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NHK

Coordinates:35°39′54″N139°41′45″E/ 35.66500°N 139.69583°E/35.66500; 139.69583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Japanese broadcaster. For other uses, seeNHK (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withNippon Broadcasting System.

Japan Broadcasting Corporation
NHK
Native name
Nhật bổn phóng tống hiệp hội
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai
FormerlyTokyo/Osaka/Nagoya Broadcasting Station (1925–1926)
Broadcasting Corporation of Japan (English name 1926–1950)
Company typeStatutory corporationchartered under the Broadcasting Act of 1950
IndustryBroadcastradio,televisionandonline
PredecessorTokyo Broadcasting Station
FoundedAugust 6, 1926;98 years ago(1926-08-06)(original incarnation)
June 1, 1950;74 years ago(1950-06-01)(current incarnation)
HeadquartersNHK Broadcasting Center,Shibuya,Tokyo,Japan (35°39′54″N139°41′45″E/ 35.66500°N 139.69583°E/35.66500; 139.69583)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Nobuo Inaba (president)
  • Tatsuhiko Inoue (executive vice president)
OwnerGovernment of Japan
Number of employees
10,333 (2019)Edit this on Wikidata
SubsidiariesNHK Media Holdings
Japan International Broadcasting
NHK Publishing
NHK Technologies
NHK Culture Center
Websitenhk.or.jp
Footnotes / references
[1]

TheJapan Broadcasting Corporation[2](Japanese:Nhật bổn phóng tống hiệp hội,Hepburn:Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai),also known by itsromanizedinitialismNHK,[a]is a Japanesepublic broadcaster.[3][4]It is astatutory corporationfunded by viewers' payments of atelevision license fee.

NHK operates twoterrestrial televisionchannels (NHK General TVandNHK Educational TV), threesatellite televisionchannels (NHK BS; as well as twoultra-high-definition televisionchannels, NHK BS Premium 4K andNHK BS8K), and three radio networks (NHK Radio 1,NHK Radio 2,andNHK FM).

NHK also provides an international broadcasting service, known asNHK World-Japan.NHK World-Japan is composed ofNHK World TV,NHK World Premium,and the shortwave radio serviceRadio Japan(RJ). World Radio Japan also makes some of its programs available on the Internet.

NHK was the first broadcaster in the world to broadcast in high-definition (usingmultiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding,also known as Hi-Vision) and in8K.[5]

In regards to NHK's relationship with Johnny & Associates, they have stated that NHK acknowledges that sexual abuse allegations related to Johnny & Associates had repeatedly been reported for many years, but NHK also stated that they lacked awareness of the issue at that time and chose not to follow up or cover the issue entirely. In addition, they stated that they failed in their role as a news media organization, and simply sat idle as many minors became sexual abuse victims. On 8 September, 2023,NHK,said in a statement that they took the matter seriously, and that they would "work harder to ensure that human rights are more respected in the broadcasting industry" when it comes to using performers who best fit program content and production. The public broadcaster added that it did not fully acknowledge the sexual abuse matter despite various weekly magazine articles about the allegations and aTokyo High Courtruling in 2004.[6]A few weeks later, NHK announced that it would suspend new contracts with Johnny's performers–including for their annualNew Year's Evetelevision specialKōhaku Uta Gassen–until the company has implemented compensation and recurrence prevention measures.[7][8]In February 2024, the company announced a strict policy of terminating the appearance of talents formerly affiliated with Johnny & Associates on its programs and not allowing them to appear on new programs after FY2024.[9]In October 2024, NHK Chairman Nobuo Inaba announced at a regular press conference that, he had confirmed efforts ofSmile-Upto compensate victims and prevent recurrence and the separation of management fromStarto Entertainmentis steadily progressing, and that requests to perform–including Kōhaku Uta Gassen for current Starto celebrities would resume. Commercial broadcasters had already announced on the resumption of new appointments to celebrities belonging to Starto.[10]

History

[edit]

NHK's earliest forerunner was the Tokyo Broadcasting Station(Đông kinh phóng tống cục),founded in 1924 under the leadership of CountGotō Shinpei.Tokyo Broadcasting Station, along with separate organizations inOsakaandNagoya,began radio broadcasts in 1925. The three stations merged under the first incarnation of NHK in August 1926.[11]NHK was modelled on theBBCof theUnited Kingdom,[4]and the merger and reorganisation was carried out under the auspices of the pre-warMinistry of Communications.[12]NHK's second radio network began in 1931, and the third radio network (FM) began in 1937.

