Natchez, Mississippi
Natchez, Mississippi | |
---|---|
![]() Pearl Street, Natchez | |
Nickname(s): The Bluff City, The Trace City, The River City, Antebellum Capital of the World, Historic Natchez on the Mississippi | |
Motto: "On the Mighty Mississippi" | |
![]() Location of Natchez inAdams County | |
Coordinates:31°33′16″N91°23′15″W/ 31.55444°N 91.38750°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Mississippi |
County | Adams |
Founded | 1716 asFort Rosalie,renamedFort Panmurein 1763 Louisiana (New France) |
Established | c. 1790as the capital of the Natchez District Spanish West Florida |
Incorporated | March 10, 1803 |
Government | |
•Mayor | Dan M. Gibson |
Area | |
•City | 16.41 sq mi (42.49 km2) |
• Land | 15.81 sq mi (40.96 km2) |
• Water | 0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2) |
Elevation | 217 ft (66 m) |
Population | |
•City | 14,520 |
• Estimate (2022)[3] | 13,812 |
• Density | 918.12/sq mi (354.48/km2) |
•Urban | 25,902 |
•Metro | 53,611 (US:200th) |
Time zone | UTC-6(Central (CST)) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-5(CDT) |
ZIP codes | 39120-39122 |
Area code | 601 |
FIPS code | 28-50440 |
GNISfeature ID | 0691586 |
Website | City of Natchez |
Natchez(/ˈnætʃɪz/NATCH-iz), officially theCity of Natchez,is the only city in and thecounty seatofAdams County,Mississippi,United States. The population was 14,520 at the2020 census.[2]Located on theMississippi Riveracross fromVidaliainConcordia Parish,Louisiana,Natchez was a prominent city in theantebellum years,a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.
Natchez is approximately 90 miles (140 km) southwest ofJackson,thecapitalof Mississippi, which is located in the central part of the state. It is approximately 85 miles (137 km) north ofBaton Rouge, Louisiana,located on the lower Mississippi River. Natchez is the28th largest cityin the state. The city was named for theNatchez tribeofNative Americans,who with their ancestors, inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period.
History[edit]
This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(May 2020) |
Established byFrench colonistsin 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lowerMississippi River Valley.After the French lost theFrench and Indian War(Seven Years' War), they ceded Natchez and near territory toGreat Britainin theTreaty of Paris of 1763.(It later traded other territory east of the Mississippi River with Great Britain, which expanded what it called West Florida). The British Crown bestowed land grants in this territory to officers who had served with distinction in the war. These officers came mostly from the colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They established plantations and brought their upper-class style of living to the area.
Beginning 1779, the area was under Spanish colonial rule. After defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain ceded the territory to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783). Spain was not a party to the treaty, and it was their forces who had taken Natchez from British troops. Although Spain had been allied with the American colonists, they were more interested in advancing their power at the expense of Britain. Once the war was over, they were not inclined to give up that which they had acquired by force.
In 1797 Major Andrew Ellicott of the United States marched to the highest ridge in the young town of Natchez, set up camp, and raised the first American Flag claiming Natchez and all former Spanish lands east of the Mississippi above the 31st parallel for the United States.
After the United States acquired this area from the Spanish, the city served as the capital of theMississippi Territoryand then of the state ofMississippi.It predatesJacksonby more than a century; the latter replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, as it was more centrally located in the developing state. The strategic location of Natchez, on abluffoverlooking theMississippi River,ensured that it would be a pivotal center of trade, commerce, and the interchange of ethnic Native American, European, and African cultures in the region; it held this position for two centuries after its founding.
