Naiad
This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(December 2021) |
![]() A NaiadbyJohn William Waterhouse,1893; a water nymph approaches the sleepingHylas. | |
Grouping | Nymphs |
---|---|
Sub grouping | Water spirit Elemental |
Similar entities | Mermaid Huldra Selkie Siren |
Habitat | Any body of fresh water |
Greek deities series |
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Water deities |
Nymphs |
InGreek mythology,thenaiads(/ˈnaɪædz,ˈneɪædz,-ədz/;Greek:ναϊάδες,translit.naïádes), sometimes alsohydriads,[1]are a type of female spirit, ornymph,presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies offresh water.
They are distinct fromriver gods,who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes such as pre-MycenaeanLernain theArgolis.
Etymology
[edit]The Greek word isναϊάς(naïás[naːiás]), pluralναϊάδες(naïádes[naːiádes]). It derives fromνάειν(náein), "to flow", orνᾶμα(nâma), "running water".
Mythology
[edit]Naiads were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals wereritually drownedthere. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.
Naiads could be dangerous:Hylasof theArgo’s crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty. The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies.Theocritus's story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd,Daphnis,who was the lover ofNomiaor Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. The nymphSalmacisrapedHermaphroditusand fused with him when he tried to escape.
The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in theCelticwells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medievalMelusine.
Walter Burkert points out, "When in theIliad[xx.4–9]Zeuscalls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-knownOlympianswho come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers;Okeanosalone remains at his station ",[2]Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet'shyperbole,which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality."[2]
Interpretation
[edit]Robert Gravesoffered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrivedHellenesjustifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955,passim).
So, in the back-story of the myth ofAristaeus,Hypseus, a king of theLapiths,married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore himCyrene.Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died inThessaly,he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.
Types and individual names
[edit]Name | Location | Notes/ Relation |
---|---|---|
I.Eleionomae | marshes | - |
II.Crinaeae | fountains | - |
TheSithnides | Megara,Attica | one of them became the mother ofMegarosby Zeus |
Aganippe | Mt. Helicon,Boeotia | daughter of the river-godTermessus[3] |
Appias | Rome | lived in the Appian Well outside the temple toVenus Genitrixin theRoman Forum |
Myrtoessa | Megalopolis,Arcadia | one of the nurses of infant Zeus[4] |
III.Limnades | lakes | - |
TheAstakides | Lake Astacus,Bithynia | appeared in the myth ofNicaea |
Bolbe | Lake Bolbe, Thessaly | anOceaniddue to her parentage (daughter ofOceanusandTethys)[5] |
Limnaee | lake inIndia | daughter of theIndianriver godGanges;one of the reputed mothers ofAthis |
Pallas | Lake Tritonis,Libya | daughter ofTritonor ofPoseidonand Tritonis; accidentally killed by her playmate, the goddessAthena[6] |
Tritonis | Lake Tritonis, Libya | mother ofNasamonandCaphaurus(or Cephalion) byAmphithemis,[7]and according to an archaic version of the myth, also of Athena by Poseidon; she could be also the mother of above Pallas and Athena again by Triton |
IV.Potameides | rivers | - |