Radio broadcasting

[edit]

NHK beganshortwavebroadcasting on an experimental basis in the 1930s, and began regular English- and Japanese-language shortwave broadcasts in 1935 under the nameRadio Japan,initially aimed at ethnic Japanese listeners inHawaiiand the west coast ofNorth America.By the late 1930s, NHK's overseas broadcasts were known asRadio Tokyo,which became an official name in 1941.[citation needed]

In November 1941, theImperial Japanese Armynationalised all public news agencies and coordinated their efforts via the Information Liaison Confidential Committee.[citation needed]All published and broadcast news reports became official announcements of the Imperial Army General Headquarters in Tokyo for the duration ofWorld War II.The famousTokyo Rosewartime programs were broadcast by NHK.[4]NHK also recorded and broadcast theGyokuon-hōsō,the surrender speech made by EmperorHirohito,in August 1945.[13]

Following the war, in September 1945, the Allied occupation administration under GeneralDouglas MacArthurbanned all international broadcasting by NHK, and repurposed several NHK facilities and frequencies for use by theFar East Network(nowAmerican Forces Network). Japanese-American radio broadcasterFrank Shozo Babajoined NHK during this time and led an early post-war revamp of its programming. Radio Japan resumed overseas broadcasts in 1952.[citation needed]

A newBroadcasting Act[ja]was enacted in 1950, which made NHK a listener-supported independent corporation and simultaneously opened the market forcommercial broadcastingin Japan.[14]NHK startedtelevisionbroadcasting in 1953, followed by its educational TV channel in 1959 and color television broadcasts in 1960.

NHK opened the first stage ofits current headquartersinJapan's capital city'sspecial wardShibuyaas an international broadcasting center for the1964 Summer Olympics,the first widely televised Olympic Games. The complex was gradually expanded through 1973 when it became the headquarters for NHK. The previous headquarters adjacent toHibiya Parkwas redeveloped as the Hibiya City high-rise complex.

Satellite broadcasting

[edit]

NHK began experimental satellite broadcasting with the NHK BS 1 channel in 1984, followed by NHK BS 2 in 1985.[15]Both channels began regular broadcasts in 1989. In April 2011, BS 1 was rebranded while BS 2 channel ceased broadcasting and was replaced by "BS Premium" which broadcasts on the channel formerly used by BShi.

International satellite broadcasts to North America and Europe began in 1995, which led to the launch ofNHK Worldin 1998. It becamefree-to-airover theAstra 19.2°E(Astra 1L) andEurobirdsatellites in Europe in 2008.

Digital television

[edit]
Further information:Digital television transition in Japan

NHK begandigital televisionbroadcasting in December 2000 through BS Digital, followed by terrestrial digital TV broadcasts in three major metropolitan areas in 2003. NHK's digital television coverage gradually expanded to cover almost all of Japan by 24 July 2011, when analog transmissions were discontinued & ended (except in three prefectures that were heavily affected by the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami–Iwate,Miyagi,Fukushima– where it was discontinued on 31 March 2012).

Studies of Broadcasting

[edit]
Studies of Broadcasting
DisciplineBroadcasting science
LanguageEnglish
Publication details
History1963–1999
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Stud. Broadcast.
Indexing
ISSN0585-7325
OCLCno.474034025

From 1963 to 1999, NHK published the journalStudies of broadcasting: an international annual of broadcasting science.[16]

Organization

[edit]

NHK is a dependent corporation chartered by the JapaneseBroadcasting Actand primarily funded by license fees. NHK World broadcasting (for overseas viewers/listeners) is funded by the Japanese government.[citation needed]The annual budget of NHK is subject to review and approval by theDiet of Japan.The Diet also appoints the twelve-member board of governors ( kinh 営 ủy viên hộikeiei iinkai) that oversees NHK.

