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Nantwich

Coordinates:53°04′01″N2°31′19″W/ 53.067°N 2.522°W/53.067; -2.522
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Nantwich
Welsh Row, Nantwich, with the tower ofSt Mary's Churchand shops
Nantwich is located in Cheshire
Nantwich
Nantwich
Location withinCheshire
Population14,045 (2021 Census)[1]
OS grid referenceSJ652523
Civil parish
  • Nantwich
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townNANTWICH
Postcode districtCW5
Dialling code01270
PoliceCheshire
FireCheshire
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
Websitewww.nantwichtowncouncil.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Cheshire
53°04′01″N2°31′19″W/ 53.067°N 2.522°W/53.067; -2.522

Nantwich(/ˈnæntwɪtʃ/NAN-twitch) is a market town andcivil parishin the unitary authority ofCheshire EastinCheshire,England. It has among the highest concentrations oflisted buildingsin England, with notably good examples of Tudor and Georgian architecture. It had a population of 14,045 in 2021.[1]

History

[edit]

The origins of the settlement date toRomantimes,[2]when salt from Nantwich was used by the Roman garrisons atChester(Deva Victrix) andStoke-on-Trentas a preservative and a condiment. Salt has been used in the production ofCheshire cheeseand in thetanningindustry, both products of the dairy industry based in theCheshire Plainaround the town.Nantcomes from theWelshfor brook or stream.Wichandwychare names used to denotebrinespringsorwells.In 1194 there is a reference to the town as being calledNametwihc,which would indicate it was once the site of a pre-Roman Celticnemetonor sacred grove.[3]

In theDomesday Bookof 1086, Nantwich is recorded as having eight salt houses. It had acastleand was the capital of a barony of the earls of Chester, and of one of the sevenhundredsof medieval Cheshire. Nantwich is one of the few places in Cheshire to be marked on theGough Map,which dates from 1355 to 1366.[4]It was first recorded as an urban area at the time of theNorman Conquest,when theNormansburnt the town to the ground,[5]leaving only one building standing.

The Norman castle was built at the crossing of theWeaverbefore 1180, probably near where theCrown Innnow stands. Although nothing remains of the castle above ground, it affected the town's layout.[6][7]During the medieval period, Nantwich was the most important salt town and probably the second most important settlement in the county afterChester.[8][9]By the 14th century, it was holding a weekly cattle market at the end of what is now Beam Street, and it was also important for itstanningindustry centred in Barker Street.[10]

Churche's Mansion,one of the few buildings in Nantwich to survive the fire of 1583

A fire in December 1583 destroyed most of the town to the east of the Weaver.[11][12]Elizabeth Icontributed funds to the town's rebuilding and made an England-wide appeal for support for the rebuilding fund which thereby received funds from many successful medieval towns, including Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. The rebuilding occurred rapidly and followed the plan of the destroyed town.[13]Beam Street was so renamed to reflect the fact that timber (including wood fromDelamere Forest) to rebuild the town was transported along it. A plaque marking the 400th anniversary of the fire and of Nantwich's rebuilding was unveiled by theDuke of Gloucesteron 20 September 1984.[14]

From the time of the Henrician Reformation, the town had trouble finding good Protestant preachers. An example of the problem was Stephen Jerome, a puritanical preacher, who in 1625 nonetheless tried to rape one of his maidservants, Margaret Knowsley. Rumours of this spread across the town, eventually leading to Knowsley's imprisonment andpublic shamingin 1627. A few years later, Jerome went to Ireland to continue his preaching career.[15]

During theEnglish Civil WarNantwich declared forParliamentand was besieged several times byRoyalistforces. A final six-week siege was lifted after a Parliamentary victory in theBattle of Nantwichon 26 January 1644. This has been re-enacted as "Holly Holy Day" on every anniversary since 1973 bySealed Knot,an educational charity. The name is taken from commemorative sprigs of holly worn by townsfolk in caps or on clothing in the years after the battle.[16]

