Naalayira Divya Prabandham
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TheNaalayira Divya Prabandham(Tamil:நாலாயிரத் திவ்வியப் பிரபந்தம்,romanized:Nālāyira Divya Prabandham,lit. 'Four Thousand Divine Hymns') is a collection of 4,000Tamilverses composed[1]by the 12Alvars.It was compiled in its present form byNathamuniduring the 9th–10th centuries. The work, an important liturgical compilation of the TamilAlvarswho lived between 5th and 8th Century CE,[2]marks the beginning of the canonisation of 12Vaishnavapoet saints, and these hymns are still sung extensively today. The works were lost before they were collected and organised in the form of an anthology by Nathamuni.
Description
[edit]TheDivya Prabandhamsings the praises ofNarayana(Vishnu) and his many forms. The Alvars sang these songs at various sacred shrines known as theDivya Desams.[3]TheTamilVaishnavites,also known asUbhaya Vedantifollow both the Sanskrit Vedas (Rigveda,Yajurveda,Samaveda,andAtharvaveda) as well as the Tamil-languageTiruvaymoli,a work which devotees of Sri Vaishnavism regard as the Tamil Veda.[4]In many temples —Srirangam,for example — the chanting of the Divya Prabandham forms a major part of the daily service. It is also recited in some North Indian Vaishnavite temples, such asBadrinath.[5]The Divya Prabandham is recited along with the Vedas,[6]and it is given equal status to the Vedas in the Tenkalai denomination ofSri Vaishnavism,largely due to the efforts ofRamanujawho enshrined the Divya Prabandham on the same pedestal as the Vedas.[7]
Prominent among its 4,000 verses are the over 1,100 verses known as theTiruvaymoli( "verses of the sacred mouth" ), composed byNammalvar(Kaari Maaran, Sadagopan ofAlvarthirunagari Temple) and which forms the third portion of the overallDivya Prabandham.Nammalvar self-identifies as a lovelorngopipining forKrishna.[4]
The compendium begins with theTirupallantu,a benedictory hymn written by Periyalvar, wishing long life to Vishnu.[8]
Nomenclature
[edit]Pasuram
[edit]The hymns or songs sung by the Alvars dedicated to Vishnu are specifically designated the term pasuram in Tamil.[9]
Taniyan
[edit]The works that make up the Naalayira Divya Prabandham are usually preceded by a taniyan. A taniyan refers to a stray verse,[10]also referred to as a laudatory verse, that offers a brief synopsis of the life of the Alvar poet, a summary of the themes of the hymns, and emphasises themeritgained from the recitation, listening, or reading of the given text. It serves to glorify both the hymns as well as the composer of the hymns.[11]Six taniyans precede the Tiruvaymoli, the most of any text in the compendium.[12]
Vāḻi Tirunamam
[edit]Following the customary recitation of the hymns of the work, a vāḻi tirunamam is chanted. This refers to a hymn that serves to commemorate or exalt the poet-saint who composed a given work. For instance, such a verse may hope for the poet-saint to live long, or for their names to be remembered for a millennium.[13][14]
Compilation
[edit]The collection, once thought to have been lost, was organised in the form of an anthology by Nathamuni.[15]
Nathamuniwas born in Veera Naarayanapuram (Veeranam) or present-day Kaattu Mannaar Koil. There is a long time gap betweenTirumangai Alvar(the last Alvar) and Nathamuni. In this dark period, nobody knew what happened to the 4,000 verses of the text.
Legend has it that once Nathamuni heard some people reciting the cantos ofĀravāmudeof Nammalvar atKumbakonam.Captivated by thesepasurams(hymns), he wanted to know more about them. One of the verses also mentionedĀyiraththul Ippaththu(Tamil:these 10 out of the 1000). When Nathamuni enquired about the remaining 990, the people who sang the 10 did not know anything about the other verses. But as the song mentioned the name and place of theAlvar(Kurugoor Satakopan), Nathamuni proceeded toThirukurugoorand asked the people there aboutNammalvar's 1,000 verses.[16]
The people did not know the 1,000 verses that Nathamuni wanted, but they told him about 11pasurams(hymns) ofMadhurakavi Alvar,a disciple of Nammalvar, and theKanninun Cirutampu.They asked him to go to Thiruppulialvar, the place where Nammalvar lived, and recite these 11pasurams12,000 times. Nathamuni did as advised, and pleased with his penance, Nammalvar granted him not only his 1,000pasurams,but the entire 4,000-pasuramcollection of all the Alvars.[17]
Hymns
[edit]Part ofa serieson |
Vaishnavism |
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Topics inTamil literature | ||
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Sangam Literature | ||
Five Great Epics | ||
Silappatikaram | Manimekalai | |
Civaka Cintamani | Valayapathi | |
Kundalakesi | ||
The Five Minor Epics | ||
Neelakesi | Culamani | |
Naga Kumara Kaviyam | Udayana Kumara Kaviyam | |
Yashodhara Kaviyam | ||
Bhakti Literature | ||
Naalayira Divya Prabandham | Kamba Ramayanam | |
Tevaram | Tirumurai | |
Tamil people | ||
Sangam | Sangam landscape | |
Tamil history from Sangam literature | Ancient Tamil music | |
edit |
The following table shows the details of the 4,000pasurams(hymns).[18]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Srinivasa Chari, S. M. (6 October 1997).Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs.Motilal Banarsidass Publ.ISBN9788120813427.