NHK is managed on a full-time basis by an executive board(Lý sự hội,rijikai)consisting of a president, executive vice president and seven to ten managing directors who oversee the areas of NHK operations. The executive board reports to the board of governors.

Subsidiaries

[edit]
  • NHK Enterprises, Inc. (NHKエンタープライズ, abbreviated NEP): Established on 1 April 2005.[17]
  • NHK Educational Corporation ( chu thức hội xã  NHKエデュケーショナル): Established on 30 May 1989.
  • NHK ART, Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKアート): Established on 10 July 1961.
  • NHK Publishing, Inc. (NHK xuất bản ): Established on 1 April 1931.
  • Japan International Broadcasting Inc. ( chu thức hội xã nhật bổn quốc tế phóng tống )/JIB: Established on 4 April 2008.
  • NHK International, Inc. ( nhất bàn tài đoàn pháp nhân NHKインターナショナル): Established on 1 July 1980.
  • NHK Global Media Services, Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKグローバルメディアサービス): Established on 1 April 2009, by mergingNHK Joho Network, Inc.(( chu )NHK tình báo ネットワーク) (established on 1 January 1989) andJapan Teletex Co. Ltd.( nhật bổn văn tự phóng tống ) (established in 1985).[18]
  • NHK Cosmomedia America, Inc.: Created by mergingJapan Network Group(Media International Corporation) andNHK Enterprises America, Inc.on 1 April 2010,[19]but its licence was granted on 12 November 2008.[20]The company's logo was filed on 23 March 2010 and registered on 13 December 2011.[21]
  • NHK Cosmomedia (Europe) Limited: Created by mergingJSTV(company founded on 8 November 1989)[22]and NHK Enterprises Europe in April 2010.
  • NHK Technologies, Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKテクノロジーズ): Established on 1 April 2019, by merging NHK Integrated Technology Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKアイテック) and NHK Media Technology, Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKメディアテクノロジー).[23]
  • Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation ( chu thức hội xã phóng tống vệ tinh システム)/B-SAT: Established on 13 April 1993.
  • NHK Engineering System, Inc. ( nhất bàn tài đoàn pháp nhân NHKエンジニアリングシステム): Established on 22 December 1981.
  • NHK GAKUEN ( học giáo pháp nhân NHK học viên ): Established in 1962-10-01 ( học giáo pháp nhân nhật bổn phóng tống hiệp hội học viên ). It was renamed to its current name on 1 April 2018.[24]
  • NHK Symphony Orchestra,Tokyo ( công ích tài đoàn pháp nhân NHK giao hưởng lặc đoàn ): Established on 27 April 1942, as Japan Symphony Orchestra ( tài đoàn pháp nhân nhật bổn giao hưởng lặc đoàn ). On 1 August 1951, it was renamed to NHK Symphony Orchestra ( tài đoàn pháp nhân NHK giao hưởng lặc đoàn ). It became a public interest-incorporated foundation and was renamed to its current name on 1 April 2010.[25][26]
  • NHK Public Welfare Organization/NHK HEARTS ( xã hội phúc chỉ pháp nhân NHK hậu sinh văn hóa sự nghiệp đoàn ): Established on 31 August 1960.
  • NHK Promotions Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKプロモーション)/( chu thức hội xã エヌエイチケイプロモーション): Established on 1 October 1977, as NHK Promote Service Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKプロモートサービス). It was renamed to its current name in October 1989.
  • NHK CULTURE CENTER ( chu thức hội xã エヌエイチケイ văn hóa センター)/(NHKカルチャー): Established on 1 December 1978.
  • NHK SERVICE CENTER, INC. ( nhất bàn tài đoàn pháp nhân NHK サービスセンター): Established on 28 February 1951.
  • NHK BUSINESS SERVICES INC. (NHK営 nghiệp サービス chu thức hội xã ): Established on 17 January 1990.
  • BS Conditional Access Systems Co., Ltd. ( chu thức hội xã ビーエス・コンディショナルアクセスシステムズ)/B-CAS(ビーキャス): Established on 22 February 2000.
  • NHK Business Create Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKビジネスクリエイト): Established on 1 April 2009, by merger ( chu thức hội xã NHKオフィス xí họa ), ( chu thức hội xã NHK cộng đồng サービス).[27]
  • NHK-Communications Training Institute ( nhất bàn tài đoàn pháp nhân NHK phóng tống nghiên tu センター): Established on 8 August 1985.