TheAcheloides | Achelous River,Aetolia | daughters of the river godAchelous;see also Castalia and Callirhoe below |
• TheSirens(possibly) | Island ofAnthemoessa | their mother could be one of theMuses(Terpsichore,MelpomeneorCalliope) orSterope;they were close companions of the goddessPersephonebefore her abduction |
TheAesepides | Aesepus River,Troad | daughters of the river godAesepus |
•Abarbarea | -do- | wife ofBucolionby whom she mothered twin sons, Aesepus andPedasus[8] |
TheAmnisiades | Amnisus River,Crete | daughters of the river godAmnisoswho served as handmaidens of the goddessArtemis |
TheAsopides | Asopus River,SicyonorBoeotia | daughters of the river godAsopusandMetope;all abducted by the gods |
•Aegina | Island ofAegina | mother ofMenoetiusbyActor,andAeacusby Zeus[9] |
•Asopis | - | - |
•Chalcis | Chalcis,Euboea | regarded as the mother of theCuretesandCorybantes;perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea below |
•Cleone | Cleonae,Argos | - |
•Combe | Island of Euboea | consort ofSocusand mother by him of the seven Corybantes |
•Corcyra | Island ofCorcyra | mother ofPhaiaxby Poseidon |
•Euboea | Island of Euboea | abducted by Poseidon |
•GargaphiaorPlataiaorOeroe | Plataea,Boeotia | carried off by Zeus |
•Harpina | Pisa,Elis | mother ofOenomausbyAres |
•Ismene[10] | Ismenian spring ofThebes,Boeotia | wife ofArgus,eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother ofArgus PanoptesandIasus. |
•Nemea | Nemea,Argolis | others called her the daughter of Zeus andSelene |
•Ornea | Ornia, Sicyon | - |
•Peirene | Corinth | others called her father to beOebalusorAchelousby Poseidon she became the mother ofLecheasand Cenchrias |
•Salamis | Island ofSalamis | mother ofCychreusby Poseidon |
•Sinope | Sinope,Anatolia | mother ofSyrusbyApollo |
•Tanagra | Tanagra,Boeotia | mother ofLeucippusand Ephippus byPoemander |
•Thebe | Thebes, Boeotia | wife ofZethusand also said to have consorted with Zeus |
•Thespeia | Thespia,Boeotia | abducted by Apollo |
TheAsterionides | Asterion River,Argos | daughters of the river godAsterion;nurses of the infant goddessHera |
•Acraea | -do- | - |
•Euboea | -do- | - |
•Prosymna | -do- | - |
The Cephisides | CephissusRiver, Boeotia | daughters of the river godCephissus;mothers of the 50 sons ofOrion |
The Cocythiae | Cocytus River,Underworld | naiads ofHades |
The Erasinides | Erasinos River, Argos | daughters of the river godErasinos;attendants of the goddessBritomartis. |
•Anchiroe | -do- | - |
•Byze | -do- | - |
•Maera | -do- | - |
•Melite | -do- | - |
The Hydaspides | Hydaspers River,India | daughters of the river godHydaspesand Astris, they were nurses of the godZagreus,the first-born Dionysos |
The Inachides | Inachos River,Argos | daughters of the river godInachus |
•Io | -do- | mother ofEpaphusby Zeus |
•Amymone | -do- | - |
•Philodice[11] | -do- | wife ofLeucippusofMesseniaby whom she became the mother ofHilaeira,Phoebeand possiblyArsinoe |
•Messeis | -do- | - |
•Hyperia[12] | -do- | - |
•Mycene | -do- | wife ofArestorand by him probably the mother ofArgus Panoptes;eponym ofMycenae |
The Lamides | Lamos River,Cilicia | daughters of the river god Lamos; nurses of the god Dionysus |
The Pactolides | Pactolus River,Lydia | appeared in the myth concerningArachne |
TheSpercheides | Spercheus River,Malis | daughters of the river godSpercheusand the naiad Deino |
•Diopatre | -do- | others called her the daughter of Zeus; loved by Poseidon |
The Thessalids | Peneus River,Thessaly | daughters of the river godPeneus |
•Daphne | -do- | loved by the god Apollo;see below entry of Daphne |
•Menippe | -do- | wife ofPelasgus,by whom she became the mother ofPhrastor |
•Stilbe | -do- | bore to Apollo twin sons,CentaurusandLapithus. |
