Mycobacteroides abscessus
| Mycobacteroides abscessus | |
|---|---|
| |
| GD01 strain ofMycobacteroides abscessusisolated from patient | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Mycobacteroides |
| Species: | M. abscessus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Mycobacteroides abscessus (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Gupta et al. 2018[1]
| |
| Type strain[2] | |
| ATCC 19977 CCUG 20993 CIP 104536 DSM 43491 DSM 44196 Hauduroy L948 JCM 13569 L948 NCTC 13031 TMC 1543 | |
| Subspecies | |
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Mycobacteroides abscessus(formerlyMycobacterium abscessus[1]) is a species of rapidly growing,multidrug-resistant,nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM) that is a common soil and water contaminant. AlthoughM. abscessusmost commonly causeschroniclung infectionand skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressedimmune systems.[3]Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused byM. abscessuscomplex are more difficult to treat due toantimicrobialdrug resistance.[4]
Description
[edit]Mycobacteroides abscessuscells areGram-positive,nonmotile,acid-fastrods about 1.0–2.5 μm long by 0.5 μm wide. They may form colonies onLöwenstein–Jensen mediumthat appear smooth or rough, white or greyish, andnonphotochromogenic.[citation needed]
Etymology
[edit]Abscessusis named forabscesses.It is aLatinword derived fromab-( "away" ) +cedere( "to go" ) because it was the ancient medical notion that a manifestation of thefour humorswas forpusto leave the body.M. abscessuswas first isolated from gluteal abscesses in a 62-year-old patient who had injured her knee as a child and had a disseminated infection 48 years later. The speciesM. bolletii,which was first described in 2006, is named after the late eminent French microbiologist and taxonomist Claude Bollet.[citation needed]
Physiology
[edit]M. abscessusshows growth at 28 °C and 37 °C after 7 days, but not at 43 °C. It may grow onMacConkey agarat 28 °C and even 37 °C. It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) and 500 mg/Lhydroxylamine(Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2%picrate(Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibioticp-aminosalicylate.M. abscessushas also been shown to producearylsulfatase,but not ofnitrate reductaseand Tween 80 hydrolase. It shows a negative result for the iron uptake test and no use offructose,glucose,oxalate,orcitrateas sole carbon sources.[citation needed]
Differential characteristics
[edit]M. abscessusandM. chelonaecan be distinguished fromM. fortuitumorM. peregrinumby their failure to reducenitrateand to take up iron. Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen medium, tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar, and non-use of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguishM. abscessusfromM. chelonae.M. abscessusandM. chelonaesequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of16S rRNA,though both species can be differentiated by theirhsp65,ITSorrpoBgene sequences.[citation needed]
Genetics
[edit]A draft genome sequence ofM. abscessussubsp.bolletiiBDTwas completed in 2012.[5]Since then, a large number ofstrainsfrom this subspecies have had theirgenomessequenced, leading to a clarification of subspecies boundaries. In 1992,M. abscessuswas first recognised as a distinct species. In 2006, this group was separated into three subspecies:M. a. abscessus,M. a. bolletii,andM. a. massiliense.In 2011, the latter two were briefly merged into a single subspecies,[6]but were subsequently separated again following greater availability of genome sequence data, which showed the three subspecies formed genetically distinct groups.[7][8]It has been proposed thatM. bolletiiandM. massiliensebe reinstated as unique species.[9]
These distinct groups also correspond to important biological differences. Clinically important differences include differing susceptibilities to antibiotics.M. a. abscessusandM. a. bolletiicarry a commonantibiotic resistancegene, which confers resistance tomacrolideantibiotics,whileM. a. massilienseis thought to carry a nonfunctional copy, so is more susceptible to antibiotics and more easily treated.[7]
Pathogenesis
[edit]M. abscessuscan causelung disease,skin infections,central nervous systeminfections,bacteremia,eye infections, and other, less common diseases.[7]
Chronic lung disease occurs most commonly in vulnerable hosts with underlying lung disease such ascystic fibrosis,bronchiectasis,and priortuberculosis.Clinical symptoms of lung infection vary in scope and intensity, but commonly include chronic cough, often with purulent sputum.Haemoptysismay also be present. Systemic symptoms includemalaise,fatigue,and weight loss in advanced disease.[10]The diagnosis ofM. abscessuspulmonary infection requires the presence of symptoms, radiologic abnormalities, andmicrobiologic cultures.[citation needed]
M. abscessuscan cause skin infections in immunodeficient patients, patients who have recently undergone surgery,tattooing,oracupuncture,or after exposure tohot springsor spas.[7]It can be associated with middle-ear infections (otitis media).[11]
The incidence ofM. abscessusinfections appears to be increasing over time.[7][12]Outbreaks ofM. abscessushave been reported in hospitals and clinical settings worldwide.[13]While outbreaks of major clinical concern involve transmission (most likely indirect transmission) between vulnerable patients such as those receiving lung transplants or being treated for cystic fibrosis, outbreaks have also been reported at clinics providing cosmetic surgery,liposuction,mesotherapyand IV infusion of cell therapy, although these are more attributable to contaminated disinfectants, saline and instruments than contact between patients.[7]
