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Mount Sharp

Coordinates:5°05′S137°51′E/ 5.08°S 137.85°E/-5.08; 137.85
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the mountain in Antarctica, seeMount Sharp (Antarctica).
Not to be confused withSharp Mountain.

Aeolis Mons
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The roverCuriositylanded on August 6, 2012, near the base of Aeolis Mons.
LocationGale crateronMars
Coordinates5°05′S137°51′E/ 5.08°S 137.85°E/-5.08; 137.85
PeakAeolis Mons – 5.5 km (3.4 mi) 18,045 ft (5,500 m)[1]
DiscovererNASAin the 1970s
EponymAeolis Mons –Aeolis albedo feature
Mount Sharp–Robert P. Sharp(1911–2004)

Mount Sharp,officiallyAeolis Mons(/ˈiːəlɪsmɒnz/), is a mountain onMars.It forms the central peak withinGalecrater and is located around5°05′S137°51′E/ 5.08°S 137.85°E/-5.08; 137.85,rising 5.5 km (18,000 ft) high from the valley floor. Its ID in theUnited States Geological Survey's Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature is 15000.[2]

On August 6, 2012,Curiosity(theMars Science Laboratoryrover) landed in "Yellowknife"Quad 51[3][4][5][6]ofAeolis Palus,[7]next to the mountain. NASA named the landing siteBradbury Landingon August 22, 2012.[8]Aeolis Mons is a primary goal for scientific study.[9]On June 5, 2013, NASA announced thatCuriositywould begin an 8 km (5.0 mi) journey from theGlenelg areato the base of Aeolis Mons. On November 13, 2013, NASA announced that an entryway the rover would traverse on its way to Aeolis Mons was to be named "Murray Buttes", in honor ofplanetary scientistBruce C. Murray(1931–2013).[10]The trip was expected to take about a year and would include stops along the way to study the local terrain.[11][12][13]

On September 11, 2014, NASA announced thatCuriosityhad reached Aeolis Mons, the rover mission's long-term prime destination.[14][15]Possiblerecurrent slope lineae,wetbrineflows, were reported on Mount Sharp nearCuriosityin 2015.[16]In June 2017, NASA reported that an ancientstriatedlake had existed in Gale crater that could have been favorable formicrobial life.[17][18][19]

Formation[edit]

The mountain appears to be an enormous mound of eroded sedimentary layers sitting on the central peak of Gale. It rises 5.5 km (18,000 ft) above the northern crater floor and 4.5 km (15,000 ft) above the southern crater floor, higher than the southern crater rim. The sediments may have been laid down over an interval of 2 billion years,[20]and may have once completely filled the crater. Some of the lower sediment layers may have originally been deposited on a lake bed,[20]while observations of possibly cross-bedded strata in the upper mound suggestaeolian processes.[21]However, this issue is debated,[22][23]and the origin of the lower layers remains unclear.[21]Ifkatabatic winddeposition played the predominant role in the emplacement of the sediments, as suggested by reported 3 degree radial slopes of the mound's layers, erosion would have come into play largely to place an upper limit on the mound's growth.[24][25]

On December 8, 2014, a panel of NASA scientists discussed (archive 62:03)the latest observations ofCuriosityabout how water may have helped shape the landscape of Mars, including Aeolis Mons, and had a climate long ago that could have produced long-lasting lakes at many Martian locations.[26][27][28]

On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 - 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp.[29][30]

On February 1, 2019, NASA scientistsreportedthatCuriosityhad determined, for the first time, the density of Mount Sharp in Gale crater, thereby establishing a clearer understanding of how the mountain was formed.[31][32]

Size comparisons[edit]

Mons Hadley,on theMoon,is 4.5 km (15,000 ft) high.[33]
Mountain km high
Aeolis 5.5
Huygens 5.5
Denali 5.5 (btp)
Blanc 4.8 (asl)
Uhuru 4.6 (btp)
Fuji 3.8 (asl)
Zugspitze 3

Aeolis Mons is 5.5 km (18,000 ft) high, about the same height asMons Huygens,thetallest lunar mountain,and taller thanMons Hadleyvisited byApollo 15.Thetallest mountain known in the Solar Systemis inRheasilviacrater on the asteroidVesta,which contains a central mound that rises 22 km (14 mi; 72,000 ft) high;Olympus Monson Mars is nearly the same height, at 21.9 km (13.6 mi; 72,000 ft) high.

In comparison,Mount Everestrises to 8.8 km (29,000 ft) altitude above sea level (asl), but is only4.6 km (15,000 ft)(base-to-peak) (btp).[34]Africa'sMount Kilimanjarois about 5.9 km (19,000 ft) altitude above sea level to the Uhuru peak;[35]also 4.6 km base-to-peak.[36]America'sDenali,also known asMount McKinley,has a base-to-peak of 5.5 km (18,000 ft).[37] The Franco-ItalianMont Blanc/Monte Biancois 4.8 km (16,000 ft) in altitude above sea level,[38][39]Mount Fuji,which overlooks Tokyo, Japan, is about 3.8 km (12,000 ft) altitude. Compared to theAndes,Aeolis Mons would rank outside the hundred tallest peaks, being roughly the same height as Argentina'sCerro Pajonal;the peak is higher than any above sea level in Oceania, but base-to peak it is considerably shorter than Hawaii'sMauna Keaandits neighbors.

