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Niš

Coordinates:43°19′15″N21°53′45″E/ 43.32083°N 21.89583°E/43.32083; 21.89583
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This article is about the City in southern Serbia. For other meanings, seeNIS.

Niš
Ниш(Serbian)
City
Град Ниш
Grad Niš
City of Niš
Panorama of Niš
Niš City Hall
Niš Fortress
Palace of Justice
Memorial Chapel
Bubanj Memorial Park
Monument on Čegar
Church of the Holy Emperor Constantine and Empress Helena
Nišavariver
University of Niš
Flag of Niš
Flag
Coat of arms of Niš
Coat of arms
Nickname(s):
"Second capital"[1]
"Imperial City"
Niš is located in Serbia
Niš
Niš
Location within Serbia
Niš is located in Balkans
Niš
Niš
Location within Europe
Niš is located in Europe
Niš
Niš
Niš (Europe)
Coordinates:43°19′15″N21°53′45″E/ 43.32083°N 21.89583°E/43.32083; 21.89583
CountrySerbia
Geographical RegionSouthern Serbia
Statistical RegionSouthern and Eastern
DistrictNišava
Municipalities5
First mention2nd century AD
Liberation fromOttomans11 January 1878
Government
•MayorDragana Sotirovski (SNS)
•Ruling partiesSNS/SPS/SRS
• LegislatureCity Assembly of Niš
Area
[2]
•City596.73 km2(230.40 sq mi)
• Urban
266.77 km2(103.00 sq mi)
• Metro
2,729 km2(1,054 sq mi)
• Rank51st in Serbia
Elevation
195 m (640 ft)
Population
(2011)[3]
•City260,237
• Rank3rd in Serbia
• Density431.1/km2(1,117/sq mi)
• City Proper
182,797
Demonym(s)Nišlijka (female)
Nišlija (male)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
18000
Area code+381(0)18
ISO 3166 codeSRB
Car platesNI
Patron SaintProcopius of Scythopolis[4]
Websitewww.ni.rs

Niš(/ˈniːʃ/;Serbian Cyrillic:Ниш,Serbian pronunciation:[nîːʃ]ⓘ;names in other languages), less often spelled in English asNish,is thethird largest cityinSerbiaand the administrative center of theNišava District.It is located in thesouthern part of Serbia.According to the 2011 census,the city proper has a population of 182,797, while its administrative area (City of Niš) has a population of 260,237 inhabitants.[3]

Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence:Constantine the Great,the first Christian emperor and the founder ofConstantinople,Constantius III,Constans,Vetranio,Julian,Valentinian I,Valens;andJustin I.[5]EmperorClaudius Gothicusdecisively defeated theGothsat theBattle of Naissus(present-day Niš).[6]Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire, the city's past would earn it the nicknameImperial City.[7][8]

After about 400 years ofOttomanrule, the city was liberated in 1878 and became part of thePrincipality of Serbia,though not without great bloodshed—remnants of which can be found throughout the city. Today, Niš is one of the most important economic centers in Serbia, especially in the electronics, mechanical engineering, textile, and tobacco industries.Constantine the Great Airportis Niš's international airport. The city is also the seat of theUniversity of Niš,theEparchy of Nišand the Command ofSerbian Army.

In 2013, the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine'sEdict of Milan.[9]

Name

Niš was known as Нишь[10]or Ньшь[11](Nyšь) inOld SerbianandOld Bulgarian.Nāissusis theAncientname of the city.[12]Naissus is itself probably a derivative of the older *Nāviskos,from *Nāvia( "trough valley" ), theCelticname of theNišava River,which flows through the city. Inhistorical sources,the town is mentioned as Naissus, Ναϊσσός, Naessus, urbs Naisitana, Нишь, Ньшь, Nisso and Nix.[11]