The salt industry peaked in the mid-16th century, with about 400 salt houses in 1530, but had almost died out by the end of the 18th century; the last salt house closed in the mid-19th century.[17][18][19]Nikolaus Pevsnerconsidered the salt-industry decline to have been critical in preserving the town's historic buildings.[17]The last tannery closed in 1974. The town's location on the London–Chester road meant that Nantwich began to serve the needs of travellers in medieval times.[8][20]This trade declined in the 19th century with the opening ofTelford's road from London toHolyhead,which offered a faster route to Wales, and later with theGrand Junction Railway,which bypassed the town.[18]

Nantwich Mill

[edit]

The presence of awatermillsouth ofNantwich Bridgewas noted in 1228[21]and again about 1363,[22]through the cutting of amill raceorleatand creation of an upstreamweir.The resulting Mill Island was ascribed to the 16th century,[21][22]possibly after the original mill was destroyed in the 1583 Great Fire of Nantwich.[23]

In the mid-17th century, the mill was acquired by local landowners, theCholmondeleys,who retained it until the 1840s.[21]Originally a corn mill, it became a cotton mill (Bott's Mill) from 1789 to 1874,[21][22][24]but reverted to being a corn mill and was recorded as such on theOrdnance SurveyFirst Edition map of Nantwich in 1876.[22]A turbine was installed in about 1890 to replace the water wheel.[21]

The mill was demolished in the 1970s after a fire[21]and then landscaped, with further stabilisation of the mill foundations in 2008.[25]Today it forms part of a riverside park area. Proposals, so far unfollowed, have been made for small-scale hydropower generation using the mill race.[26][27]Nantwich Mill Hydro Generation Ltd was incorporated in April 2009, but dormant in December 2016.[28]

Brine baths

[edit]

Nantwich's brine springs were used forspaorhydrotherapypurposes at two locations: the central Snow Hill swimming pool inaugurated in 1883,[22][29]where the open-air brine pool is still in use,[30]and the Brine Baths Hotel, standing in 70 acres (28 ha) of parkland south of the town from the 1890s to the mid-20th century.[31]The hotel was originally a mansion, Shrewbridge Hall,[22]built for Michael Bott (owner of Nantwich Mill) in 1828. It was bought by Nantwich Brine and Medicinal Baths Company in 1883, extended and opened as a hotel in 1893,[31]with "a well-appointed suite of brine and medicinal baths,"[32]– also described as the "strongest saline baths in the world".[31]These were used to treat patients with ailments that included gout, rheumatism, sciatica and neuritis, using two suites of baths.[33][34]

The hotel's grounds included gardens, tennis courts, a nine-hole golf course and a bowling green. The last survives today under the Nantwich Park Road Bowling Club founded in 1906.[35]

The hotel served as an auxiliary hospital during theFirst World War.[36]In theSecond World Warit became an army base and then accommodatedWAAFpersonnel. It closed as a hotel in 1947 and in 1948 became a convalescent home for miners. In 1952 that closed and the building was unsuccessfully put up for sale and demolished in 1959.[32]The grounds were later developed for housing – the Brine Baths Estate[31]– and schools (Brine Leas Schooland Weaver Primary School).

Governance

[edit]

The civil parish now falls within theunitary authorityofCheshire East[37]and has its own Town Council covering the civil parish (originally this comprised two wards and then divided into three wards from 2023).

Previously the town fell within the Borough Council ofCrewe and Nantwichwhich was abolished on 1 April 2009; the borough had been formed in 1974 when theLocal Government Act 1972replacedurban districtandrural districtcouncils with a uniform system of larger districts. Sometown administrationresponsibilities ofNantwich Urban DistrictCouncil passed toNantwich Town Council,whileNantwich Rural DistrictCouncil responsibilities passed to the combined Crewe and Nantwich borough.

Since 1983, Nantwich has been in the parliamentary constituency ofCrewe and Nantwich.[38]Between 1955 and 1983,Nantwichwas a parliamentary constituency in its own right, largely covering the areas managed by Nantwich urban and rural district councils (rural areas to the south, west and north of Nantwich now form part of the west CheshireEddisbury constituency).