•Cyrene | -do- | also called the daughter of Peneus' son Hypseus and mother of Aristaeus andIdmonby Apollo |
Trojan Nymphs or Trojan Naiads | Scamander Riverand Simoeis River, Troad | daughters of the river gods,ScamanderandSimoeis |
•Callirrhoe | Scamander River, Troad | daughter of the river godScamander;wife ofTrosand mother ofIlus,AssaracusandGanymede |
•Glaucia | -do- | daughter of the Trojan river godScamander;wife of Deimachus and the mother of Scamander who was named after his grandfather |
•Strymo | -do- | wife of KingLaomedonand the mother of KingPriamandTithonus |
•Astyoche | Simoeis River, Troad | daughter of the river godSimoeis,mother ofTrosbyErichthonius |
•Hieromneme | -do- | daughter of the river-god Simoïs and the wife ofAssaracus,by whom she boreCapysor the daughter-in-law of Assaracus, wife of Capys and mother ofAnchises |
Individual Potameides: | ||
Anchinoe | Nile River,Egypt | daughter of the riverNilus;wife of the Egyptian KingBelus;mother ofAegyptusandDanaus,and perhaps,CepheusandPhineus. |
Anippe | Nile River, Egypt | loved by the god Poseidon by whom she became the mother ofBusiris |
Argiope | Nile River, Egypt | daughter of the river Nilus; wife ofAgenorand mother ofEuropa,Phoenix,CilixandCadmus;commonly known asTelephassa |
AsteropeorHesperia | Cebren River, Troad | daughter of the river godCebrenand lover ofAesacus,also calledHesperia |
Caliadne | Nile River, Egypt | presumably one of the daughters of the river-godNilus;one of the wives ofAegyptus,bearing him 12 sons:Eurylochus,Phantes,Peristhenes,Hermus,Dryas,Potamon,Cisseus,Lixus,Imbrus,Bromios,Polyctor,andChthonios |
Chione | Nile River, Egypt | daughter of theOceanidCallirrhoeand the river godNilus |
Cleochareia | Eurotas River,Laconia | queen consort of KingLelexand mother ofMylesandPolycaon |
Deino | Spercheus River, Malis | wife of the river godSpercheiosand by him the mother ofDiopatre[13] |
Eunoë | Sangarius River, Phrygia | daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the possible mother ofHecubabyDymas[14] |
Europa | Nile River, Egypt | one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife ofDanauswho bore him theDanaides |
Eurryroe | Nile River, Egypt | one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Aegyptus who bore him fifty sons |
Hercyna | Herkyna River,Lebadeia | a childhood companion of the goddess Persephone |
Ismenis | Ismenos River, Thebes | daughters of the river godIsmenus;mother, byPan,of Crenaeus, a defender ofThebesagainst theSeven |
Lethe | Lethe River,Hades | - |
Memphis | Nile River, Egypt | daughter ofNilus;she was the wife toEpaphusand mother ofLibyaand Anippe orLysianassa |
Metis | Meles River,Smyrna | daughter of the river godMeles;mother ofHomerbyMaeon |
Moria | Hermos River,Lydia | brother of Tylus |
Nana | Sangarius River, Phrygia | daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was impregnated by an almond from the tree sprung from the severed genitals ofAgdistis,giving birth toAttis. |
Neda | Neda River,Arcadia | daughter of Oceanus; one of the nurses of infantZeus |
Ocyrhoe | Imbrasus River, Samos | daughter of the river godImbrasusandChesias;she was pursued by the god Apollo |
Ocyrhoe | Sangarius River, Phrygia | daughter of the river-godSangarius;she was the mother, byHippasus,ofHippomedon |
Ocyrhoe | Caicus River,Mysia | mother ofCaicusbyHermes |
Polyxo | Nile River, Egypt or in Libya | presumably one of the daughters of the river-godNilus;she was one of the wives ofDanausand bore him 12 daughters:Autonoe,Theano,Electra,Cleopatra,Eurydice,Glaucippe,Anthelea,Cleodora,Euippe,Erato,Stygneand Bryce |
Styx | Styx River, Underworld | anOceanid;she was the wife ofPallasand thus mother ofZelus,Nike,Kratos,andBia |
