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Musca

Coordinates:Sky map12h27m36s,−70° 20′ 24″
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the southern constellation. For the fly genus, seeMusca (fly).For other uses, seeMusca (disambiguation).

Musca
Constellation
Musca
List of stars in Musca
AbbreviationMus
GenitiveMuscae
Pronunciation
SymbolismtheFly
Right ascension11h19.3mto13h51.1m[1]
Declination−64.64° to −75.68°[1]
QuadrantSQ3
Area138 sq. deg. (77th)
Main stars6
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		13
Stars withplanets3
Stars brighter than 3.00m1
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)1
Brightest starα Mus(2.69m)
Messier objects0
Bordering
constellations
Visible at latitudes between +10° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month ofMay.

Musca(Latinfor 'thefly') is a smallconstellationin the deep southern sky. It was one of 12 constellations created byPetrus Planciusfrom the observations ofPieter Dirkszoon KeyserandFrederick de Houtman,and it first appeared on acelestial globe35 cm (14 in) in diameter published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius andJodocus Hondius.The first depiction of this constellation in acelestial atlaswas inJohann Bayer'sUranometriaof 1603. It was also known asApis(Latin for 'thebee') for 200 years. Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers.

Many of the constellation's brighter stars are members of theScorpius–Centaurus association,a loose group of hot blue-white stars that appears to share a common origin and motion across theMilky Way.These includeAlpha,Beta,Gamma,Zeta2and (probably)Eta Muscae,as well asHD 100546,a blue-whiteHerbig Ae/Be starthat is surrounded by a complexdebris diskcontaining a largeplanetorbrown dwarfand possible protoplanet. Two further star systems have been found to have planets. The constellation also contains twocepheid variablesvisible to the naked eye.Theta Muscaeis a triple star system, the brightest member of which is aWolf–Rayet star.

History[edit]

Musca (as Apis) can be seen in the upper right of this extract from Bayer'sUranometriaof 1603

Musca was one of the 12 constellations established by the astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorersPieter Dirkszoon KeyserandFrederick de Houtman,who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as theEerste Schipvaart,to theEast Indies.De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1598 under the Dutch nameDe Vlieghe,"The Fly".[2]They assigned four stars to the constellation, with a star that would be later designated as Beta Muscae marking the head, Gamma the body, and Alpha and Delta the left and right wings, respectively.[3]It first appeared on a 35-cm-diameter (14-in)celestial globepublished in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius, though was unnamed.[4]The first depiction of this constellation in acelestial atlaswas in the German cartographerJohann Bayer'sUranometriaof 1603,[5]though Bayer termed it Apis— "the Bee", a name by which it was known for the next two centuries. A 1603 celestial globe byWillem Blaeudepicts it as providing nourishment for the nearby constellationChamaeleon—its tongue trying to catch the insect.[4]

The French explorer and astronomerNicolas Louis de Lacaillecalled itla Moucheon the 1756 version of hisplanisphereof the southern skies.Jean Fortinretained the French name in 1776 for hisAtlas Céleste,while Lacaillelatinisedthe name for his revisedCoelum Australe Stelliferumin 1763.[6]Lacaille renamed it toMusca Australis,the Southern Fly—Australis,since it counterparted the nowdiscarded constellationofMusca Borealiscomposed of a few stars inAries,and to avoidconfusion with Apus.Today, the name is simply Musca.[7]It is the only official constellation depicting an insect.[8]

TheKalapalo peopleofMato Grossostate in Brazil called Alpha and Beta Muscae (along withBetaandKappa Crucis)Kutsu anangagï"Ornate Hawk-Eagle's double flutes ".[9]TheWardaman peopleof the Northern Territory in Australia perceived the main stars of Musca as a ceremonial boomerang, part of the Central Arena—a sacred area surrounding the constellation Crux that depicts the lightning creation beings and where they teach Wardaman customs; Alpha and Beta also signified a ceremonial headband, whileGammaandDeltarepresented two armbands.[10]In central Australia, theArrernteandLuritjapeoples living in on a mission inHermannsburgviewed the sky as divided between them, east of the Milky Way representing Arrernte camps and west denoting Luritja camps. The stars of Musca, along withFomalhaut,Alpha Pavonis,andAlphaandBeta Gruis,were all claimed by the Arrernte.[11]

Characteristics[edit]

Musca is bordered byCruxto the north,Carinato the west,Chamaeleonto the south,ApusandCircinusto the east, andCentaurusto the northeast. Covering 138 square degrees and 0.335% of the night sky, it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size.[12]The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin 1922, is "Mus".[13]The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments. In theequatorial coordinate system,theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between11h19.3mand13h51.1m,while thedeclinationcoordinates are between −64.64° and −75.68°.[1]The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude14°N.[14][a]

Features[edit]

Stars[edit]