In U.S. history, Natchez is recognized particularly for its role in the development of theOld Southwestduring the first half of the 19th century. It was the southern terminus of the historicNatchez Trace,with the northern terminus beingNashville, Tennessee.After unloading their cargoes in Natchez orNew Orleans,manypilotsand crew offlatboatsandkeelboatstraveled by the Trace overland to their homes in theOhio River Valley.(Given the strong current of the Mississippi River, it was not untilsteam-powered vesselswere developed in the 1820s that travel northward on the river could be accomplished by large boats.) The Natchez Trace also played an important role during theWar of 1812.Today the modernNatchez Trace Parkway,which commemorates this route, still has its southern terminus in Natchez.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Steamboat_Natchez_1998.jpg/220px-The_Steamboat_Natchez_1998.jpg)
In the decades preceding the Civil War, Natchez was by far the most prevalent slave trading city in Mississippi, and second in the United States only to New Orleans.[4]The leading markets were located at theForks of the Road,at the intersection of Liberty Road and Washington Road (now D'Evereux Drive and St. Catherine Street). In 1833, the most active slavers in the United States,John ArmfieldandIsaac Franklinbegan a program of arbitraging low slave prices in the Middle Atlantic area by sending thousands of slaves to Deep South markets in Natchez and New Orleans. Their company,Franklin and Armfieldsent an annual caravan of slaves, called a coffle, from Virginia to the Forks of the Road in Natchez, as well as sending others by ship through New Orleans. Unlike other slave sellers of the day, Franklin and Armfield sold slaves individually, with the buyers allowed to survey the people much like items in a modern retail store.[5]
In 1840, the city was struck bya devastating tornadothat killed 317 people and injured 109. It ranks today as the second-deadliest tornado in U.S. history, although the death toll may be higher due to slave deaths not traditionally being counted in the South at that time.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted wealthy Southern planters as residents, who builtmansionsto fit their ambitions. Theirplantationswere vast tracts of land in the surrounding lowlands along the river fronts of Mississippi and Louisiana, where they grew large commodity crops ofcottonandsugarcaneusingslave labor.Natchez became the principalportfrom which these crops were exported, both upriver to Northern cities and downriver to New Orleans, where much of the cargo was exported to Europe. Many of the mansions built by planters before 1860 survive and form a major part of the city's architecture and identity. Agriculture remained the primary economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century.
During theAmerican Civil WarNatchez was surrendered by Confederate forces without a fight in September 1862. Following the Union victory at theBattle of Vicksburgin July 1863, many refugees, including former slaves, freed by theEmancipation Proclamation,began moving into Natchez and the surrounding countryside. The Union Army officers claimed to be short on resources and unable to provide for the refugees. The Army planned to address the situation with a mixture of paid labor for freed slaves on government leased plantations, the enlistment of able-bodied males who were willing to fight in the Union Army and the establishment of refugee camps where former slaves could be provided with education. However, as the war continued, the plan was never effectively implemented and the leased plantations were crowded, poorly managed and frequently raided by Confederate troops who controlled the surrounding territory. Hundreds of people living in Natchez, including many former slaves and refugees, died of hunger, disease, overwork or were killed in the fighting during this period.[6]In order to manage the tens of thousands of freed Black slaves, the Union Army created a refugee camp in Natchez in a natural pit known as theDevil's Punchbowl,where thousands died of starvation, smallpox, and other diseases.[unreliable source?][7][8]
After the American Civil War, the city's economy rapidly revived, mostly due to Natchez having been spared the destruction visited upon many other parts of the South. From 1870 to 1871,Robert H. Woodserved as Mayor of Natchez; he was the one of only five African Americans to serve as mayor during the Reconstruction-era, and he was one of the first black mayors in the entire country.[9][10][11]Natchez was also home to politiciansHiram Rhodes RevelsandJohn R. Lynch,both African Americans.
The vitality of the city and region was captured most significantly in the 80 years or so following the war by the photographers Henry C. Norman and his son Earl. The output of theNorman Studiobetween roughly 1870 and 1950 documents this period in Natchez's development vividly; the photographs are now preserved as the Thomas and Joan Gandy Collection in special collections of the library ofLouisiana State Universityin Baton Rouge.