Symaethis | SymaithosRiver, Sicily | loved by Pan |
Syrinx | Ladon River,Arcadia | daughter of the river godLadon;pursued by Pan |
Tereine | Strymon River,Thrace | daughter of the river godStrymon;mother ofThrassaby Ares |
Zeuxippe | Eridanus River,Athens | mother ofButesbyTeleon |
V.Pegaeae | springs | - |
TheAnigrides | Elis | daughters of the river god Anigros, were believed to cure skin diseases[15][16][17] |
TheCorycianNymphs | Corycian cave,Delphi,Phocis | daughters of the river godPleistos |
•Kleodora(or Cleodora) | Mt. Parnassus,Phocis | mother of Parnassus by Poseidon |
•Corycia | Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis | mother ofLycoreusbyApollo |
•Melaina | -do- | mother ofDelphosbyApollo |
The Cyrtonian nymphs | Boeotia | local springs in the town of Cyrtones[18][19] |
TheDeliades | Delos | daughters ofInopus,god of the river Inopus[20][21] |
The Himerian Naiads[22][23] | ||
TheIonides | Elis | daughters of the river god Cytherus[24] |
•Calliphaea | -do- | - |
•Iasis | -do- | - |
•Pegaea | -do- | - |
•Synallaxis | -do- | - |
The Ithacian nymphs | Ithaca | dwelled in sacred caves on the island[25] |
The Leibethrides | ||
•Libethrias | ||
•Petra[26][27] | ||
The Mysian Naiads | Bithynia | dwelled in the spring of Pegae near the lake Askanios and were responsible for the kidnapping ofHylas[28][29] |
•Euneica | ||
•Malis | ||
•Nycheia[30] | ||
The Ortygian nymphs | Sicily | local springs ofSyracuse[31][32] |
ThePierides | ||
The Rhyndacides | daughters of the river godRhyndacus[33] | |
Individual Pegaeae: | ||
Albunea | ||
Xanderirhoe | Mt. Ida,Troad | daughter of the river godGrenikos;mother ofAesacusbyPriam[34] |
Archidemia[35] | ||
Arethusa | Island ofOrtygia | daughter ofNereus[36][37][38] |
Automate | Argos | - |
Callirrhoe | Acarnania | mother ofAmphoterusandAcarnanbyAlcmaeon |
CastaliaorCassotis | Delphi, Phocis | others called her the daughter of the river godCephissus[39] |
Comaetho | daughter or wife of the river godCydnus[40] | |
Cyane | Sicily | playmate ofPersephonewho was changed into a well through grief at the loss of her |
Dirce | transformed into a spring (presumably into a nymph personifying it) after her death | |
Hagno | Arcadia | one of the nurses of infantZeus |
Langia[41] | ||
Magea[35] | ||
Milichie[35] | ||
Metope | Arcadia | daughter of the river-god Ladon and wife ofAsopus |
Pegasis | daughter of the river god Grenikos[42] | |
Peuce | Peuce Island | mother ofPeucon |
Pharmaceia | Attica | nymph of a poisonous spring andOrithyia's playmate[43][44] |
Physadeia | Argolis | |
Psanis | Arcadia | may have been the wife of the river god Ladon |
Salmacis | ||
Strophia | Thebes | spring on MountCithaeron;barely personified[45] |
Telphousa | Arcadia | daughter of the river-godLadon |
Temenitis[35] | ||
Theisoa | Arcadia |
Name | Location | Relations |
---|---|---|
Aba | Ciconia,Thrace | presumed daughter of the riverHebros;mother ofErgiscusbyPoseidon[46] |
Abarbarea | Tyre | ancestors of theTyriansalong withCallirrhoeandDrosera |
Aegle | - | daughter ofZeusandNeaera,by whomHeliosbegot theCharites |
Aia | Colchis | loved by the river-godPhasis. |
Alcinoe | Mt. Lycaeus,Arcadia | one of the nurses of the god Zeus |
Anchiroe | Arcadia | one of the nurses of the god Zeus |
Anchiroe | Libya | wife of thePsyllitribe's first kingPsyllus |
Annaed | - | - |
Anthedon | Boeotia | - |
Anthracia | Arcadia | one of the nurses of the god Zeus |
Argiope | Mt. Parnassus,Phocis | possibly the daughter of the river-godCephissus,mother ofThamyrisbyPhilammon |
Argiope | Eleusis | possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother ofCercyonbyBranchus |
Argyra | Achaea | loved by the heroSelemnus |