Name[edit]

Discovered in the 1970s,[citation needed]the mountain remained unnamed for several decades. When Gale crater became a candidate landing site, the mountain was given various labels e.g. in 2010 a NASA photo caption called it "Gale crater mound".[40]In March 2012, NASA unofficially named it "Mount Sharp", after American geologistRobert P. Sharp.[1][41]

Comparison ofMount Sharp (Aeolis Mons)to the sizes of three large mountains on Earth.

Since 1919 theInternational Astronomical Union(IAU) has been the official body responsible forplanetary nomenclature.Under its long-establishedrules for naming features on Mars,mountains are named after theclassical albedo featurein which they are located, not after people. In May 2012 the IAU officially named the mountain Aeolis Mons after theAeolis albedo feature.[42]It also gave the nameAeolis Palusto the plain located on the crater floor between the northern wall of Gale and the northern foothills of the mountain.[1][43][44][45]The IAU's choice of name is supported by theUnited States Geological Survey.[44]Martian craters are named after deceased scientists, so in recognition of NASA and Sharp, at the same time the IAU named "Robert Sharp",a large crater (150 km (93 mi) diameter) located about 260 km (160 mi) west of Gale.[46]

NASA and theEuropean Space Agency[47]continue to refer to the mountain as "Mount Sharp" in press conferences and press releases. This is similar to their use of other informal names, such as theColumbia Hillsnear one of theMars Exploration Roverlanding sites.

In August 2012, the magazineSky & Telescoperan an article explaining the rationale of the two names and held an informal poll to determine which one was preferred by their readers. Over 2700 people voted, with Aeolis Mons winning by 57% to Mount Sharp's 43%.[41]

Spacecraft exploration[edit]

Main article:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
Geology map – from the crater floor inAeolis Palusup the slopes of Aeolis Mons
(September 11, 2014).
Rocks in "Hidden Valley" near the "Pahrump Hills" on the slopes of Aeolis Mons as viewed fromCuriosity
(September 11, 2014;white balanced).

On December 16, 2014, NASA reported detecting, based on measurements by theCuriosityrover, an unusual increase, then decrease, in the amounts ofmethanein theatmosphereof the planet Mars; as well as, detecting Martianorganic chemicalsin powder drilled from arockby the rover. Also, based ondeuteriumtohydrogenratio studies, much of thewaterat Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost.[48][49][50]

On June 1, 2017, NASA reported that theCuriosityrover provided evidence of an ancient lake in Gale crater on Mars that could have been favorable formicrobial life;the ancient lake wasstratified,with shallows rich inoxidantsand depths poor in oxidants; and, the ancient lake provided many different types of microbe-friendly environments at the same time. NASA further reported that theCuriosityroverwill continue to explore higher and younger layers of Mount Sharp in order to determine how the lake environment in ancient times on Mars became the drier environment in more modern times.[17][18][19]

On August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of theCuriositylanding, and related exploratory accomplishments, on the planet Mars.[51][52](Videos:Curiosity'sFirst Five Years (02:07);Curiosity'sPOV: Five Years Driving (05:49);Curiosity'sDiscoveries About Gale Crater (02:54))

On April 11, 2019, NASA announced thatCuriosityhad drilled into, and closely studied, a "clay-bearing unit"which, according to the rover Project Manager, is a" major milestone "inCuriosity'sjourney up Mount Sharp.[53]

MarsCuriosityrover explores Mount Sharp (May 15, 2019)

In January 2023,Curiosityviewed and studied the "Cacao" meteorite.

Curiosityviews the "Cacao" meteorite (28 January 2023)

In August 2023,Curiosityexplored the upperGediz Vallis Ridge.[54][55]A panoramic view of the ridge ishere,and a 3D rendered view ishere.

The path ofCuriositytoGediz Vallis Ridgeand beyond (August 2023)

Curiositymission[edit]

See also:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory § Arrival at Mount Sharp
Curiosityat Mount Sharp
Self-portrait ofCuriosityat the Mojave site (January 31, 2015).

As of July 5, 2024,Curiosityhas been on the planet Mars for 4235sols(4351total days) since landing on August 6, 2012. Since September 11, 2014,Curiosityhas beenexploringthe slopes ofMount Sharp,[14][15]where more information about thehistory of Marsis expected to be found.[56]As of January 26, 2021, the rover has traveled over 24.15 km (15.01 mi) and climbed over 327 m (1,073 ft) in elevation[57][58][59]to, and around, the mountain base since landing at "Bradbury Landing"in August 2012.[57][58]

Curiosityexploring the slopes ofMount Sharp.[14][15]
Close-up map- planned route from "Dingo Gap" to "Kimberley" (KMS-9) (HiRISE image)
(February 18, 2014/Sol 547).
Traverse map-Curiosityhas traveled over 21.92 km (13.62 mi) since leaving its "start"point in Yellowknife Bay on July 4, 2013 (now beyond the"3-sigma safe-to-land ellipse"border) (HiRISE image)
(March 3, 2020/Sol 2692).
Context map-Curiosity'strip toMount Sharp(star= landing)
(August 22, 2019/Sol 2504).
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona


Location map -Curiosityroverat the base ofMount Sharp- as viewed from Space (MRO;HiRISE;March 3, 2020/Sol 2692).
Curiosity'sview of "Mount Sharp" (September 20, 2012;white balanced) (raw color).
Curiosity'sview of "Mount Sharp" (September 9, 2015).
Curiosity'sview ofMars skyatsunset(February 2013; Sun simulated by artist).