Niševolved from the toponym attested in Ancient Greek asΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ(Naissos) achieving its present form via phonetic changes inProto-Albanianand thereafter the placename entered Slavic.[13][14][15][16][17]Nishmight indicate that Proto-Albanian was spoken in the region in pre-Slavic antiquity.[18]According to Ismajli (2015), when this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in the area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the area presuppose an Albanian development.[19]It cannot be ruled out however that the development ofNish<Naiss-may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which, while closely related to Albanian (i.e. characterized by the same phonetic system), may not be identical with it.[20]Attempts have been made to explain the place name in various ways as "a purely Slavic development", such as by Serbian linguistAleksandar Loma,[21][22]however, Austrian linguist Joachim Matzinger, who maintains the Albanian transmission ofNaiss > Niš,states that "a discussion with historical South Slavic linguistics is an urgent desideratum".[21]

History

Main article:History of Niš

Early history

Remains of the luxurious residence palace ofMediana,erected by Constantine I near his birth town ofNaissus.

The first settlement on the site of today's Niš may have been founded by theCeltsat the end of the 3rd century BC.[12][23]There is very little archaeological evidence however which can be used to reconstruct a pre-Roman history of Niš.[24]During theRoman era,the city of Naissus became a large urban center.[12]During the Roman conquest of theBalkans,between 168 and 75 BC, the city was used as a base of operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of the 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in theGeographyofPtolemyof Alexandria.[citation needed]

The Romans occupied the town during theDardaniancampaign (75–73 BC), and set up a legionary camp in the city.[25]The city, calledrefugiaandviciin pre-Roman relation, as a result of its strategic position (the Thracians were based to the south[25]) developed as an importantgarrisonand market town in the province ofMoesiaSuperior.[26]In 169 AD, Naissus was established as amunicipiumand fromDiocletianonwards it belonged to the province ofDardania.[12]In 272, the future EmperorConstantine the Greatwas born in Naissus. Constantine created theDacia Mediterraneaprovince, of which Naissus was the capital, which also includedRemesianaon theVia Militarisand the towns ofPautaliaand Germania. He lived in Naissus briefly from 316 to 322.[27]

The city was of great importance for theConstantinian dynasty.It is the birthplace ofConstantine the Greatwho turned it from a middle-sized town to a large city with many public buildings. The city flourished greatly in the Constantinian period. A bronze bust of Constantine decorated city. It was his temporary residence and the city where he promulgated many laws, preserved in theTheodosian code.In Constantinian narratives, Naissus was the city where the usurperVetranioabdicated toConstantius IIafter a powerful speech he gave to the rebel armies.Julian,the last Constantinian emperor, used Naissus, which had arms factories, as his base in the civil war and recruitedIllyriansand others as soldiers for his campaign.[28]

In 364 AD, the imperial VillaMediana3 km (2 mi) was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided the Roman Empire into halves which they would rule as co-emperors.[29]

It was besieged by theHunsin 441 and devastated in 448, and again in 480 when the partially-rebuilt town was demolished by theBarbarians.Byzantine EmperorJustinian Irestored the town but it was destroyed by theAvarsonce again. TheSlavs,in their campaign against Byzantium, conquered Niš and settled here in 540.

Middle Ages

Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Hungary, King Solomon, Prince Géza, Niš, Byzantine Empire, occupation, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
KingSolomonand PrinceGézareceive gifts from the locals at Niš in 1072 (Chronicon Pictum,1358)

In 805, the town and its surroundings were taken by Bulgarian EmperorKrum.[30]In the 11th century Byzantium reclaimed control over Naissus and the surrounding area.

Siege of Niš,Crusadersattacking Naissus on 4 July 1096

KingSolomonof Hungary and PrinceGézamarched along the valley of the riverGreat Moravaas far as Niš. The Hungarians seized theByzantinecity without any resistance in 1072.[31]During thePeople's Crusade,on 3 July 1096,Peter the Hermitclashed with Byzantine forces at Naissus.Manuel Ifortified the town, but under his successorAndronikos Iit was seized by the Hungarian kingBéla III.Byzantine control was eventually reestablished, but in 1185 it fell under Serbian control. By 1188, Niš became the capital of Serbian kingStefan Nemanja.[32]On 27 July 1189, Nemanja received German emperorFrederick Barbarossaand his 100,000 crusaders at Niš.[33]Niš is mentioned in descriptions of Serbia underVukanin 1202, highlighting its special status.[34]In 1203,Kaloyan of Bulgariaannexed Niš.[35]Stefan Nemanjićlater regained the region.

