Muqaddam
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(October 2021) |
| Historical military ranks of Egypt |
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Muqaddam(Arabic:مقدم) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.
As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots andchowdhurys,acted as hereditary rural intermediaries between the state and the peasantry.[1]Originating during theDelhi Sultanate,the earliest known reference to the muqaddami system dates from the first decades of the 13th century, whenHasan Nizamiwrote of a delegation of muqaddams offering gifts to SultanQutb ud-Din Aibak.[2]Muqaddams were tasked with revenue collection in the areas under their jurisdiction, for which they received either 2.5% as remuneration or rent-free land equalling that amount.[3]The socio-economic status of muqaddams varied over time; during therevenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji,many were impoverished due to the abolition of their traditional privileges. However, in other periods the muqaddams "were prosperous enough to ride on costly Arabi and Iraqi horses, wear fine clothes, and behave like members of the upper classes".[4]Over time, muqaddams and chowdhurys took on the characteristics of landed gentry in their respective localities, with some even attaining the status of Zamindars during the Mughal period.[5]Muqaddams could be dispossessed of their status by the state.[6]
In theTijaniyyah,Shadhiliyyah,Rahmaniyyah,and otherSufi orders,amuqaddamis a student of the Sufi path (amuridordervish) who has been authorized by his/her Guide (akashaikh,pir,ormurshid) to assist in teaching the path to other students.
InLebanon,themuqaddams were the political leaders of their religious community. The last muqaddams disappeared in the beginning of the 17th Century.[7]
Military use[edit]
In the militaries of severalArab nations,muqaddamis equivalent to the Anglophone ranks oflieutenant colonel,commanderandwing commander,depending on the service branch.
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| Algerian People's National Armed Forces[8] | 
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| French | Lieutenant colonel | ||
| Bahrain Defence Force | 
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| Egyptian Armed Forces[9] | 
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| Iraqi Armed Forces | 
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| Jordanian Armed Forces[10] | 
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| Kuwait Military Forces | 
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| Lebanese Armed Forces[11] | 
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| Libyan Armed Forces | 
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| Armed Forces of Mauritania[12] | 
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| Variant | مقدم بحري Muqaddam bahriun |
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| Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces | 
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| Palestinian National Security Forces[13] | 
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| Qatar Armed Forces | 
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| Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia[14] | 
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| Sudanese Armed Forces[15] | 
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| Syrian Armed Forces[16] | 
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| Tunisian Armed Forces[17] | 
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| Variant | مقدم بالبحرية Muqaddam bialbahria |
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| French | Lieutenant colonel | Capitaine de frégate | Lieutenant colonel |
| United Arab Emirates Armed Forces | 
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| Republic of Yemen Armed Forces | 
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References[edit]
- ^Reza Huseini, Said (2021),The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur,Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
- ^Reza Huseini, Said (2021),The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur,Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
- ^Nageshrao Chitnis, Krishnaji (2003),Medieval Indian History,Atlantic, p. 163,ISBN9788171560622
- ^Chandra, Satish (2007),History of Medieval India(PDF),Orient Blackswan, p. 141
- ^Grover, B.R. (1965),"Nature of Dehat-I-Taaluqa (Zamindari Villages) and the Evolution of the Taaluqdari System During the Mughal Age",The Indian Economic & Social History Review,2(2): 166,doi:10.1177/001946466400200204,S2CID220781506
- ^Habib, Irfan:The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Oxford University Press, 2004,ISBN0-19-565595-8,pp. 160–161.
- ^Salibi, Kamal (1968),"The muqaddams of Bšarrī: Maronite chieftains of the Northern Lebanon 1382-1621",Arabica,15(1), Brill: 86,doi:10.1163/157005868X00280,JSTOR4056124
- ^"Ranks".mdn.dz.Ministry of National Defence (Algeria).Retrieved30 May2021.
- ^"Ranks of Military Officers".mod.gov.eg.Ministry of Defense (Egypt).Retrieved30 May2021.
- ^"رتب الضباط"[Officer ranks].jaf.mil.jo/(in Arabic). Jordanian Armed Forces.Retrieved12 June2021.
- ^"الرتب العسكرية".lebarmy.gov.lb(in Arabic). Lebanese Armed Forces.Retrieved3 June2021.
- ^"رتب الضباط"[Officer ranks].armee.mr/(in Arabic). Armed Forces of Mauritania. 22 November 2012.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^"الرتب العسكرية".nsf.ps(in Arabic). Palestinian National Security Forces. Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2020.Retrieved1 June2021.
- ^"Saudi Arabian ranks"(PDF).country-data.com.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 April 2012.Retrieved16 July2021.
- ^"الرتب العسكرية"[Military ranks].mod.gov.sd/(in Arabic). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived fromthe originalon 19 November 2019.Retrieved1 July2021.
- ^"شعار الرأس"[Main logo].mod.gov.sy(in Arabic). Ministry of Defence (Syria).Retrieved12 October2021.
- ^"Les grades des officers de la marine".emam.defense.tn(in French). Ministry of Defence (Tunisia).Retrieved10 June2021.