During the twentieth century, the city's economy experienced a downturn, first due to the replacement of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River byrailroadsin the early 1900s, some of which bypassed the river cities and drew away their commerce. Later in the 20th century, many local industries closed in a restructuring that sharply reduced the number of jobs in the area. Despite its status as a popular destination forheritage tourismbecause of well-preservedantebellum architecture,Natchez has had a general decline in population since 1960. It remains the principal city of theNatchez micropolitan area.
Geography[edit]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 13.9 square miles (36 km2), of which 13.2 square miles (34 km2) are land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) (4.62%) is water.
Climate[edit]
Natchez has ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa) under theKöppen climate classificationsystem.
Climate data for Natchez, Mississippi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 83 (28) |
86 (30) |
92 (33) |
92 (33) |
99 (37) |
103 (39) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
98 (37) |
89 (32) |
89 (32) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 75.1 (23.9) |
78.4 (25.8) |
82.2 (27.9) |
85.9 (29.9) |
89.8 (32.1) |
93.0 (33.9) |
95.7 (35.4) |
96.1 (35.6) |
93.4 (34.1) |
88.7 (31.5) |
81.7 (27.6) |
77.3 (25.2) |
96.8 (36.0) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 56.9 (13.8) |
60.9 (16.1) |
68.0 (20.0) |
75.1 (23.9) |
81.7 (27.6) |
87.3 (30.7) |
89.5 (31.9) |
89.3 (31.8) |
85.5 (29.7) |
76.9 (24.9) |
66.6 (19.2) |
58.9 (14.9) |
74.7 (23.7) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 46.4 (8.0) |
50.0 (10.0) |
57.3 (14.1) |
63.9 (17.7) |
71.7 (22.1) |
77.9 (25.5) |
80.4 (26.9) |
79.9 (26.6) |
75.1 (23.9) |
65.1 (18.4) |
54.8 (12.7) |
48.4 (9.1) |
64.2 (17.9) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 35.9 (2.2) |
39.0 (3.9) |
46.5 (8.1) |
52.7 (11.5) |
61.6 (16.4) |
68.5 (20.3) |
71.3 (21.8) |
70.5 (21.4) |
64.7 (18.2) |
53.2 (11.8) |
43.0 (6.1) |
37.9 (3.3) |
53.7 (12.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 20.3 (−6.5) |
24.4 (−4.2) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
36.6 (2.6) |
47.0 (8.3) |
59.5 (15.3) |
65.3 (18.5) |
63.9 (17.7) |
51.5 (10.8) |
36.8 (2.7) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
23.4 (−4.8) |
18.5 (−7.5) |
Record low °F (°C) | 4 (−16) |
4 (−16) |
18 (−8) |
28 (−2) |
30 (−1) |
49 (9) |
55 (13) |
50 (10) |
40 (4) |
27 (−3) |
18 (−8) |
5 (−15) |
4 (−16) |
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 6.23 (158) |
5.54 (141) |
6.03 (153) |
4.90 (124) |
4.69 (119) |
4.48 (114) |
4.47 (114) |
4.87 (124) |
4.14 (105) |
4.04 (103) |
5.08 (129) |
5.66 (144) |
60.13 (1,527) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.3 (0.76) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 11.2 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 111.7 |
Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Source:NOAA[12][13] |
Demographics[edit]
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 1,511 | — | |
1820 | 2,184 | 44.5% | |
1830 | 2,789 | 27.7% | |
1840 | 3,612 | 29.5% | |
1850 | 4,434 | 22.8% | |
1860 | 6,612 | 49.1% | |
1870 | 9,057 | 37.0% | |
1880 | 7,058 | −22.1% | |
1890 | 10,101 | 43.1% | |
1900 | 12,210 | 20.9% | |
1910 | 11,791 | −3.4% | |
1920 | 12,608 | 6.9% | |
1930 | 13,422 | 6.5% | |
1940 | 15,296 | 14.0% | |
1950 | 22,740 | 48.7% | |
1960 | 23,791 | 4.6% | |
1970 | 19,704 | −17.2% | |
1980 | 22,015 | 11.7% | |
1990 | 19,535 | −11.3% | |
2000 | 18,464 | −5.5% | |
2010 | 15,792 | −14.5% | |
2020 | 14,520 | −8.1% | |
2022 (est.) | 13,812 | [3] | −4.9% |
U.S. Decennial Census[14] 2020 Census[2] |
2020 census[edit]
As of thecensusof 2020, there were 14,520 people, 6,028 households, and 3,149 families residing in the city.