Former subsidiaries

[edit]
  • NHK Integrated Technology Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKアイテック): Established on 23 July 1969, as NHK Integrated Technology Inc. ( toàn nhật bổn テレビサービス chu thức hội xã ). It was merged into NHK Technologies, Inc. on 1 April 2019.
  • NHK Media Technology, Inc. ( chu thức hội xã NHKメディアテクノロジー): Established in April 2008 by merging NHK Technical Service ( chu thức hội xã NHKテクニカルサービス) (established 9 October 1984) and NHK Computer Service ( chu thức hội xã NHKコンピューターサービス). It was merged into NHK Technologies, Inc. on 1 April 2019.

Services

[edit]

Radio

[edit]

It maintains three radio stations available nationwide:

  • NHK Radio 1– Organized mainly on news, information, drama, and entertainment programs. Simultaneous broadcasting withBBC Radio 4andLRA Radio Nacionalis also conducted (24-hour broadcast).
  • NHK Radio 2– Organized mainly on educational and liberal arts programs. Weather forecasts, stock market conditions, news in foreign languages, etc. are also broadcast (broadcast from 6:00 a.m. to late at night. Broadcast end times vary by day).
  • NHK-FM Broadcasting– Organizes various music programs, but mainly classical music. Simultaneous broadcasting with Radio 1 is also conducted (24-hour broadcasting).

All of them can also be tuned through the Internet, within the national territory.

Television

[edit]

It manages two open signal channels through digital terrestrial television. Since Japan has a television network system, it schedules territorial disconnections in each of its centers. However, the NHK brand is common for the whole country.

  • NHK General TV(NHK-G) – Pioneer of television in Japan, it began its broadcasts on 1 February 1953. Its offer is general and public service.
  • NHK Educational TV(NHK-E) – Educational and cultural channel, designed especially for children. It has been broadcasting since 10 January 1959.

All of them can also be tuned through the Internet, within the national territory. It also has one exclusive satellite channel, as well as two in ultra-high definition.

  • NHK BS (previously as NHK BS 1 and NHK BS Premium) – Specialized in information, international documentaries, sports broadcasts, cultural and entertainment programming. It was founded on 12 May 1984. Renamed as NHK BS on 1 December 2023.
  • NHK BS Premium 4K (previously as NHK BS Premium and NHK BS4K) – Cultural and entertainment programming in 4K. It was founded on 1 April 2011 and relaunched on 1 December 2023 (merger with NHK BS4K).
  • NHK BS8K– 8K programming, launched on 1 December 2018.

License fee

[edit]

NHK is funded by reception fees(Thụ tín liêu,jushinryō),a system analogous to thelicense feeused in some English-speaking countries. The Broadcasting Act which governs NHK's funding stipulates anyone with equipment able to receive NHK must pay. The fee is standardized,[28]with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a discount for residents ofOkinawa prefecture.For viewers making annual payments by credit card with no special discounts, the reception fee is 13,600 yen per year for terrestrial reception only, and 24,090 yen per year for both terrestrial and broadcast satellite reception.[29]

However, theBroadcasting Actspecifies no punitive actions for nonpayment; as a result, after a rash of NHK-relatedscandalsincluding anaccounting one,the number of people who had not paid the license fee surpassed one million watchers.[citation needed]This incident sparked debate over the fairness of the fee system.[30]In 2006, the NHK opted to takelegal actionagainst those most flagrantly in violation of the law.[31]

This fee and how it is charged is unpopular with some citizens. This led to the formation of theNHK Party(NHK đảng,NHK tō),[32]also known as N-Koku(N quốc),[33]asingle-issue political party,which has protested this fee with representatives in theupper house.