Ottoman period

The fall of theSerbian Empire,which was conquered by Ottoman SultanMurad Iin 1385, decided the fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day-long siege the city fell to the Ottomans. It was returned to Serbian rule in 1443. Niš again fell under Ottoman rule in 1448, and remained thusly for 241 years. During Ottoman rule Niš was a seat of the empire's military and civil administration. ASilesiantraveler stated in 1596 that the route from Sofia to Niš was littered with corpses and described the gates of Niš as bedecked with the freshly-severed heads of poor Bulgarian peasants.[36]In 1689, Niš was seized by the Austrian army during theGreat Turkish War,but the Ottomans regained it in 1690. In 1737, Niš was again seized by the Austrians, who attempted to rebuild the fortifications around the city. The same year, the Ottomans reclaimed the city without resistance. The existing fortification is of Ottoman Turkish origin, dating from the first decades of the 18th century (1719–1723). It is well known as one of the most significant and best preserved monuments of this kind in the mid-Balkans. The Fortress was erected on the site of earlier fortifications – the ancient Roman, Byzantine, and later yet Medieval forts.[37]

Bali-begova mosque

During theFirst Serbian uprisingin 1809, Serbian revolutionaries attempted to liberate Niš in theBattle of Čegar.After the defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Niš ordered the heads of the slain Serbs mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The structure became known asSkull Tower(Serbian:Ćele Kula).[38]In 1821, the Ottomans arrested the Bishop of Niš, Milentija, as well as 200 Serbian patriots, on charges of preparing an uprising in the Niš area in support of theGreek War of Independence.On June 13 of that year, Bishop Milentija and other Serbian leaders were hanged in public.

In the 19th century Niš was an important town, but populated by Bulgarians in the 19th century, when theNiš rebellionbroke out in 1841.[39]According to Ottoman statistics during theTanzimatthe population ofSanjak of Nišwas treated as Bulgarian,[40]and according to French travelers such asJérôme-Adolphe BlanquiandAmi Bouein 1837/1841. According to all authors between 1840-72 the delineation between Bulgarians and Serbs is undisputed and ran north of Nis,[41]although one author Cyprien Robert claims that half of the population of the town was made up by Serbians.[42]Serbian cartographers of the time (such asDimitrije Davidovićin 1828 andMilan Savićin 1878) also acceptedSouth Moravariver as such delineation and added Niš outside the borders of the Serbian people.[41][43]In 1862 some Muslim families from Belgrade and Smederevo settled in Nis due to theforced displacement of Muslimsin the Principality of Serbia.[44]The urban population of Niš consisted of 17,107 Christian and 4,291 Muslim males, with total number of 3,500 Serbian houses and 2,000 Muslim houses. Muslim population of Niš consisted mainly ofTurks,of which a part were of Albanian origin, and the rest were MuslimAlbaniansand Muslim Romani.[45][46]

The Serbian army liberated Niš in theSerbian–Turkish Wars

In 1870, Niš was included in theBulgarian Exarchate.[47]Before the area had been under theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinopleand theSerbian Patriarchate of Peć.The city was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to theConstantinople Conferencein 1876.[48]

Niš was finally taken by the Serbian Army during theSerbo–Ottoman Warof 1876–1878. The battle for the liberation of Niš started on 29 December 1877, and the Serbian Army entered Niš on 11 January 1878, and it became a part of Serbia. The Albanian quarter was burned and some of the town's Muslim population, which the majority were Albanians, wereforced to fleeto the Ottomanvilayet of Kosovo,resettling inPristina,while others went to Skopje.[49][45][50][46]The descendants of the Albanians that resettled in parts of nowKosovo,are now known asMuhaxhir.[51]The number of remaining Muslims counted were 1,168, with many being Muslim Romani, out of the pre-war ca. 8,500.[52][46]The demographics of Niš underwent change whereby Serbs who formed half the urban population prior to 1878 became 80 percent in 1884.[53]