Gallery[edit]

Mount Sharp - related Images
  • Overview map - blue oval marks "Base of Aeolis Mons" (August 17, 2012).
    Overview map - blue oval marks "Base of Aeolis Mons" (August 17, 2012).
  • Traverse map - route from Landing to slopes on Aeolis Mons (September 11, 2014).
    Traverse map - route fromLandingto slopes on Aeolis Mons (September 11, 2014).
  • Close-up Map - new route (yellow) - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    Close-up Map - new route (yellow) - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • Close-up map - new route (yellow) - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    Close-up map - new route (yellow) - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • Close-up map - Aeolis Mons slopes - with few craters (bottom) (September 11, 2014).
    Close-up map - Aeolis Mons slopes - with few craters (bottom) (September 11, 2014).
  • Geology map - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    Geology map - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • Geology map - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    Geology map - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • "Murray Buttes" knobs - Aeolis Mons slopes (November 13, 2013).[10]
    "Murray Buttes" knobs - Aeolis Mons slopes (November 13, 2013).[10]
  • "Murray Buttes" mesa - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    "Murray Buttes" mesa - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • "Murray Formation" bands - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
    "Murray Formation" bands - Aeolis Mons slopes (September 11, 2014).
  • "Pahrump Hills" - Notable places at base of Aeolis Mons (Autumn, 2014).
    "Pahrump Hills" - Notable places at base of Aeolis Mons (Autumn, 2014).
  • "Pahrump Hills" sand - viewed by Curiosity (November 13, 2014).
    "Pahrump Hills"sand- viewed byCuriosity(November 13, 2014).
  • "Pahrump Hills" sand - Curiosity's tracks (November 7, 2014).
    "Pahrump Hills"sand-Curiosity'stracks (November 7, 2014).
  • "Pahrump Hills" rock outcrop on Mars – viewed by Curiosity (September 23, 2014).
    "Pahrump Hills"rock outcrop on Mars – viewed byCuriosity(September 23, 2014).
  • "Confidence Hills" rock on Mars - Curiosity's 1st target at Aeolis Mons (September 24, 2014).
    "Confidence Hills"rock on Mars -Curiosity's1st target at Aeolis Mons (September 24, 2014).
  • "Pahrump Hills" bedrock on Mars - viewed by Curiosity (November 9, 2014).
    "Pahrump Hills"bedrockon Mars - viewed byCuriosity(November 9, 2014).
  • "Pink Cliffs" rock outcrop on Mars - viewed by Curiosity (October 7, 2014).
    "Pink Cliffs"rock outcropon Mars - viewed byCuriosity(October 7, 2014).
  • "Alexander Hills" bedrock on Mars - viewed by Curiosity (November 23, 2014).
    "Alexander Hills"bedrockon Mars - viewed byCuriosity(November 23, 2014).
  • Ancient Lake fills Gale Crater on Mars (simulated view).
    Ancient Lake fills Gale Crater on Mars (simulated view).
  • Murray formation lakebeds with aeolian(?) erosional fins (October 9, 2016)
    Murray formation lakebeds with aeolian(?) erosional fins (October 9, 2016)
  • Curiosity drilled into a "clay-bearing unit".[53] (April 11, 2019)
    Curiositydrilled into a "clay-bearing unit".[53](April 11, 2019)
Curiosity(in rectangle) in thePahrump Hillsof Mount Sharp – as viewed from space (MRO;HiRISE;December 13, 2014).
Curiosityrover (center bright blue) on Mount Sharp viewed from orbit (MRO;HiRISE;June 5, 2017).[61]
Curiosity'sview of the "Rocknest"area – South is center/North at both ends;" Mount Sharp "at SE horizon (somewhat left-of-center);"Glenelg"at East (left-of-center); rover tracks at West (right-of-center) (November 16, 2012;white balanced) (raw color) (interactives).
Curiosity'sview of "Amargosa Valley" on the slopes of "Mount Sharp" (September 11, 2014;white balanced image).
Curiosity'ssouthward-looking view on the slopes of "Mount Sharp" (April 11, 2015).[62]
Curiosity'sview near "Logan Pass" on the slopes of "Mount Sharp" (May 10, 2015;white balanced image).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

  • Jürgen Blunck –Mars and its Satellites, A Detailed Commentary on the Nomenclature,2nd edition. 1982.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toAeolis Mons.
Look upAeolis Monsin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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