See also:List of stars in Musca
Musca as seen by the naked eye

Lacaille charted and designated 10 stars with theBayer designationsAlpha to Kappa in 1756. He catalogued stars that becameLambdaandMu,but did not designate them as he considered theminformesas they lay outside the asterism proper. Baily considered them part of Musca, and Gould gave them their Bayer designations.Francis Bailyalso dropped Kappa, which he felt was too faint to warrant a name, and designated two adjacent stars asZeta1andZeta2.These last two stars are 1° apart, quite far to be sharing a Bayer designation. Lacaille had originally labelled the fainter one as Zeta, while Baily presupposed he had meant to label the brighter one. Reluctant to remove Lacaille's designation, he gave them both the Zeta designation.[15]Altogether there are 62 stars brighter than magnitude 6.5 in the constellation.[14]

The pattern of the brightest stars resembles that ofUrsa Minor,in that the stars form a pattern reminiscent of a bowl with a handle.[12]Lying south-southeast ofAcruxin neighbouring Crux isAlpha Muscae.[16]It is the brightest star in the constellation with anapparent magnitudeof 2.7. Lying around 310light-yearsaway, it is a blue-white star ofspectral typeB2IV-V that is around 4520 times asluminousand 8 times as massive as theSun.The star is aBeta Cephei variablewith about 4.7 times the Sun's diameter, and pulsates every 2.2 hours, varying by 1% in brightness. A nearby star of magnitude 13 may or may not be a companion star.[17]Marking the fly's tail is Gamma Muscae,[16]a blue-white star of spectral type B5V that varies between magnitudes 3.84 and 3.86 over a period of 2.7 days. It is a variable of a different type, classed as aslowly pulsating B star,a type of variable.[18]It is around five times as massive as the Sun.[19]

Beta Muscae is abinary starsystem around 341 light-years distant that is composed of twoblue-white main-sequence starsof spectral types B2V and B3V that orbit each other every 194 years. They are eight and six times as massive as the Sun, respectively, and have about 3.5 times its diameter.[20]Zeta2Muscae is awhite main sequence starof spectral type A5V around 330 light-years distant from Earth.[21]It is part of a triple star system with faint companions at 0.5 and 32.4 arc seconds distance.[22]Eta Muscaeis a multiple star system, the two main components forming an eclipsing binary that has a combined spectral type of B8V and magnitude of 4.77 that dips by 0.05 magnitude every 2.39 days.[23]Alpha, Beta, Gamma,HD 103079,Zeta2and (likely) Eta are all members of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup of theScorpius–Centaurus association,a group of predominantly hot blue-white stars that share a common origin andproper motionacross the galaxy.[24][25]

Delta and Epsilon mark the fly's left wing and right wing, respectively.[16]With an apparent magnitude of 3.62, Delta is an orange giant of spectral type K2III located around 91 light-years away.[26]Epsilon Muscaeis ared giantof spectral type M5III and semiregular variable that ranges between magnitudes 3.99 and 4.31 over approximately 40 days.[27]It has expanded to 130 times the Sun's diameter and 1800 to 2300 its luminosity. It was a star originally 1.5 to 2 times as massive as the Sun. Although of a similar distance—around 302 light-years—to the stars of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup, it is moving much faster at around 100 km/s and does not share a common origin.[28]To the northwest lies Mu Muscae, an orange giant of spectral type K4III that varies between apparent magnitude 4.71 and 4.76, and has been classified as a slow, irregular variable.[29]Near Mu is Lambda Muscae, the third-brightest star in the constellation and a white main-sequence star of spectral type A7V around 128 light-years distant from Earth.[30]

Located near Alpha isR Muscae,[16]aclassical Cepheid variableranging from apparent magnitude 5.93 to 6.73 over 7.5 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant ranging between spectral types F7Ib and G2Ib,[31]located around 2037 light-years away.[32]S Muscaeis likewise a classical Cepheid, a yellow-white supergiant ranging between spectral types F6Ib and G0Ib and magnitudes 5.89 to 6.49 over a period of 9.66 days.[33]A luminous star around 5.9 times as massive as the Sun, it is a binary star with a blue-white main-sequence star companion likely to be of spectral type B3V to B5V with a mass of just over 5 solar masses,[34]one of the hottest and brightest companions of a cepheid known. The two stars orbit each other every 505 days.[35]

Theta Muscaeis a triple star system thought to be around 7,500 light-years distant.[36]It consists of aspectroscopic binarysystem composed of theWolf–Rayet star(spectral type: WC5 or 6) and anO-type main-sequence star(spectral type: O6 or O7) that orbit each other every 19 days and ablue supergiant(spectral type: O9.5/B0Iab) set about 46milliarcsecondsapart from them. If the system's estimated distance from Earth is accurate, the binary stars are about 0.5astronomical units(AU) apart and the supergiant about 100 AU apart from them.[37]All three are highly luminous; combined, they are likely to be over a million times as luminous as the Sun.[36]TU Muscaeis a binary star system located around 15,500 light-years away made up of two hot, luminous, blue main-sequence stars of spectral types O7.5V and O9.5V,[38][39]with masses 23 and 15 times that of the Sun. The stars are so close that they are in contact with each other (overcontact binary) and are classed as aBeta Lyrae variableas their light varies from Earth as they eclipse each other.[38]The system ranges from apparent magnitude 8.17 to 8.75 over around 1.4 days.[40]