Independent Serbia

In the following years, the city saw rapid development. The city library was founded in 1879 and the famous Serbian writerStevan Sremac,a native of Niš, was its first clerk.[54][55]The first hotel,Europe,was built in 1879; shortly after the first district hospital[56]and the first bank started operating in 1881.[57]In 1878, the first Grammar School (Gimnazija),[58]in 1882 the Teacher Training College, and in 1894, the Girls' College were founded in Niš.[57]The City Hall was built from 1882 to 1887.

In 1883, Kosta Čendaš established the first printing house. In 1884, the first newspaper in the cityNiški Vesnikwas started.[57]In 1884, Jovan Apel built a brewery.[59]A railway line to Niš was built in 1884, as well as the city's railway station; on 8 August 1884, the first train arrived from Belgrade.[citation needed]In 1885, Niš became the last station of theOrient Express,until the railroad was built between Niš and Sofia in 1888. In 1887, theNiš Theatre Sinđelićwas built.[57]

In 1897 Mita Ristić founded the Nitex textile factory.[57]In 1905 the female painterNadežda Petrovićestablished the Sićevoart colony.[57]The first film was screened in 1897, and the first permanent cinema started operating in 1906.[57]The hydroelectric dam inSićevo Gorgeon the Nišava was built in 1908;[57]at the time, it was the largest in Serbia. The airfield was built in 1912 on the Trupale field, and the first aeroplane arrived on 29 December 1912. The city's museum was founded in 1913.[citation needed]

During theFirst Balkan War,Niš was the seat of The Main Headquarters of the Serbian Army, which led military operations against theOttoman Empire.InWorld War I,Niš was the wartime capital of Serbia, hosting the Government and the National Assembly, untilCentral Powersconquered Serbia in November 1915, when the city was ceded to Bulgaria.[57]After the breakthrough of theSalonika front,the First Serbian Army commanded by generalPetar Bojovićliberated Niš on 12 October 1918.[60]

Monument toAlexander I of Yugoslavia,King Alexander Square

During the age and breakup of Yugoslavia

Tram in Niš 1930.

In the first few years after the war, Niš was recovering from the damage. In 1921, Niš became the centre of the Region (oblast), governed by a grand-župan, appointed by royal decree. From 1929 to 1941, Niš was the capital of theMorava Banovinaof theKingdom of Yugoslavia.The tram system in Niš started to run in November 1930. The national airlineAeroputincluded Niš as a regular destination for the route Belgrade—Niš—Skopje—Thessaloniki in 1930. During the time of German occupation in World War II, the first NaziCrveni Krst concentration campin Yugoslavia was in Niš. About 30,000 people passed through this camp, of whom over 10,000 were shot on nearby Bubanj hill. On 12 February 1942, 147 prisoners staged a mass escape. In 1944, the city washeavily bombed by the Allies.[61]In September 1943, the Germans established the Dulag 413 transit camp forItalian Military Interneesin the city.[62]

On 14 October 1944, after a long and exhausting battle, the 7th German SS Division 'Prinz Eugen' was defeated and Niš was liberated byBulgarian Army,[63][64][65]andPartisans.The city was also the site of a unique and accidentalfriendly fireair war on November 7, 1944between the air forces of the United States andSoviet Union.On 23 June 1948, Niš was the site of a catastrophic flood during which theNišavariver's water level raised by an unprecedented 5.5 meters.[66]

After World War II, theUniversity of Nišwas founded on 15 June 1965.

Niš main square.