TV programming

[edit]
See also:List of anime broadcast by NHK

NHK broadcasts a variety of programming.

News

[edit]

NHK offers local, national, and world news reports.NHK News 7airs daily and is broadcast bilingually with both Japanese and English audio tracks on NHK General TV and NHK's international channels TV Japan andNHK World Premium.The flagship news programNews Watch 9is also bilingual and airs on NHK General TV and the international channels and NHK World Premium.World News,a program which airs bulletins from international broadcasters interpreted in Japanese, is aired on NHK BS1 withCatch! Sekai no Top Newsin the morning andInternational News Reportat night, with the latter also airing on NHK World Premium. News on NHK BS1 is aired at 50 minutes past the hour except during live sports events.

NHK also offers news for the deaf (which airs on NHK Educational TV), regional news (which airs on NHK General TV) and children's news.Newslineis an English-language newscast designed for foreign viewers and airs onNHK World.

In his bookBroadcasting Politics in Japan: NHK and Television News,Ellis S. Krauss states: 'In the 1960s and 1970s, external critics of NHK news were complaining about the strict neutrality, the lack of criticism of the government, and the 'self-regulation in covering events'. Krauss claims that little had changed by the 1980s and 1990s.[34]After theFukushima nuclear disasterin 2011, NHK was criticised for underplaying the dangers fromradioactive contamination.[failed verification]

Emergency reporting

[edit]

Under the Broadcasting Act, NHK is under the obligation to broadcast early warning emergency reporting in times of natural disasters such as earthquakes andtsunamis.Their national network of seismometers in cooperation with theJapan Meteorological Agencymakes NHK capable of deliveringearthquake early warningsseconds after detection, as well as a more detailed report withShindointensity measurements within two-to-three minutes after the quake. They also broadcast air attack warnings in the event of war, using theJ-Alertsystem.[35]

All warnings are broadcast in Japanese, with tsunami warnings also delivered in four foreign languages: English, Mandarin Chinese, Korean and Portuguese (Japan has smallChinese,KoreanandBrazilianpopulations). The warnings were broadcast in these languages during the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[36]

Sports

[edit]

NHK broadcastssumo wrestling,baseballgames,Olympic Games,soccergames, and a range of other sports. Their broadcast of the last two days of October 1952's autumnsumo tournamentbecame the first ever televised sports broadcast in Japan.[37]

Music

[edit]

TheNHK Symphony Orchestra,financially sponsored by NHK, was formerly (until 1951) the Japanese Symphony Orchestra. Its website details the orchestra's history and ongoing concert programme.[38]Since 1953, NHK has broadcast theKōhaku Uta Gassensong contest on New Year's Eve, ending shortly before midnight inPIX System.

Drama

[edit]

Asentimental morning show,a weeklyjidaigekiand a year-long show, theTaiga drama,spearhead the network's fiction offerings.

NHK is also making efforts at broadcasting dramas made in foreign countries asoverseas drama(Hải ngoại ドラマ,Kaigai Dorama).

Children

[edit]

The longest running children's show in Japan,Okaasan to Issho(おかあさんといっしょ,With Mother),started broadcasting in 1959[39]and still airs to this day Monday to Friday at 17:36–18:00JST,Sunday at 17:30–17:54 JST, with rebroadcasts Tuesday to Sunday at 5:00–5:24 JST on NHK World Premium.[40]

Employee and internal issues

[edit]

Insider trading ban

[edit]

In 2007, three employees of NHK were fined and fired forinsider trading.They had profited by trading shares based on exclusive NHK knowledge.[41]

On 11 July 2008, NHK introduced a ban prohibiting stock trading by employees, numbering around 5,700, who had access to its internal news information management system. The employees were required to pledge in writing that they would not trade in stocks, and were required to gain approval from senior staff to sell shares they already held. NHK banned short-term stock trading completed in periods of six months or less for all other employees.[42]