Race and ethnicity[edit]
Race | Num. | Perc. |
---|---|---|
Black or African American | 8,729 | 60.12% |
White | 5,156 | 35.51% |
Native American | 16 | 0.11% |
Asian | 73 | 0.5% |
Pacific Islander | 2 | 0.01% |
Other/Mixed | 343 | 2.36% |
HispanicorLatino | 201 | 1.38% |
2000 census[edit]
As of thecensusof 2000,[16][17]there were 18,464 people, 7,591 households, and 4,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,398.3 inhabitants per square mile (539.9/km2). There were 8,479 housing units at an average density of 642.1 per square mile (247.9/km2).
In 2000, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 54.49%African American,44.18%White,0.38%Asian,0.11%Native American,0.02%Pacific Islander,0.18% fromother races,and 0.63% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. Since then, with the publication of the 2020 census, its racial and ethnic makeup was 60.12% African American, 35.51% non-Hispanic white, 0.11% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.36% other or mixed, and 1.38% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Economy[edit]
Adams County Correctional Center,aprivate prisonoperated by theCorrections Corporation of Americaon behalf of theFederal Bureau of Prisons,is in anunincorporated areainAdams County,near Natchez.[18]
Education[edit]
Natchez is home toAlcorn State University's Natchez Campus, which offers the School of Nursing, the School of Business, and graduate business programs. The School of Business offersMaster of Business Administration(MBA) degree and other business classes from its Natchez campus. The MBA program attracts students from a wide range of academic disciplines and preparation from the Southwest Mississippi area and beyond offering concentrations in general business, gaming management and hospitality management.[19]Both schools in the Natchez campus provide skills which has enabled community students to have an important impact on the economic opportunities of people in Southwest Mississippi.[20]
Copiah-Lincoln Community Collegealso operates a campus in Natchez.
The city of Natchez and Adams County operate one public school system, theNatchez-Adams School District.The district comprises ten schools. They are Susie B. West, Morgantown, Gilmer McLaurin, Joseph F. Frazier, Robert Lewis Magnet School, Natchez Freshman Academy, Natchez Early College@Co-Lin, Central Alternative School,Natchez High School,and Fallin Career and Technology Center.
In Natchez, there are a number of private and parochial schools. Adams County Christian School(ACCS) is also a PK-12 school in the city. Adams County Christian School was founded as a segregation academy[21]and is a member of theMississippi Association of Independent Schools(MAIS). Cathedral School is also a PK-12 school in the city. It is affiliated with the Roman CatholicSt. Mary Basilica.Holy Family Catholic School, founded in 1890, is a PK-3 school affiliated with Holy Family Catholic Church.
Media[edit]
Newspaper[edit]
- The Natchez Democrat
Radio[edit]
Television[edit]
Natchez is amid the Alexandria, Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi television markets.
<ref>https://www.channelmaster.com/pages/free-tv-channels-jackson-ms-39205/ref>
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Highways[edit]
U.S. 61runs north–south, parallel to the Mississippi River, linking Natchez withPort Gibson,Woodville,MississippiandBaton Rouge,Louisiana.
U.S. 84runs east–west and bridges the Mississippi, connecting it withVidalia,LouisianaandBrookhaven,Mississippi.