Places of interest

[edit]
Crown Hotel
46 High Street

Nantwich has one of the county's largest collections of historic buildings, second only to Chester.[39]These cluster mainly in the town centre on Barker Street, Beam Street, Churchyard Side, High Street and Hospital Street, and extend across the Weaver on Welsh Row. Most are within the 38 hectares (94 acres) ofconservation area,which broadly follows the bounds of the late medieval and early post-medieval town.[9][40]

The oldest listed building is the 14th-centurySt Mary's Church,which is listed Grade I. Two other listed buildings are known to predate the fire of 1583:Sweetbriar Halland the Grade I-listedChurche's Mansion,bothtimber-framedElizabethanmansion houses. A few years after the fire,William Camdendescribed Nantwich as the "best built town in the county".[41]Particularly fine timber-framed buildings from the town's rebuilding include46 High Streetand the Grade I-listed Crowncoaching inn.Many half-timbered buildings, such as140–142 Hospital Street,have been concealed behind brick orrendering.Nantwich contains manyGeorgiantown houses, good examples beingDysart Buildings,9 Mill Street,Townwell Houseand83 Welsh Row.Several examples ofVictoriancorporate architecture are listed, including theformer District BankbyAlfred Waterhouse.The most recent listed building is1–5 Pillory Street,a curved corner block in17th-century French style,which dates from 1911. Most of the town's listed buildings were originally residential, but churches, chapels, public houses, schools, banks,almshousesandworkhousesare represented. Unusual listed structures include amounting block,twelve cast-ironbollards,a stone gateway, two garden walls and asummerhouse.

Dorfold Hallis a Grade I listed Jacobean mansion in the nearby village ofActon,[42]considered by Pevsner to be one of the two finest Jacobean houses in Cheshire.[43]Its grounds accommodate Nantwich Show each summer, including, until 2021, theInternational Cheese Awards.

Nantwich Museum,in Pillory St, has galleries on the history of the town, including Roman salt-making, Tudor Nantwich's Great Fire, the Civil War Battle of Nantwich (1644) and the more recent shoe, clothing and localcheese-makingindustries.Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker,a few miles outside the town, is a once government-ownednuclear bunker,now a museum. Also in Pillory St is the 82-seat Nantwich Players Theatre, which puts on about five plays a year.[44]

The name ofJan PalachAvenue in the south of the town commemorates the self-immolation of a student inCzechoslovakiain 1969.

Geography

[edit]
St Mary's Church

Nantwich is on theCheshire Plain,on the banks of theRiver Weaver.TheShropshire Union Canalruns to the west of the town on an embankment, crossing the Acton lane on the western boundary of the town via an iron aqueduct. There is a basin nearby which is a frequent mooring for visitors to the town. It joins theLlangollen CanalatHurlestonto the north. The town is some four miles south-west ofCreweand twenty miles south-east ofChester.The town is served by a by-pass to the north and west into which, directly or indirectly, theA51,A500,A529,A530andA534roads all feed.

The stretch of A534 from Nantwich to the Welsh border is seen as one of the ten worst stretches of road in England for road safety.[45]

The tower of St Mary's Church was the origin (meridian) of the 6-inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Cheshire.[46]

Public transport

[edit]

Nantwich railway stationis on the line from Crewe toWhitchurch,Shrewsburyand other towns along the Welsh border. It is served mainly by stopping trains between Crewe and Shrewsbury.

D&G Bus,Stagecoachand Mikro Coaches operate bus routes from Nantwich Bus Station and in and around Nantwich, some with funding from Cheshire East council.