- ^Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013)."Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇism".Acta Orientalia, Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia.74:37–90.
- ^abCarman, John (1989).The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 4.
- ^Prabhu, S. (8 August 2013)."Dance of Devotion".The Hindu.ISSN0971-751X.Retrieved6 March2021.
- ^Ramesh, M. S. (1992).108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu.T.T. Devasthanams. p. 42.
- ^Gupta, Sonika; Padmanabhan, Sudarsan (19 September 2017).Politics and Cosmopolitanism in a Global Age.Routledge.ISBN978-1-317-34132-1.
- ^Venkatacharya, T. (1999).Śrīveṅkaṭeśasuprabhātam.Adyar Library and Research Centre. p. 66.ISBN978-81-85141-28-2.
- ^Pārttacārati, Intirā (2008).Ramanujar: The Life and Ideas of Ramanuja.Oxford University Press. p. 95.ISBN978-0-19-569161-0.
- ^Nayar, Nancy Ann (1992).Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 95.ISBN978-3-447-03255-1.
- ^Venkatesan, Archana (10 January 2016).The Secret Garland: Andal's Tiruppavai and Nacciyar Tirumoli.Harper Perennial India. p. 5.ISBN978-93-5177-577-5.
- ^Nammalvar (17 February 2020).Endless Song.Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 297.ISBN978-93-5305-779-4.
- ^Viraraghavacharya, T. K. T. (1979).History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple.Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 65.
- ^MPS2G2Db4xAC.p. 196.
- ^Bruce M. Sullivan (1997).Historical Dictionary of Hinduism.Scarecrow Press. p.217.ISBN9780810833272.
- ^"thoo nilA mutRam".Retrieved20 June2007.
- ^"Tribute to Sriman Naatha Muni".Retrieved20 June2007.
- ^"Table showing details of 4000 pasurams".srivaishnavam.com.Retrieved20 June2007.
External links
[edit]- Naalayiram Text in different formats and languages
- 4000 divya prabandham in Tamil and English - index for downloading full books as well as every ten pasurams individually along with Telugu version for key pasurams. Other key supplementary texts for Divya Prabandham such as Thiruvoi mozhi nootrandhadi, Yethiraja vimsadhi, Mumukshupadi, Guru Paramapara and rare texts, articles, vyakhyanams, discourses available.
- 4000 Divyaprabhandham pdf in English, Tamil, Sanskrit Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam languages.
- Divyaprabandham in Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit. Thiruvomozhi availabale in convenient 100 song size. Click on downloads/ free downloads
- 4000 Divya Prabandham In Roman text, pdf formats.
- Tamil Virtual University Library.
- Download complete 4000 Divya prabandham as a convenient single 2.16 MB pdf file. Only downside is dhanians are not complete.
- 4000 divya prabandham available as separate files in pdf and unicode formats for every 1000
- Entire 4000 and supplementary texts and other mantras as a single epub file in Tamil font
- Nalayiram in English/ Roman text. Useful to quote, copy, paste
- Prabandham in English Text. Quite useful to cut and paste relevant pasurams.
- Divya Prabandham by DivyaDesam - extremely relevant for pilgrims travelling to 108 Divya Desam
- Lists pasurams numbers relevant to individual Divya Desam from all Alvar's composition
- Nalayiram pasurams in Tamil unicode under four convenient links easy to copy paste
- Nalayira Divyaprabandham ANDROID APP with Pasurangal - Divyadesam wise
- Nalayiram with Meaning or Vyakyanam (detailed commentary)
- Entire 4000 Divya Prabhandam verses with PBA Swamy's meaning in Tamil and Araiyar Swami Sri Rama Bharathi's translation in English. Very useful for reference purposes.
- For the first time online - Eedu 36,000 indepth commentary for Thiruvoimozhi at Tamil Virtual University Library
- English text, Tamil Document and English meaning for Periya Thiromozhi.
- Thiruvoimozhi in Roman text and meaning.
- Thiruppavai with meaning.
- Nalayiram Pasurangal – Audio
- Sites Relevant to Nalayiram Divya Prabandham
- Articles on Divya Prabandham, Azhvars, Divya Desams and more
- A comprehensive translation of Naalayira (4000) Divya Prabandham
- Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dallapiccola
- Hymns of the Alvars
- Best collection of Pictures of Shriman Nathamunigal (who regained the 4000 Divya Prabandham) and Sri Alavandar at their birthplace Chaturvedimangalam also known as Kuppankuzhi.