U.S. 425runs north from Natchez after crossing the Mississippi, connectingFerridaywithClayton,at which pointU.S. 65follows the west bank of the Mississippi, connecting toWaterproofnorth toSt. Joseph,Newellton,andTallulah,Louisiana.
U.S. 98runs east from Natchez towardsBudeandMcComb,Mississippi.
Mississippi 555runs north from the center of Natchez to where it joins Mississippi Highway 554.
Mississippi 554runs from the north side of the city to where it joins Highway 61, northeast of town.
Rail[edit]
Natchez is served by the Natchez Railway, which interchanges withCanadian National.
Air[edit]
Natchez is served by theNatchez-Adams County Airport,a general aviation facility. The nearest airports with commercial service areBaton Rouge Metropolitan Airport,85 miles (137 km) to the south via US 61 andAlexandria International Airport,82 miles (132 km) to the west via US 84 to LA-28W.
Notable people[edit]
- Robert H. Adams,formerUnited States senatorfrom Mississippi[22]
- William Wirt Adams,Confederate States Armyofficer, grew up in Natchez[22]
- Philip Alston,prominent plantation owner and early Americanoutlaw
- Glen Ballard,five-timeGrammy Award-winning songwriter/producer
- Pierre A. Barker,formerMayor of Buffalo, New York
- Campbell Brown,Emmy Award-winning journalist, political anchor for CNN; grew up in Natchez and attended both Trinity Episcopal and Cathedral High School
- John J. Chanche,first Roman Catholic bishop of Natchez, buried on the grounds ofSt. Mary Basilica, Natchez
- George Henry Clinton,member of both houses of theLouisiana State Legislaturein the first quarter of the 20th century, born in Natchez in the late 1860s[23]
- Charles C. Cordill,Louisiana state senator from Concordia and Tensas parishes, interred at Natchez City Cemetery[24]
- Charles G. Dahlgren,Confederate brigadier general during American Civil War
- Olu Dara,musician and father of rapperNas
- Varina Howell Davis,first lady of theConfederate States of America;born, reared, and married in Natchez
- Bob Dearing,longtime member of theMississippi State Senate
- Ellen Douglas,novelist, author ofBlack Cloud, White CloudandApostles of Light,nominated for theNational Book Award
- A. W. Dumas(1876-1945), physician
- Stephen Duncan(1787-1867), planter and banker
- Robert C. Farrell(born 1936), journalist and member of theLos AngelesCity Council, 1974–91
- Je'Kel Foster,basketball player
- Jimmie Giles,NFL Tight End & four-time Pro Bowl selection in the 1980s while with theTampa Bay Buccaneers
- Mickey Gilley,country music singer, born in Natchez
- Hugh Green,All-American defensive end at theUniversity of Pittsburgh,two-timePro Bowler,Heismanrunner-up
- Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield,noted black concert singer andMississippi Musicians Hall of Fameinductee, was born in Natchez in 1824.
- Cedric Griffin,Minnesota Vikings cornerback born in Natchez but raised inSan Antonio,Texas
- Bishop Gunn,rock and rollband whose members were born in Natchez and hold 'The Bishop Gunn Crawfish Boil' in the city every May.