Bus routes served from the Bus Station are:

-39- Crewe to Wybunbury to Nantwich (Mikro)

-70- Nantwich to Bulkeley (D&G)

-71&72- Nantwich to Wrenbury & Audlem (D&G)

-73- Nantwich to Audlem & Wrenbury (D&G)

-84X- Crewe to Nantwich (D&G)

-84- Crewe to Chester, via Nantwich, including 84 Crewe to Nantwich direct once an hour. (Stagecoach)

-85- Newcastle to Nantwich, viaKeele UniversityandCrewe.(D&G)

-551- Liverpool to London (Coach) (National Express)

Education

[edit]

The town has eight primary schools (Highfields Community, Willaston Primary Academy, Millfields, Pear Tree, St Anne's (Catholic), Stapeley Broad Lane (Church of England), The Weaver and Nantwich Primary Academy) and two secondary schools,Brine Leas SchoolandMalbank School and Sixth Form College.Reaseheath Collegeruns further education and higher education courses in conjunction withHarper Adams Universityand theUniversity of Chester.A sixth-form college at Brine Leas opened in September 2010.

For theLondon 2012 Olympic Games,Malbank School and Sixth Form Collegewas nominated to represent the North West.

Sport

[edit]
The Weaver Stadium

The town's football club,Nantwich Town,competes in and in 2006 won theFA Vase.It plays at the Weaver Stadium, opened in 2007.[47]

Rugby union is played at two clubs. Crewe and Nantwich RUFC, founded in 1922, is based at Vagrants Sports Club in Newcastle Road, Willaston, and runs four senior teams including a ladies team; the first XV play in the Midlands 1 West (Level 6). It holds Club Mark and RFU Seal of Approval accreditations and has a mini and junior section of over 250 young people aged 5–18 taking part every Sunday, with a girls section. Acton Nomads RFC, founded in 2009, won the 2010RFUPresidents XV "This is Rugby" Award;[48][49]it operates two senior sides.

In rugby league,Crewe & Nantwich Steamersplay at the Barony Park, Nantwich, also the home ground for Acton Nomads RFC.

The town'scricket clubin Whitehouse Lane won the ECB-accredited Cheshire County Premier League title in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2018. It regularly hosts Cheshire Minor County cricket matches. Midway through the 2017 season, bowler Jimmy Warrington became the first player in the history of the Cheshire County Premier League to take 500 wickets.[50]In 2019, Nantwich reached the final of theECB National Club Cricket Championship.[51]In the final, played atLord's,it metSwardestonand lost by 53 runs.[52]

Media

[edit]

The dailySentinel,weeklyNantwich ChronicleandCrewe and Nantwich Guardian,and monthlyDabbercover the town.[53]

Local TV coverage is provided byBBC North WestandITVfrom theWinter HillTV transmitter.

Radio stations for the Nantwich area includeBBC Radio Stoke,Cheshire's Silk Radiofrom Macclesfield,Signal 1andGreatest Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshirefrom Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe-based The Cat 107.9 community radio, and Nantwich-based online radio and networking organisation RedShift Radio.

The Nantwich Newsis ahyperlocalblog for local events and issues. TheinNantwichwebsite gives Nantwich information, including shops, firms, schools, wifi spots, car parking and toilets.

Events

[edit]

Cheese awards

[edit]

Until 2019, the annualInternational Cheese Awardswere held in July each year during Nantwich Show, at theDorfold Hallestate.[54][55]In 2021 it was announced the Awards would be moving to the Staffordshire Show Grounds and would no longer be part of the Nantwich Show event.[56]

Jazz and blues

[edit]

Since 1996, Nantwich has hosted an annual Nantwich Jazz and Blues Festival over the Easter Bank Holiday weekend. Jazz and blues artists from around the country perform in pubs and venues.[57][58]

Food festival

[edit]

The annual Nantwich Food Festival is held in the town centre on the first weekend of September. Re-established as a free-entry festival in 2010, it attracts numerous artisan producers from the local area and further afield, and offers chef demonstrations, family activities and entertainment. It draws some 30,000 visitors a year.[59]

Notable people

[edit]

Public service

[edit]
Sir Ranulph Crewe
David Richard Beatty, 1917

Politics

[edit]
Gwyneth Dunwoody, 2008

Science

[edit]
Joseph Priestley, 1794

Arts

[edit]
Peter Bayley, c.1810

Sport

[edit]
A. N. Hornby

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toNantwich.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forNantwich.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nantwich&oldid=1230463101"