The ban did not extend to employees' families, nor did NHK request any reports on their transactions.[41]

Overwork death

[edit]

On 24 July 2013, a reporter at NHK Metropolitan Broadcasting Center died ofcongestive heart failure.In May 2014, the Shibuya Labor Standards Inspection Office of the Tokyo Labor Bureau certified it as akarōshi(overwork death). Although NHK did not report on this matter, it was announced in October 2017. Ryōichi Ueda, the chairman of NHK, visited the reporter's parents' home and apologized to them.[43][44][45][46]

On-air issues

[edit]

Criticism over comments about Japanese wartime history

[edit]

NHK has occasionally faced various criticisms for its treatment of Japan's wartime history.[47]

Katsuto Momii(籾 tỉnh thắng nhân),the 21st Director-General of NHK, caused controversy[48][49]by discussing Japan's actions inWorld War IIat his first press conference after being appointed on 20 December 2013. It was reported that Momii said NHK should support the Japanese government in its territorial dispute with China and South Korea.[50]He also caused controversy by what some describe as the playing down of thecomfort womenissue in World War II, according to theTaipei Times,stating, "[South] Korea's statements that Japan is the only nation that forced this are puzzling. 'Give us money, compensate us', they say, but since all of this was resolved by the Japan–Korea peace treaty, why are they reviving this issue? It's strange."[51]It was subsequently reported byThe Japan Timesthat on his first day at NHK Momii asked members of the executive team to hand in their resignation on the grounds they had all been appointed by his predecessor.[52]

A number of civil society groups protested against Momii's continued tenure as Director-General of NHK.[53]On 27 January 2014,[54]the Viewers' Community to Observe and Encourage NHK(NHKを giam thị ・ kích lệ する thị thính giả コミュニティ)issued a public letter calling for Momii's resignation on the grounds that the remarks he made at his inaugural press conference were explosive. The letter stated that if Momii did not resign by the end of April, its members would freeze their licence fee payments for half a year.[53]While Momii did not resign, he was not reappointed and retired after serving only one term of three years.[55]

On 17 October 2014,The Timesclaimed to have received internal NHK documents which banned any reference to theNanjing Massacre,to Japan's use of wartime sex slaves during World War II, and to its territorial dispute with China in its English-language broadcasting.[56]

Black Lives Matter video

[edit]

On 10 June 2020, NHK apologized and took down an 80-second video about theBlack Lives Matter movementandGeorge Floyd proteststhat was criticized for its "crude" animation of protesters and its focus on economic inequality rather than police brutality.[57][58][59]An official statement signed by Yuichi Tabata, head of NHK's International News Division, was released through NHK's official website.[60]

Olympics documentary claims

[edit]

On 9 January 2022, NHK issued an apology over false allegations made in DirectorNaomi Kawase's Tokyo Olympics documentary. Kawase was selected by theIOCin 2018 to cover Japanese reactions to the event and later during theCOVID-19 pandemic.Footage and captions in the documentary alleged that protesters were being paid money to attend anti-Olympics rallies. One of the men interviewed later stated he was "unsure" if he had actually attended any anti-Olympics rallies. NHK Osaka cited "editorial oversights" and "deficiencies in research", issuing an apology. Some anti-Olympic activists demanded that the documentary should be removed. Some activists were concerned that the misinformation was spread by NHK to silence those who opposed the Tokyo Olympics during the pandemic.[61]NHK denied that the footage was deliberately fabricated to mislead the public.[62][63]On 13 January 2022, the NHK Osaka directorTerunobu Maedaapologized during a press conference, admitting that the captions "should not have been included". Once again, he denied that the incident was a fabrication.[64]

COVID-19

[edit]

In December 2023, Japan'sBroadcasting Ethics and Program Improvement Organization(BPO) concluded that NHK had breached broadcasting ethics in its "News Watch 9" program, where people believed to have died fromCOVID-19vaccine injurywere treated as if they had died from COVID-19. Regarding the incident as an inappropriate way of reporting, NHK stated that it would take measures to avoid the repetition of the misconduct.[65]