Over the course of the1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia,Niš was subject to airstrikes on 40 occasions.[67]On 7 May 1999, the city was the site of aNATOcluster bomb raidwhich killed 16 civilians.[67]By the end of the NATO bombing campaign, a total of 56 people in Niš had been killed from airstrikes.[67]

2000–present

In April 2012, theRussian-Serbian Humanitarian Centerwas established in the city of Niš. In December 2017, a new building ofClinical Centre of Nišspreading over 45,000 square meters was opened.[68]

Geography

The road running from the North, from Western and Central Europe and Belgrade down to the Morava River valley, forks into two major lines at Niš: the southern line, leading toThessalonicaandAthens,and the eastern one leading towardsSofiaandIstanbul.[citation needed]

Suva Planina(Dry Mountain) surrounds the city
Niš Fortress.
Bubanj Memorial Park.

Niš is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east, in theNišavavalley, near the spot where it joins theSouth Morava.The main city square, the city's central part, is at 194 m (636 ft)above sea level.The highest point in the city area is "Sokolov kamen" (Falcon's rock) on theSuva Planina (Dry Mountain)(1,523 m (4,997 ft)) while the lowest spot is atTrupale,near the mouth of the Nišava (173 m (568 ft)). The city covers 596.71 square kilometres (230 sq mi) of five municipalities. Below Niska Banja and Nis, under the ground is a natural source of hot water, unique potential of clean and renewable geothermal energy at the surface of up to 65 square kilometers. According to some sources, the natural reservoir is at a depth of 500 to 800 meters, and the estimated capacity is about 400 million cubic meters of thermal mineral water.[69]

Climate

Niš has ahumid subtropical climate,but with continental influences. Average annual temperature in the area of Niš is 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). July is the warmest month of the year, with an average of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F). The coldest month is January, averaging at 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). The average of the annual rainfall is 613.8 mm (24.17 in). The averagebarometervalue is 992.74 mb. On average, there are 134 days with rain and snow cover lasts for 41 days.

Average temperatures in Niš are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost is decreasing, since January is the only month with average lows below 0 °C.

Climate data for Niš, Serbia (2009.-2023.)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C 5.3 9.0 13.6 19.2 23.5 27.9 30.9 31.3 26.5 19.6 13.8 7.2 19.0
Daily mean °C 1.9 4.6 8.2 13.1 17.5 21.7 24.0 24.1 19.7 13.7 9.3 3.9 13.5
Mean daily minimum °C −1.6 0.3 2.9 7.1 11.6 15.4 17.1 16.8 13.0 7.8 4.7 0.5 8.0
Mean daily maximum °F 41.5 48.2 56.5 66.6 74.3 82.2 87.6 88.3 79.7 67.3 56.8 45.0 66.2
Daily mean °F 35.4 40.3 46.8 55.6 63.5 71.1 75.2 75.4 67.5 56.7 48.7 39.0 56.3
Mean daily minimum °F 29.1 32.5 37.2 44.8 52.9 59.7 62.8 62.2 55.4 46.0 40.5 32.9 46.4
Source:"www.weatheronline.co.uk".Retrieved17 July2024.
Climate data for Niš (1991–2020, extremes 1940–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.3
(95.5) 		40.3
(104.5) 		44.2
(111.6) 		42.2
(108.0) 		39.6
(103.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		18.6
(65.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		12.4
(54.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −23.7
(−10.7) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−23.7
(−10.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 42.9
(1.69) 		39.0
(1.54) 		47.6
(1.87) 		55.9
(2.20) 		69.8
(2.75) 		57.6
(2.27) 		49.4
(1.94) 		43.9
(1.73) 		49.0
(1.93) 		55.8
(2.20) 		49.0
(1.93) 		53.9
(2.12) 		613.8
(24.17)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 13.1 12.4 12.3 12.6 13.2 10.9 9.0 7.5 9.5 9.6 10.4 13.6 134.1
Average snowy days 9.8 8.0 4.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.0 8.2 35.1
Averagerelative humidity(%) 79.1 73.3 65.3 63.0 66.0 64.6 60.6 60.3 66.8 73.5 76.5 80.3 69.1
Mean monthlysunshine hours 67.5 93.7 156.0 179.2 212.5 250.2 272.7 275.6 200.6 142.4 84.4 51.6 1,986.4
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[70][71]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[72]