Ascra | Boeotia | loved byPoseidonwho bore him a sonOeoclus |
Asterodia | Caucasus | daughter ofOceanusandTethys;loved by the Colchian kingAeetesby whom she had a sonApsyrtus |
Asterope | Sicily | an Oceanid; mother ofAcragasby Zeus |
Bateia | Sparta | married KingOebalusofSpartaand mother of their sons wereHippocoon,TyndareusandIcarius |
Bistonis | Thrace | mother ofTereusby Ares |
Byzia | Byzantium | - |
Callirrhoe | Tyre | ancestors of theTyriansalong withAbarbareaandDrosera |
Ceto | - | an Oceanid; she bore Helios a daughter,Astris |
Chesias | Samos | loved by the river god Imbrasis |
Charybdis | - | daughter ofPoseidonandGaia |
Chlidanope | possibly Thessaly | wife of Hypseus and mother Cyrene |
Cleide | Naxos | one of the nurses of the godDionysus |
Cleomede | Paeonia | daughter of the river godAxius;she was the wife ofPaeon |
Clonia | Boeotia | consort ofHyrieusand by him became the mother ofNycteusandLycus |
Cnossia | Crete | mother ofXenodamosbyMenelauswhen he visited the island |
Coronis | Naxos | one of the nurses of the godDionysus |
Cretheis | Smyrna,Ionia | mother ofHomerby the river godMeles |
Creusa | Thessaly | daughter ofGaia;she boreHypseusandStilbeto the river godPeneus |
Cyanea | Miletus,Caria | daughter of the riverMeander;wife of king Miletos and mother by him ofCaunusandByblis |
Danais | Elis | she was loved by the Pisan kingPelopsby whom she became the mother of his bastard son,Chrysippus |
Daphne | Arcadiaor Laconia | daughter of the river-godLadonor of kingAmyclas;loved by the god Apollo |
Daulis | Boeotia | daughter of the river-god Cephisus |
Dercetis | Boeotia | mother ofAlatreusbyLaphitaon |
Diogeneia | Attica | daughter of the river-god Cephisus; the wife of the Athenian lordPhrasimosand mother by him ofPraxithea |
Drosera | Tyre | ancestors of theTyriansalong withAbarbareaand Callirhoe |
Echenais | Sicily | blinded his unfaithful loverDaphnis |
Eupheme | Boeotia | nurse of the Muses; mother of Crotus byPan |
Evadne | Argolis | daughter ofStrymonandNeaera,wife ofArgus(king ofArgos), mother ofEcbasus,Peiras,EpidaurusandCriasus |
Glauce | Arcadia | one of the nurses ofZeus |
Hagno | Arcadia | one of the nurses ofZeus |
Harmonia | Acmonia, Phrygia | mother of theAmazonsby Ares |
Hippe | Argolis | - |
Lara | Rome | daughter of the riverAlmo;mother of theLaresbyMercury |
Lilaea | Phocis | daughter of the local river-god Cephisus |
Liriope | Phocis | bore a sonNarcissusto the river-god Cephisus |
Lotis | Dryopia/Doris | escape from the embraces ofPriapuswas metamorphosed into a tree |
Melanthea | - | daughter of the river-godAlpheus;she bore toPoseidona daughter,Eirene |
Melia | Argolis | an Oceanid; mother, byInachus,ofPhoroneusandAegialeus |
Melia | Boeotia | an Oceanid; mother, byApollo,ofTenerusandIsmenus |
Melia | Bithynia | mother, byPoseidon,ofMygdonandAmycus,kings ofBebryces |
Melia | Bithynia | she was the mother bySilenusofDolion |
Melia | Ceos | mother, byApollo,of Ceos |
Melite | Corcyra | daughter of the river-godAegaeusand mother ofHyllusbyHeracles |
Methone | Pieria | mother ofOeagrusbyPierus |
Midea | Boeotia | mother of Aspledon byPoseidon |
Minthe | Elis | daughter ofCocytus;loved by the godHadesbut as punishment her boasts was transformed by Persephone orDemeterinto a mint-plant |
Nacole | Phrygia | eponym of Nacoleia |
Nais | Laconia | wife ofSilenus |
Neaera | Thrace | wife of the river-godStrymon,and mother ofEvadne |
Neaera | Lydia | mother of Dresaeus byTheiodamas |
Neis | - | mother ofAetolusbyEndymion |
Nicaea | Bithynia | daughter of the river-godSangariusandCybele.By the god of wine,Dionysus,she motheredTelete(consecration) |
Nomia | Arcadia | companion of Callisto |
