubines were:

With an unnamed wedded wife was born:

  • Muhammad ibn Sharif,his eldest son and successor as Emir of Tafilalt, he was afterwards crowned Sultan of Tafilalt upon conqueringOujdain 1641;

An Arab, the details known about this woman are that she was beautiful and that she was very dear to Moulay Sharif.[36]Their son is:

Mubaraka bint Yark (pronounced Mbarka bint Yarg)[37]was a mulatto slave of the Oulad Yahya ben Diman tribe,[37]a tribe cited as being M'ghafra ofAdrar,[37][25]who was sold to the chiefs of the Oulad Jerrar tribe.[37]The latter sold her to the head of the zaouïa of Illigh Bou Hassoun el-Semlali,[37]and when Moulay Sharif was the later's captive he gave him Mubaraka as a slave concubine,[37]and offered her to him upon his release in 1636.[37]According to some sources Mubaraka and Moulay Sharif had a sonMoulay Ismailduring his captivity,[25]which explains why some chronicles state that he was born in theSous.[37]But this causes is a large gap in his date of birth, making it unlikely. Since other chronicles explain that he was born the same year of the battle of al-Qa'a (Zawiya Dila'iyaagainstMuhammad ibn Sharif) which happened in 1645.[37]And according to Moulay Ismail's own words, the M'grafras are his maternal uncles,[15]without further explanation on this degree of kinship, but it implies that in that case his mother is a free-born Muslim woman.[15]Mubaraka is attributed as sons:

Moulay Ismail had a full brother:

  • Moulay Mohammed el-Mehdi, his younger brother.

Little information came to light about his other children, and no further details survive about his other wives. Among his other sons are:

  • Moulay Elkebir;
  • Moulay Elharran, namedkhalifa(viceroy) of Tafilalet by his brother Sultan Moulay Rachid in 1664.
  • Moulay Mehrez, he is the father of Ahmed ben Mehrez;
  • Moulay Boufarès;
  • Moulay Ahmed, he is the youngest of the famous sons of Moulay Sharif.[35]

Notes

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  1. ^Also known asMoulay Ali al-Sharif[4]orMoulay Mohammed Cherif,Moulay Cherif,[5]Moulay al-Sharif[6]orMuhammad I[7]

References

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  1. ^Cornevin, Robert (1966).Histoire de L'Afrique: L'Afrique précoloniale, 1500–1900(in French). Payot. p. 430.ISBN978-2-228-11470-7.Mohammed ech-Cherif (1631)
  2. ^Ifrānī, Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad (1889).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). E. Leroux. p. 495.is the son of Moulay Ali ben Mohammed
  3. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).نزهة الحادي بأخبار ملوك القرن الحاديو, quote: "مولانا الشريف"(in Arabic). p. 300.
  4. ^abBennison, Amira K. (2007). "ʿAlawī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition.Brill.ISBN9789004150171.
  5. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 495.
  6. ^abcdeAbun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0521337674.
  7. ^abcBosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs".The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual.Edinburgh University Press.ISBN9780748621378.
  8. ^O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 2.
  9. ^abMohammed al-Ifrani(1995).Rawdat at-tarif(in Arabic).Rabat:المطبعة الملكية بالرباط. p. 33.حتى مات يوم 13 رمضان 1069 ه بسجلماسة
  10. ^"Moulay Ali al-Sharif".Archnet.Retrieved2021-02-24.
  11. ^Wilfrid, J. Rollman (2009). "ʿAlawid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World.Oxford University Press.ISBN9780195305135.
  12. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).نزهة الحادي بأخبار ملوك القرن الحاديو, quote: "وأما مولانا يوسف فانه ولى زاوية ابيه"(in Arabic). pp. 299, quote: "وأما مولانا يوسف فانه ولى زاوية ابيه".
  13. ^ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī, Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr.نزهة الحادي بأخبار ملوك القرن الحادي(in Arabic). pp. 299, quote: "وأمهم السيدة خليفة من ذرية المرابطين الذين بسجلملسة".
  14. ^trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 37.
  15. ^abcdtrans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. pp. 16–18.
  16. ^abcdeMuḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). pp. 495–496.
  17. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 499.
  18. ^al-Ifrani, Mohammed (1995).روضة التعريف بمفاخر مولانا إسماعيل بن الشريف (Rawdat at-tarif)(in Arabic).Rabat:المطبعة الملكية بالرباط. p. 39.
  19. ^O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. pp. 2 & 3.
  20. ^abLouis-Sauveur de Chénier (1787).Recherches historiques sur les Maures et histoire de l'Empire de Maroc(in French). Vol. 3. l’Imprimerie Polytype, rue Favart (Paris). p. 342.
  21. ^O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. pp. 3 in ref.1.
  22. ^Noahedits (2020-04-21),English: Map of historical Jewish communities in Morocco,retrieved2022-10-17
  23. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 496.
  24. ^abtrans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 18.
  25. ^abcdeO. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 5.
  26. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 497.
  27. ^abRivet, Daniel (2012).Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI.Fayard.
  28. ^abMuḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 497.
  29. ^trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 19.
  30. ^abtrans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 57.
  31. ^abcdGermain Mouette (1683).Relation de la captivité du Sr. Mouette dans les royaumes de Fez et de Maroc(in French). Jean Cochart. pp. 203–213.
  32. ^Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888).Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511–1670)(in French). p. 495.
  33. ^trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [ "Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib" ], vol. IX: Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc(PDF)(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 38.
  34. ^"Moulay Ali Cherif Complex".Archnet.Retrieved2021-02-24.
  35. ^abGermain Mouette (1683).Histoires Des Conquestes De Mouley Archy, Connu Sous Le Nom De Roy De Tafilet(in French). Edme Coutirot. p. 3.
  36. ^Chénier, Louis de (1722-1796) Auteur du texte (1787).Recherches historiques sur les Maures et histoire de l'Empire de Maroc. [Volume 3] / par M. de Chénier,.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ^abcdefghiAbd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan(1993).المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل بن الشريف(in Arabic).Casablanca:مطبعة "إديال". pp. 43–44.
Preceded by Emir of Tafilalt
1631–1636 		Succeeded by
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