Demographics

Orthodox Church of Holy Emperor Constantine and Empress Helena.
Sacred Heart Catholic Church.
Islam-aga's Mosque.
The Synagogue in Niš.
See also:Demographic history of Niš
Historical population of city proper
YearPop.±%
187812,801—
188416,178+26.4%
189019,877+22.9%
189521,524+8.3%
190024,573+14.2%
190521,946−10.7%
191024,949+13.7%
192128,625+14.7%
193135,465+23.9%
194144,800+26.3%
194849,332+10.1%
195358,656+18.9%
196181,250+38.5%
1971127,654+57.1%
1981161,376+26.4%
1991173,250+7.4%
2002173,724+0.3%
2011183,164+5.4%
2022182,797−0.2%
Source: Становништво, национална или етничка припадност, подаци по насељима, Републички завод за статистику[73]

According to the final results from the 2022 census, the population of city proper of Niš was 182,797,[3]while itsadministrative areahad a population of 260,237.[3]

Zoran ĐinđićBoulevard

The city of Niš has 87,975 households with 2,96 members on average, while the number of homes is 119,196.[74]

Religion structure in the city of Niš is predominantlySerbian Orthodox(240,765), with minorities likeMuslims(2,486),Catholics(809),Protestants(258),Atheists(109) and others.[75]Most of the population speaksSerbian language(249,949).[75]

The composition of population by sex and average age:[75]

  • Male – 126,645 (40.90 years) and
  • Female – 133,592 (42.81 years).

A total of 120,562 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (53.81%), while the 51,471 citizens have higher education (23.0%). Of those with higher education, 34,409 (15.4%) have university education.[76]

Ethnic composition

The ethnic composition of the city of Niš:[77]

Demographics of Niš
Ethnic group City Urban
Serbs 243,381 174,225
Romani 6,996 5,490
Montenegrins 659 579
Bulgarians 927 741
Yugoslavs 202 202
Croats 398 344
Others 7,674 1,963
Total 260,237 183,544

Administrative divisions

The city of Niš consists of five municipalities. The first four municipalities are in the urban area of Niš, whileNiška Banjais a suburban municipality. Before 2002, the city of Niš had only two municipalities, one of them named "Niš" and another named "Niška Banja".

The city of Niš includes further neighborhoods:

Medijana Palilula Pantelej Crveni Krst Niška Banja
Center Palilula Pantelej Crveni Krst Niška Banja
Marger Staro Groblje Jagodin Mala(partly) Beograd Mala Nikola Tesla(broj 6)
Trg Kralja Aleksandra Crni put Durlan Jagodin Mala(partly) Jelašnica
Kičevo Bubanj Komren(partly) Komren(mostly) Sićevo
Čair Ledena Stena Čalije Šljaka Ostrovica
Bulevar Nemanjića Suvi Do Somborski bulevar Medoševac Prva Kutina
Bulevar Djindjica Apelovac Vrežina Ratko Jović Radikina Bara
Medijana Kovanluk Branko Bjegović Stevan Sindjelić Prosek
Trošarina Tutunović Podrum Podvinik Čukljenik
Duvanište Kalač Brdo Beverli Hils DonjaandGornja Studena
Brzi Brod Gabrovačka reka

Economy

The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. The position of Niš is strategically important, at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport –Niš Constantine the Great Airportand being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines.

It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down theMorava Rivervalley forks into two major lines:

  • the south one, leading toThessalonicaandAthens,along theVardarRiver valley,
  • and the east one, running along theNišavaand theMarica,leading towards Sofia and Istanbul, and further on, towards the Near East.