Also known as Nova Muscae 1983,GQ Muscaeis a binary system consisting of a white dwarf and small star that is about 10% as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every 1.4 hours. The white dwarf accumulates material from its companion star via itsaccretion disc.After a certain amount has accumulated, the star erupts, as it did in 1983, reaching a magnitude of 7.2.[41]Discovered with a magnitude of 7.1 on 18 January 1983,[42]it was the first nova from which X-rays were detected.[43]Thesoft X-ray transientGRS 1124-683(also known as Nova Muscae 1991) is a binary object consisting of an orange main-sequence star (GU Muscae) of spectral type K3V–K4V and ablack holeof around six solar masses.[44]During the 1991 outburst which led to its discovery,radiationwas produced through a process ofpositronannihilation.[45]GR Muscaeis an X-ray source composed of aneutron starof between 1.2 and 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and a low-mass star likely to be around the mass of the Sun in close orbit.[46]Finally,SY Muscaeis asymbioticstar system composed of a red giant and white dwarf, where although the larger star is transferring mass to the smaller, no periodic eruption occurs nor does an accretion disc form.[47]The star system varies in magnitude from 10.2 to 12.7 over a period of 624.5 days.[48]V415 Muscae is a nova that had an outburst in 8 June 2022 with an apparent magnitude of +8.7.[49]

TheCoalsack Nebulacan be seen as the large, dark region near the top of the photo. It extends into the northeast of Musca. The vertical dark column in the lower right of the image is theDark Doodad Nebula.

Three star systems have been discovered to haveexoplanets.HD 111232is a yellow main-sequence star around 78% as massive as the Sun around 95 light-years distant. It has a planet (HD 111232 b) around 6.8 times the mass ofJupiterthat has an orbital period around 1143 days.[50]HD 112410is a yellow giant of spectral type G8III located around 439 light-years distant.[51]With around 1.54 times the mass of the Sun, it is cooling and expanding along thered-giant branch,having left themain sequenceafter exhausting its core supply of hydrogen fuel. It has a substellar companion calculated to have a mass 9.2 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 124.6 days at a distance around 0.57 AU.[52]Yet another member of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup,[24]HD 100546is a young, blue-whiteHerbig Ae/Be starof spectral type B9V that has yet to settle on the main sequence—the closest of these stars to Earth around 320 light-years distant.[53][54]It is surrounded by a circumstellar debris disk from a distance of 0.2 to 4 AU, and again from 13 AU out to a few hundred AU, with evidence for a protoplanet forming at a distance around 47 AU.[53]A gap exists between 4 and 13 AU, which appears to contain a large planet around 20 times the mass of Jupiter,[55]although further examination of the disk profile indicates it might be a more massive object such as abrown dwarfor more than one planet.[56]LP 145-141is a white dwarf located 15 light-years distant—the fourth-closest to theSolar System.[57]It is considered a good candidate to look for Jupiter-like planets, on account if its proximity and mass.[58]

Deep-sky objects[edit]

Located on the border with Circinus is the unusualplanetary nebulaNGC 5189,[8]estimated to be around 1750 light-years away from Earth.[59]Its complex structure is due to multiple ejections of material from the ageing central star, which are distorted by the presence of a likely binary companion.[60]Located 2.4° east of Eta Muscae is the magnitude-12.9Engraved Hourglass Nebula(MyCn 18),[61]which lies about 8000 light-years distant from Earth.[62]To Eta's west liesIC 4191,a compact bluish planetary nebula of magnitude 10.6,[63]thought to lie around 10,750 light-years away from Earth.[64]West of Epsilon Muscae isNGC 4071,a large, diffuse planetary nebula of magnitude 12.7 with a magnitude 12 central star,[63]thought to lie around 4000 light-years away from Earth.[64]TheCoalsack Nebulais adark nebulalocated mainly in neighbouring Crux that intrudes into Musca.[65]NGC 4463is anopen clusterlocated on its southwestern border.[66]Around five light-years across, it is located around 3400 light-years away.[12]

The comparatively oldglobular clusterNGC 4833near Delta Muscae was catalogued by Lacaille in 1755.[8]It is 21,200 light-years distant and somewhat obscured by dust clouds near thegalactic plane.The globular clusterNGC 4372near Gamma Muscae is fainter and likewise partially obscured by dust, but spans morearc minutes.[67]It is 18,900 light-years away from Earth and 23,000 light-years distant from the centre of the Milky Way. Its extremely lowmetallicityindicates it is very old—one of the oldest clusters in the Milky Way.[68]Extending south from it is theDark Doodad Nebula,resembling a dark L-shaped river through a bright field of stars.[69]Anotherdark nebulain the constellation isBHR 71.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 14°N and25°N,stars within a few degrees of the horizon are essentially unobservable.[14]

References[edit]

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