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Nacionalismo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused withArgentine nationalism.
Flag of theNacionalistas.[1]The colours represent thenational coloursof Argentina while the cross represents Christianity.[1]

Nacionalismowas afar-rightArgentinenationalistmovement that around 1910 grew out of the "traditionalist" position, which was based on nostalgia for feudal economic relations and a more "organic" social order. It became a significant force in Argentine politics beginning in the 1930s.[2]Nacionalismowas typically centred upon the support oforder,hierarchy,acorporativesociety, militantCatholicism,and the landed estates (latifundia), combined with the hatred ofliberalism,leftism,Freemasonry,feminism,Jewsandforeigners.[3]It denouncedliberalismanddemocracyas the prelude tocommunism.[4]The movement was alsoirredentist,declaring intentions to annexUruguay,Paraguay,Chileand some southern and eastern parts ofBoliviaand even theBritish-held territory of theFalkland Islands(Islas Malvinas) and itsdependencies.

Nacionalismowas strongly influenced byMaurassismeand Spanishclericalismas well as byItalian fascismandNazism.[5]After the1930 Argentine coup d'etat,Nacionalistasfirmly supported the entrenchment of an authoritarian corporatist state led by a military leader.[6]Nacionalistasoften refused to participate in elections because of their opposition to elections as a derivative of liberalism.[7]Its advocates were writers, journalists, a few politicians, colonels, and other junior military officers; the latter supported the Nationalists largely because, for most of their existence, they saw in the military the only potential political saviour of the country.

Ideology

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Nacionalismosupported a "return to tradition, to the past, to sentiments authentically Argentine,... [to] the reintegration of the nation with these essential values"; these essential values included Roman Catholicism, claiming that to the Church "the Nation should be linked as the body to the soul".[8]Nacionalismoopposedsecular education,accusing it of being "Masoniclaicism",and supported clerical control of education.[9]

Nacionalismobased its twin policy of opposition toliberalismandsocialism,which it combined with its promotion ofsocial justice,on the papal encyclicals of 1891 (Rerum novarum) and 1931 (Quadragesimo anno).[10]Nacionalismosupported improving relations between the social classes to achieve the Catholic ideal of an organic, "harmonious" society.[11]

History

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Beginning in the mid-1930s,Nacionalistasdeclared their concern for theworking classesand support for social reform, with the newspaperLa Voz Nacionalistadeclaring "The lack of equity, of welfare, of social justice, of humanity, has made theproletariata beast of burden... unable to enjoy life or the advances of civilization ".[12]By the late 1930s, with industrial development increasing in the country,Nacionalistaspromoted a policy of progressiveincome redistributionto allow more money to remain with wage-earners, thus allowing them to invest in and widen the economy, and increase industrial growth.[13]

In the 1940s, theNacionalistasrose from a fringe group to a substantial political force in Argentina.[14]In the 1940s, theNacionalistasemphasized the need foreconomic sovereignty,requiring greater industrialization and the take-over of foreign companies.[15]By the 1940s, theNacionalistaswas effectively run by the military clique known as theGrupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU).[16]The GOU was highly suspicious of the threat of communism and theNacionalistassupported therevolution of 1943.[17]

Nacionalistastook control of PresidentPedro Pablo Ramírez's junta in October 1943, changing Argentina's foreign policy by refusing to permit any further discussion with theUnited Stateson the issue of breaking Argentina's relations with theAxis powers.[18]The United States government responded by freezing the assets of Argentine banks in their country.[19]In power, theNacionalistaspursued a policy of social justice by supporting the appointment ofJuan Perón(who later became thePresident of Argentina) as the head of the department of labour on 28 October 1943.[20]Perón declared that theNacionalistagovernment was committed to a "revolution" that would keep national wealth in Argentina, give workers their dues, improve living standards without provokingclass conflict,and attack both communism and international capitalism.[21]

Facing pressure from the United States for Argentina to dissolve relations with the Axis powers, President Ramírez yielded on 26 January 1944. This was followed byNacionalistasprotesting this action and Ramírez banning allNacionalistaorganizations in February.[22]Nacionalistacabinet ministers resigned in protest, and theNacionalistassubsequently overthrew Ramírez, retaining their hold on power of the government.[23]

As an ideology,Nacionalismowasmilitaristic,authoritarian,and sympathetic to the rule of a moderncaudillo,who the Nationalists were frequently either hoping for or reinterpreting history to locate in the past. Along these lines, a significant part of the intellectual work of Nacionalismo was the creation ofhistorical revisionismas an academic movement in Argentina. Nationalist historians published several works challenging the work of the liberal historians who had forged the dominant historical narrative of Argentina and presented 19th-century dictatorJuan Manuel de Rosasas the kind of benevolent authoritarian leader that the country still needed.

While the nationalists themselves never really managed to maintain political power despite participating in a handful of successful coups throughout the 20th century (see, for example,José Félix Uriburu). Their lasting legacy, however, is twofold: first, their enormous influence over the political discourse of contemporary Argentina, where right, left, and centre have all been heavily influenced by their discourse, in part through second-hand clerical and military influences and in part through Perón's adoption of some of their ideas and language.

Second, themost recent military coupin Argentina was largely directed and conducted by Nationalists in the Argentine armed forces and most certainly dictated by their ideological legacy[citation needed].TheMontoneroswho were their targets were also heavily influenced byNacionalismo,though their political convictions were very different from those of the military officers.[citation needed]

References

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  • Hodges, Donald C. Argentina, 1943-1976: The National Revolution and Resistance. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976.
  • Rock, David.Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • The Heritage of World Civilizations Volume 2: Since 1500'.Pearson Prentice Hall
  1. ^abSandra McGee Deutsch.Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939.Stanford University Press, 1999. Pp. 210.
  2. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 32.
  3. ^Sandra McGee Deutsch, Ronald H. Dolkart.The Argentine right: its history and intellectual origins, 1910 to the present.SR Books, 1993. Pp. xvi.
  4. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 32.
  5. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 32-33.
  6. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 34.
  7. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 33.
  8. ^David Rock.Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact.Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press, 1993. Pp. 100.
  9. ^David Rock.Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact.Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press, 1993. Pp. 100.
  10. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 33.
  11. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 33.
  12. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 33.
  13. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 37.
  14. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 47.
  15. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 47.
  16. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 52.
  17. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 47.
  18. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 55.
  19. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 55.
  20. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 56.
  21. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 59.
  22. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 61.
  23. ^Leslie Bethell.The Cambridge History of Latin America: 1930 to Present.Volume VIII. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. 61.
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