Management
[edit]Bacteriophage therapy
[edit]A study from 2019 supported the capability ofphagesin killing resistant bacteria unable to be treated with antibiotics.[14]Research laboratories came together to find these phages by collecting, isolating, and exposing them to resistantM. abscessusthat had been isolated from a patient in London.[14]
In vitro
[edit]A bacteriophage known as Muddy had proved effective at killing the patient’s distinctM. abscessusstrain (GD01), while phages like ZoeJ and BPs had reduced capabilities at infecting GD01.[14]A mixture of phages, Muddy and engineered versions of ZoeJ and BPs, though, completely infected and killed GD01.[14]
In vivo
[edit]A cocktail of bacteriophages, Muddy, ZoeJ, and BPs, effectively killed a strain ofM. abscessus in vitro.[14]The potential this showed encouraged the commencement of patient treatments towards the GD01 infection.[14]Every 12 hours, the patient received a treatment of the bacteriophage cocktail.[14]
One day of treatment showed high bacteriophage levels in the bloodstream.[14]This suggested that they were being released into thebloodstreamand replicating to infect bacteria.[14]No significant side effects were reported.[14]The right phages were found for this patient, but a different strain may be sensitive to different phages.[14]
Type strain
[edit]The type strain ofM. abscessus,most commonly referred to as ATCC 19977, was isolated in 1953 from a human knee infection presenting with abscess-like lesions, leading to the strain being named "abscessus".[15]The strain wasn't recognised as a distinct species until 1992, however, whenDNA hybridisationwork identified it as genetically distinct from its relative,M. chelonae.[16]The genome of the type train was published in 2009.[17]
References
[edit]This article incorporates public domain text from the CDC as cited
- ^abcGupta, Radhey S.; Lo, Brian; Son, Jeen (2018-02-13)."Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the GenusMycobacteriuminto an Emended GenusMycobacteriumand Four Novel Genera ".Frontiers in Microbiology.9:67.doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067.ISSN1664-302X.PMC5819568.PMID29497402.
- ^Euzéby JP, Parte AC."Mycobacteroides abscessus".List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(LPSN).RetrievedJune 24,2022.
- ^Song, Joon Young; Sohn, Jang Wook; Jeong, Hye Won; Cheong, Hee Jin; Kim, Woo Joo; Kim, Min Ja (2006-01-13)."An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due toMycobacterium abscessus".BMC Infectious Diseases.6:6.doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-6.ISSN1471-2334.PMC1361796.PMID16412228.
- ^Lee; et al. (2015)."Mycobacterium abscessescomplex infections in humans ".Emerg Infect Dis.21(9): 1638–1646.doi:10.3201/2109.141634.PMC4550155.PMID26295364.
- ^Choi, G.-E.; Cho, Y.-J.; Koh, W.-J.; Chun, J.; Cho, S.-N.; Shin, S. J. (24 April 2012)."Draft Genome Sequence ofMycobacterium abscessussubsp.bolletiiBDT ".Journal of Bacteriology.194(10): 2756–2757.doi:10.1128/JB.00354-12.PMC3347169.PMID22535937.
- ^Leao, SC; Tortoli, E; Euzéby, JP; Garcia, MJ (September 2011)."Proposal thatMycobacterium massilienseandMycobacterium bolletiibe united and reclassified asMycobacterium abscessussubsp.bolletiicomb. nov., designation ofMycobacterium abscessussubsp.abscessussubsp. nov. and emended description ofMycobacterium abscessus".International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.61(Pt 9): 2311–3.doi:10.1099/ijs.0.023770-0.PMID21037035.
- ^abcdefLee, Meng-Rui; Sheng, Wang-Huei; Hung, Chien-Ching; Yu, Chong-Jen; Lee, Li-Na; Hsueh, Po-Ren (September 2015)."Mycobacterium abscessusComplex Infections in Humans ".Emerging Infectious Diseases.21(9): 1638–46.doi:10.3201/2109.141634.PMC4550155.PMID26295364.
- ^Tortoli E, Kohl TA, Brown-Elliott BA, Trovato A, Leao SC, Garcia MJ, Vasireddy S, Turenne CY, Griffith DE, Philley JV, Baldan R, Campana S, Cariani L, Colombo C, Taccetti G, Teri A, Niemann S, Wallace Jr RJ, Cirillo DM. (2016). "Emended description ofMycobacterium abscessus,Mycobacterium abscessussubsp.abscessusandMycobacterium abscessussubsp.bolletiiand designation ofMycobacterium abscessussubsp.massiliensecomb. nov ".Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.66(11): 4471–4479.doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001376.PMID27499141.
- ^Sassi M, Drancourt M. (2014)."Genome analysis reveals three genomospecies inMycobacterium abscessus".BMC Genomics.15(1): 359.doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-359.PMC4035080.PMID24886480.
- ^Johnson; Odell (2014)."Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections".J Thorac Dis.6(3): 210–220.doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24.PMC3949190.PMID24624285.
- ^Linmans JJ, Stokroos RJ, Linssen CF (September 2008)."Mycobacterium abscessus,an uncommon cause of chronic otitis media: A case report and literature review ".Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.134(9): 1004–6.doi:10.1001/archotol.134.9.1004.PMID18794448.[permanent dead link]
- ^Marras, Theodore K.; Mendelson, David; Marchand-Austin, Alex; May, Kevin; Jamieson, Frances B. (November 2013)."Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998–2010".Emerging Infectious Diseases.19(11): 1889–1891.doi:10.3201/eid1911.130737.PMC3837646.PMID24210012.
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