These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented the beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' inRomanandByzantineperiods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and theBlack Seato the Mediterranean. Nis had been a relatively developed city in the former Yugoslavia. In 1981, its GDP per capita was 110% of the Yugoslav average.[78]

As of September 2017, Niš has one of 14free economic zonesestablished in Serbia.[79]

Economic preview
Cathedral ofHoly Trinity.
Nišavariver.
Tinkers Alley,old urban downtown built in the first half of the 18th century.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2019):[80]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 187
Mining and quarrying 140
Manufacturing 21,072
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 806
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1,941
Construction 3,190
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 13,577
Transportation and storage 5,408
Accommodation and food services 3,541
Information and communication 3,077
Financial and insurance activities 1,446
Real estate activities 130
Professional, scientific and technical activities 3,559
Administrative and support service activities 2,159
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 4,139
Education 7,261
Human health and social work activities 7,542
Arts, entertainment and recreation 1,256
Other service activities 1,677
Individual agricultural workers 89
Total 82,197

Companies

Niš Forum shopping centre
Business center Kalča
University of Niš

Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, well known for its tobacco, electronics, construction, mechanical-engineering, textile, nonferrous-metal, food-processing and rubber-goods industries.

Among the manufacturing companies which had a huge impact during the second half of the 20th century on Niš's development are:EI Niš(electronics industry),Mechanical Industry Niš,"Građevinar" (construction company),Niš Tobacco Factory,"Nitex – Niš" (textile industry), "Niš Brewery" (beverages) and "Žitopek" (bakery). Other prominent companies which went bankrupt during the 1990s and 2000s are: "Vulkan" (rubber-goods manufacturer), "NISSAL" (nonferrous-metal industry).

Prominent tobacco manufacturer "Niš Tobacco Factory" was sold toPhilip Morrisin August 2003 for 518 million euros, while Nitex was sold toBenetton Group.[81]In recent years,Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc.,Yura Corporation,Zumtobel Group,Johnson Electricand Shinwon opened their plants in Niš. Currently, Chinese manufacturer, Xingyu automotive systems, is building its factory.

In former Electronic and Mechanical Industry complexes, many smaller manufacturers opened their plants.

In 2019, companies with highest operating income werePhilip Morris International,with over 190,000,000 Euros andJohnson Electricwith over 140,000,000 Euros.[82]

Science and Technology Park

Transportation

Niš is strategically between theMoravariver valley in North and theVardarriver valley in the south, on the main route between Greece and Central Europe. In the Niš area, this major transportation and communication route is linked with the natural corridor formed by theNišavariver valley, which runs Eastwards in the direction ofSofiaandIstanbul.The city has been a passing station for theOrient Express.

The first highways date back to the 1950s when Niš was linked with capital Belgrade through theBrotherhood and Unity Highway,the first in Southeastern Europe.

Historically, because of its location, the city had always great importance in the region. The first to take advantage of it was theRoman Empirethat built the important roadVia Militaris,linking the city withSingidunum(current Belgrade) to the North andConstantinople(current Istanbul) to the southeast. Nowadays, the city is connected by the highwayE75with Belgrade and Central Europe in north, andSkopje,ThessalonikiandAthensin the south. The roadE80connects Niš with Sofia, Istanbul towards the Middle East, andPristina,Montenegroand theAdriatic Seato the West. The roadE771connects the city withZaječar,KladovoandDrobeta-Turnu Severinin Romania.

The city is also a major regional railway junction linking Serbia to Sofia and Istanbul.

TheNiš Constantine the Great Airportis the second most important airport in Serbia. The first airfield serving the city of Niš was established in 1910, near the village ofDonje Međurovo.In the 1930s then-national airline companyAeroputused the airport for civil service. In 1935 Aeroput included a stop in Niš in its route linking Belgrade with Skoplje.[83]

The city public transportation consists nowadays of 13 bus lines. A tram system existed in Niš between 1930 and 1958.[84]Niš Bus Stationis the city's largest and main bus station which offers both local urban and intercity transport to international destinations. The largest intercity bus carrier based in the city isNiš-Ekspres,which operates to various cities and villages inSerbia,Montenegro,andBosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed]

National Theatre in Niš.
New part ofClinical Centre of Niš.

Culture

Gallery of Contemporary Fine Arts
Officers' Club Exhibition Space
See also:Culture of Serbia

Theatre

The Film Festival – a Festival ofSerbian Actorsheld since 1966.
Nisville Jazz Museum
Positive Festival

Niš is a home of theNational Theatre in Niš,that was founded as"Sinđelić" Theatrein 1889.