Nonacris | Arcadia | wife ofLycaonand the mother ofCallisto |
Ocyrhoe | Colchis | mother ofPhasisbyHelios |
Orseis | Thessaly | mother ofDorus,AeolusandXuthusbyHellen |
Ortygia | Lycia | nurse of Apollo |
Paria | Paros | mother ofEurymedon,Nephalion,Chrysesand Philolaus byMinos |
Periboea | Laconia | wife ofIcarius,mother ofPenelope,Perilaus,Aletes, Damasippus, Imeusimus and Thoas |
Pero | Sicyon | mother of Asopus by Poseidon |
Philia | Naxos | one of the nurses of the godDionysus |
Phrixa | Arcadia | one of the nurses of Zeus |
Pitane | Laconia | daughter of the river godEurotas,became by Poseidon the mother of Evadne |
Praxithea | Athens | marriedErichthonius of Athensand by him had a son namedPandion I |
Pronoe | Lycia | mother ofAegialusbyCaunus |
Rhodope | Thrace | mother ofHebrosbyHaemusand ofCiconby Apollo[47] |
Samia | Samos | wife of Ancaeus |
Sparta | Sparta | daughter of the river god Eurotas; mother of Amyclas and Eurydice byLacedaemon |
Syllis | Sicyon | mother ofZeuxippusby Apollo |
Thronia | Thrace | mother ofAbderusby Poseidon |
Tiasa | Sparta | daughter of the river god Eurotas |
Place names
[edit]- St. Charles AvenueinNew Orleanswas formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street.[citation needed]
- Naiad LakeinAntarcticais named after the nymphs.[48]
Gallery
[edit]-
Naiads,Cyprian Kamil Norwid,1846
-
Gioacchino Pagliei -The Naiads,1881
-
The Invocation of the Water Nymphsby Marek Hapon, 2013
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Postgate, J. P."On the Alleged Confusion of Nymph-Names. Appendix".The American Journal of Philology.18(1): 74–75.doi:10.2307/287931.ISSN0002-9475.
- ^abBurkert, III, 3.3,p. 174.
- ^Pausanias,9.29.5
- ^Pausanias,8.31.4
- ^Athenaeus,Deipnosophistae8.334e
- ^Apollodorus,3.12.3.
- ^Hyginus,Fabulae14
- ^Homer,Iliad6.21–23
- ^Apollodorus, 3.11.2
- ^Apollodorus, 2.6
- ^TzetzesonLycophron,511
- ^Callimachus,Aitiafr. 66;Valerius Flaccus,4.374 ff.
- ^Antoninus Liberalis,22
- ^Scholia on Homer'sIliad16. 718 withPherecydesas the authority
- ^Strabo,8.3.19
- ^Pausanias, 5.5.11
- ^Theoi Project - Anigrides
- ^Pausanias, 9.24.4
- ^Theoi Project - Nymphai Kyrtoniai
- ^Callimachus,Hymn IV to Delos252
- ^Theoi Project - Deliades
- ^Pindar,Olympian Odes12
- ^Diodorus Siculus,5.5.1
- ^Pausanias, 6.22.7
- ^Homer,Odyssey13.96 ff.
- ^Strabo, 9.2.25; 10.3.17
- ^Pausanias, 9.34.4
- ^Apollonius Rhodius,Argonautica1.1225 ff.
- ^Hyginus,Fabulae14
- ^Theocritus,Idylls13.44
- ^Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
- ^Theoi Project - Naiades Ortygiai
- ^Theoi Project - Rhyndacides
- ^Ovid,Metamorphoses11.762 ff.
- ^abcdPliny the Elder,Natural History3. 89, in a list of Sicilian springs, of which only Arethousa and Cyane are known to have been personified
- ^Strabo, 6.2.4
- ^Ovid,Metamorphoses5.407 & 487 ff.
- ^Virgil,Aeneid3. 694 ff.
- ^Pausanias, 10.8.9 & 10.24.7
- ^Nonnus,Dionysiaca2.143-144 & 40.141-143
- ^Statius,Thebaid4.716
- ^Quintus Smyrnaeus,3.300
- ^Plato,Phaedrus229
- ^"Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3, page 238".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-14.Retrieved2018-08-25.
- ^Callimachus,Hymn 4 to Delos75 ff.
- ^Suida,s.v.Ergiske
- ^Etymologicum Magnum513, 37, underKikones
- ^Naiad Lake.SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
References
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- Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)2.95, 2.11, 2.21, 2.23, 1.61, 1.81, 1.7.6
- Homer.Odyssey13.355, 17.240,Iliad14.440, 20.380
- Ovid.Metamorphoses
- Hesiod.Theogony
- Burkert, Walter,Greek Religion,Harvard University Press,1985.ISBN0-674-36281-0.
- Robert Graves,The Greek Myths1955
- Edgar Allan Poe,"Sonnet to Science"1829