Logo history

[edit]
  • 1926–1962
    1926–1962
  • 1962–1995
    1962–1995
  • 1995–2020 (original)
    1995–2020 (original)
  • 1995–2020 (alternate)
    1995–2020 (alternate)
  • 2020–present (original)
    2020–present (original)
  • 2020–present (alternate)
    2020–present (alternate)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Pronounced in Japanese asEnueichikei(エヌエイチケイ)

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^"Nhật bổn phóng tống hiệp hội bình thành 17 niên độ nghiệp vụ báo cáo thư ]"[NHK Business Report 2005](PDF).p. 42.Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 November 2006.
  2. ^NHKの khái yếu
  3. ^"NHK: Profile".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 14 May 2008.
  4. ^abcSidensticker, Edward (1990).Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake.p. 67.
  5. ^"The history of Super Hi-Vision | 8K Super Hi-Vision".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 13 April 2023.
  6. ^"NHK issues statement following Johnny & Associates news conference".NHK. 7 September 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 8 September 2023.Retrieved8 September2023.
  7. ^"NHK Suspends New Contracts with Johnny's Talents".nippon.com.Jiji Press. 27 September 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023.Retrieved27 September2023.
  8. ^"NHK ditches Johnny's acts for year-end musical bonanza".Japan Times.13 November 2023.Retrieved11 June2024.
  9. ^"Cựu ジャニーズ, tân niên độ NHK xuất diễn đương diện なし レギュラー8 phiên tổ も chung liễu へ".asahi.com(in Japanese). 14 February 2024.Retrieved6 June2024.
  10. ^"NHK, cựu ジャニーズのタレント khởi dụng tái khai hồng bạch xuất diễn khả năng に".nikkei(in Japanese). 16 October 2024.Retrieved2 November2024.
  11. ^"NHK Corporate Information: History".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2022.Retrieved29 July2014.
  12. ^"Regular Radio Broadcasting Begins".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2002.Retrieved27 July2015.
  13. ^Allen, Thomas B.; Polmar, Norman (7 August 2015)."The 4-Minute Radio Broadcast That Ended World War II".The Atlantic.Retrieved12 July2023.
  14. ^"Broadcast Law: Broadcasting for the Public".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  15. ^"History of Broadcasting Technology".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 25 September 2012.
  16. ^Studies of broadcasting: an international annual of broadcasting science.OCLC.OCLC474034025.
  17. ^"NHK quan liên đoàn thể について"(in Japanese). NHK.Retrieved18 August2021.
  18. ^Company Profile
  19. ^Corporate History
  20. ^ULS License – Industrial/Business Pool, Conventional License – WQJN734 – NHK Cosmomedia America Inc.
  21. ^NHK COSMOMEDIA AMERICA – Trademark Details
  22. ^NHK COSMOMEDIA (EUROPE) LIMITED
  23. ^Chu thức hội xã NHKテクノロジーズ phát túc のおしらせArchived30 October 2020 at theWayback Machine
  24. ^Duyên cách
  25. ^Tài đoàn khái yếu
  26. ^NHKSO Outline
  27. ^Duyên cách
  28. ^"NHK thụ tín liêu の song khẩu - anh ngữ"[NHK reception fee window-English]. NHK.Retrieved27 July2015.
  29. ^"NHK Corporate Information: Receiving Fee System".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2022.Retrieved29 July2014.
  30. ^"Turned off: Fee falling: Viewers are not only boycotting their NHK payments, they are now also seeking a complete overhaul of the system at the public broadcaster".IHT/Asahi.24 February 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2014.
  31. ^"Summary of Press Conference (November 2006): On the demanding of fee payment through legal proceedings".NHK. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2013.
  32. ^"Japan lawmaker who sparked scandal with Russia war remarks to join anti-NHK party".The Japan Times Online.29 July 2019.ISSN0447-5763.Retrieved30 July2019.
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