Music

From 1981 Niš is the host ofNišvilleInternational Jazz music festival which begins in mid-August and lasts for 4 days.Galija,KerberandEyotare considered the most notable music bands to have originated from Niš. Other notable Niš music acts includeDaltoni,Dobri Isak,Lutajuća Srca,Mama Rock,Hazari,Novembar,Trivaliaand others.

Tourism

Tourist sites

  • Čegar– The place where theBattle of Čegartook place on 19 May 1809.
  • Crveni Krst concentration camp– One of the few preservedNaziconcentration camps in Europe. It is onFebruary 12 Boulevard.
  • Memorial to Constantine the Great– built in the city centre in 2013, in commemoration toConstantine the Greatwho was born in the city, on the anniversary of the Edict of Milan.
  • Bubanj– Monument to fallen Yugoslav World War II fighters, forming the shape of three clenched fists. The place where 10,000 civilian hostages from Niš and south Serbia were brutally murdered by German Nazis.
  • Kalča,City passage and Gorča – Trade centers situated in Milana Obrenovića Street.
  • Memorial Chapelin the memory ofNATObombingvictims – The chapel was built by local authorities while the monument was built by the State government in 1999. They are situated in Sumatovacka street nearNiš Fortress.
  • Niš Fortress– The remaining fortification was built by the Turks, and dates from the first decades of the 18th century (1719–23). It is situated in the city center.
  • The fortress-cafes – They are situated near Stambol gate (the main gate of the fortress).
  • Mediana– Archeological site, an Imperial villa, from the lateRoman periodon the road leading toSofia, Bulgaria,near EI Nis.
  • Niška Banja(Niš spa) – A very popular spa during the summer season. It is 10 km (6 mi) from city center on the road leading toSofia,in the bottom ofSuva PlaninaMountain.
  • Tinkers Alley– An old urban downtown zone in today's Kopitareva Street, built in the first half of the 18th century. It was a street full of tinkers and other craftsmen, but today it is packed with cafes and restaurants.
  • Skull Tower(Ćele Kula) – A monument to the Serbian revolutionaries (1804–13); a tower made out of skulls of Serbian uprisers, killed and decapitated by the Ottomans. It is situated onZoran ĐinđićBoulevard, on the oldConstantinopleroad leading to Sofia.
  • Sultans TrailLong distance hiking and biking route from Vienna to İstanbul runs through Niš.

Architecture and monuments

Buildings in Niš are constantly being built. Niš is the second city in Serbia afterBelgradeby number of high-rises.[citation needed]The Ambassador Hotelis one of the tallest buildings in Niš, but there are also other buildings like TV5 Tower.

Sport

Čair Sports Centerhosted the group stage of2012 European Men's Handball Championship.
Čair Stadium

The city of Niš is home to numerous sport clubs includingRadnički Niš,RK Železničar 1949,Mašinac,ŽRK Naisa,OK Niš,Mašinac,Sinđelić Nišetc.

The biggest stadium in Niš is theStadion Čair,with a total seating-capacity of 18,151 after renovations.[85]The stadium is part of the Čair Sports Complex that also includes an indoor swimming pool and anindoor arena.Niš was one of four towns which hosting the2012 European Men's Handball Championship.

Notable residents

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Niš, and its surrounding metropolitan area.

Diplomatic missions

The city of Niš, after Belgrade, has the largest diplomatic corps in Serbia. Bulgaria has General Consulate in Niš. Until 2010, there was also a Consulate General of Greece.[86]Diplomatic agreements were given to five prominent citizens of Niš, who acquired the title of honorary consul. The United Kingdom, Hungary, France, Slovakia and Austria have chosen Nis as their honorary consuls, appreciating their commitment and contribution to strengthening ties and cooperation in various fields with these countries.[87]

General Consulates

Honorary Consulates

Local media

International relations

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Twin towns – sister cities

Niš istwinnedwith the following cities, according to their City Hall website:[101]

Other forms of cooperation and city friendship

See also

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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related toNiš.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forNis.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niš&oldid=1221361271#History"