Myoporum
| Myoporum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Scrophulariaceae |
| Tribe: | Myoporeae |
| Genus: | Myoporum Banks&Sol.exG.Forst.[1] |
| Species | |
|
See text. | |
Myoporumis agenusofflowering plantsin thefigwortfamily,Scrophulariaceae(formerly placed inMyoporaceae). There are 30 species in the genus, eighteen of which areendemictoAustraliaalthough others are endemic toPacific Islands,includingNew Zealand,and one is endemic to twoIndian Oceanislands. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are arranged alternately and have white, occasionally pink flowers and a fruit that is adrupe.
Description
[edit]Plants in this genus are shrubs or small trees, mostlyglabrouswith simple leaves that are arranged alternately and often lack apetiole(although the leaves often taper towards the base). The flowers are adapted for pollination by insects and have white, (sometimes pinkish)petalsand usually 4stamens.The fruit is adrupewith its central seed surrounded by a hardendocarpand usuallysucculentmesocarp.[2][3]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]The genusMyoporumwas first formally described in 1786 byGeorg Forster,from an unpublished description byJoseph BanksandDaniel Solander.[4][5]The nameMyoporumis derived from theAncient Greekmyomeaning "to close" or "to be shut" andporosmeaning "pore", referring to the ability of (some) plants in this genus to exist in dry areas,[6]or possibly to the appearance of the glands on the leaves.[7]
Recent molecular work into the Mypoporeae family seems to indicate that the genusMyoporumis nested withinEremophila,and is thusparaphyletic.[8]
Distribution
[edit]There are 30 species in the genus, which is spread fromMauritius,acrossAustraliato thePacific Islands.Eighteen species are endemic to Australia.
Ecology
[edit]Myoporum insulareis invasive in several African countries and in the western coastal areas of theUnited States.InSouth Africathis species is known as manatoka.[9]Some species, includingM. insulareandM. laetumare known to be poisonous to stock.[3][10]
Use in horticulture
[edit]M. parvifolium,M. floribundumandM. bateaeare often cultivated as ornamentals, hedges or windbreaks.M. insulare,M. montanum,M. acuminatumand sometimesM. parvifoliumare often used as rootstock forEremophilaspecies, especially those that are difficult to grow fromcuttingsor that are to be grown in heavier soils.[3][10]
Species list
[edit]The following is a list of the species ofMyoporumaccepted by theAustralian Plant Censusfor Australian species andPlants of the World Onlinefor others:[11][12]
- Myoporum acuminatumR.Br.– pointed boobialla (Australia)
- Myoporum bateaeF.Muell.(New South Wales)
- Myoporum betcheanumL.S.Sm.– mountain boobialla (New South Wales, Queensland)
- Myoporum boninenseKoidz.(New South Wales, Queensland,BonintoMarianaIslands)
- Myoporum bontioides(Siebold&Zucc.)A.Gray(south-east China to northern Vietnam, southern Japan to Taiwan)
- Myoporum brevipesBenth.– pale myoporum (mainly South Australia)
- Myoporum caprarioidesBenth.– slender myoporum (Western Australia)
- Myoporum cordifolium(F.Muell.)Druce– Jerramungup myoporum (Western Australia)
- Myoporum crassifoliumG.Forst.(New Caledonia,Vanuatu)
- Myoporum cuneifoliumKraenzl.(New Caledonia)
- Myoporum floribundumA.Cunn.ex Benth.– weeping boobialla (Australia: New South Wales, Victoria)
- Myoporum insulareR.Br.– boobialla, blueberry tree (Australia)
- Myoporum laetumG.Forst.– ngaio (New Zealand)
- Myoporum mauritianumA.DC.(MauritiusandRodrigues)
- Myoporum montanumR.Br.– native myrtle (Australia)
- Myoporum niueanumH.St.John(Niue)
- Myoporum obscurumEndl.– bastard ironwood, popwood (Norfolk Island)
- Myoporum oppositifoliumR.Br.– twin-leaf myoporum (Western Australia)
- Myoporum papuanumKraenzl.(Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea)
- Myoporum parvifoliumR.Br.– creeping boobialla (Australia)
- Myoporum petiolatumR.J.Chinnock– sticky boobialla (Australia: South Australia, Victoria)
- Myoporum platycarpumR.Br.– sugarwood (Australia)
- Myoporum rapenseF.Br.(French Polynesia)
- Myoporum rimatarenseF.Br.(French Polynesia)
- Myoporum rotundatumS.Moore(New Caledonia)
- Myoporum sandwicenseA.Gray– naio (Hawaii,Mangaia)
- Myoporum semotumHeenan&de Lange(New Zealand)
- Myoporum stellatum(G.L.Webster)O.Deg.&I.Deg.(Hawaii)
- Myoporum stokesiiF.Br.(French Polynesia)
- Myoporum tenuifoliumG.Forst.(New Caledonia andLoyalty Islands)
- Myoporum tetrandrum(Labill.)Dominboobialla (Australia)
- Myoporum tubiflorumKraenzl.(New Zealand)
- Myoporum turbinatumR.J.Chinnock– salt myoporum (Western Australia)
- Myoporum velutinumR.J.Chinnock(Western Australia)
- Myoporum viscosumR.Br.– sticky boobialla (South Australia)
- Myoporum wilderiSkottsb.(Cook Islands)
Formerly placed here
[edit]- Eremophila debilis(Andrews) Chinnock(asM. debile(Andrews) R.Br.)
- Eremophila deserti(A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Chinnock(asM. desertiA.Cunn. ex Benth.)
References
[edit]
- ^"MyoporumSol. ex G. Forst ".Germplasm Resources Information Network.United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-04-20.Retrieved2011-02-06.
- ^Chinnock, R.J. (Bob) (2007).Eremophila and allied genera: a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae(1st ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg. p. 95.ISBN9781877058165.
- ^abc"Plantnet - Royal Botanic Gardens (Sydney)".National Herbarium of New South Wales.Retrieved10 January2015.
- ^"Myoporum".APNI.Retrieved31 August2015.
- ^Forster, Georg (1786).Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus.Göttingen. p. 44.Retrieved31 August2015.
- ^Crisp, Michael (1986)."Myoporum bateae".Australian National Botanic Garden.Retrieved10 January2015.
- ^"Australian Native Plant Society (Australia)".Australian Native Plant Society (Australia). October 2013.Retrieved10 January2015.
- ^Fowler, Rachael M.; Murphy, Daniel J.; McLay, Todd G.B.; Buirchell, Bevan J.; Chinnock, Robert J.; Bayly, Michael J. (21 April 2021)."Molecular phylogeny of tribe Myoporeae (Scrophulariaceae) using nuclear ribosomal DNA: Generic relationships and evidence for major clades".Taxon.70(3): 570–588.doi:10.1002/tax.12495.ISSN0040-0262.
- ^Glen, Hugh; van Wyk, Braam (2016).Guide to trees introduced into southern Africa(First ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Nature. pp. 230–231.ISBN9781775841258.
- ^abBoschen, Norma; Goods, Maree; Wait, Russell (2008).Australia's eremophilas: changing gardens for a changing climate.Melbourne: Bloomings Books. pp. 23–24.ISBN9781876473655.
- ^"Myoporum".Australian Plant Census.Retrieved18 November2020.
- ^"Myoporum".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved18 November2020.
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