- Malcolm Harvey,former sheriff ofStone Mountain, Georgiaand murderer, was born in Natchez
- Margaret Kempe Howell,mother of Varina Davis and mother-in-law of Jefferson Davis, lived in Natchez
- Abijah Hunt,merchant during theTerritorial Periodwho owned a chain of stores and public cotton gins along theNatchez Trace[25]
- Von Hutchins,former NFL football player for theIndianapolis Colts2004-2005Houston Texans2006-2007Atlanta Falcons2008
- Greg Iles,raised in Natchez and a best-selling author of many novels set in the city
- Wharlest Jackson, Sr.(1929–1967), civil rights activist
- Rosa Vertner Jeffrey(1828-1894), poet and novelist
- William Johnson,"The Barber of Natchez", freed slave and prominent businessman[26]
- Harriet B. Kells,educator, activist, suffragist, feminist, editor; born in Natchez
- Nook Logan,former Major League Baseball player for the Washington Nationals
- John R. Lynch,the first African-American Speaker of the House in Mississippi and one of the earliest African-American members of Congress
- Samuel Abraham Marx,architect, was born in Natchez
- George Mathews,former governor of Georgia, lived in Natchez in the late 1790s.[27]
- Lynda Lee Mead,Miss Mississippiin 1959 andMiss Americain 1960. A Natchez city street, Lynda Lee Drive, is named in her honor.
- Marion Montgomery,jazz singer born in Natchez
- Anne Moody,civil rightsactivist and author ofComing of Age in Mississippi,attended Natchez Junior College
- Elizabeth Dunbar Murray(1877-1966), author, director, impersonator; conducted the Murray School of Expression
- Alexander O'Neal,R&B singer
- John Anthony Quitman,Mexican Warhero, plantation owner, governor of Mississippi, owner ofMonmouth Plantation
- Clyde V. Ratcliff,member of theLouisiana State Senatefrom 1944 to 1948, lived in Natchez
- Rico Richardson,NFL player
- Stevan Ridley,NFL running back for theDenver Broncos
- Pierre Adolphe Rost,a member of theMississippi State Senateand commissioner toEuropefor theConfederate States,immigrated to Natchez fromFrance
- Billy Shaw,Pro Football Hall of Fame member, born in Natchez
- Chris Shivers,two-timePBRworld champion bull rider, born in Natchez
- Carter Smith,film director and fashion photographer
- Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori,African nobleman sold into slavery and sent to work a plantation in Natchez, Mississippi for thirty-eight years before being freed at the request ofAbd al-Rahman,theSultan of Morocco
- Hound Dog Taylor,blues singer andslide guitarplayer
- Fred Toliver,former pitcher for thePhiladelphia Philliesand theMinnesota Twins
- Don José Vidal,Spanish governor of theNatchez District,buried in the Natchez City Cemetery[28]
- Joanna Fox Waddill,Civil War nurse known as the "Florence Nightingaleof the Confederacy "
- Samuel Washington Weis(1870–1956), painter
- Marie Selika Williams,first black artist to perform at the White House
- Richard Wright,novelist, author ofBlack BoyandNative Son,born on Rucker plantation inRoxie,twenty-two miles east of Natchez; lived in Natchez as a child
- Robert H. Wood(1844–?), politician, first African American mayor in the United States, former mayor of Natchez[10]
In popular culture[edit]
Various movies have been shot here, includingThe Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman(1974),Crossroads(1986),Raintree County(1957),Horse Soldiers(1959),[29]Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn(1981),[30] The Ladykillers(2004),[31]Get On Up(2014)[32]andMa (film)(2019).
In the opening narration ofThe Apartment(1960), C.C. Baxter mentions the company he works for "has 31,259 employees, which is more than the entire population of Natchez, Mississippi."
Historic sites[edit]
Post-classicalthru Early modern periods[edit]
Antebellum period[edit]
- Commercial Bank and Banker's House
- First Presbyterian Church of Natchez
- Great Natchez Tornado
- Natchez Museum of African American History and Culture
- Natchez National Cemetery
- Natchez On-Top-of-the-Hill Historic District
- Selma Plantation
- St. Mary Basilica, Natchez
- United States Courthouse (Natchez, Mississippi)
Pre-Civil War homes[edit]
- Airlie (Natchez)
- Arlington (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Auburn (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Brandon Hall (Washington, Mississippi)
- The Briars (Natchez, Mississippi)
- The Burn (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Concord (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Cottage Gardens
- D'Evereux
- Dunleith
- Elgin (Natchez, Mississippi)
- The Elms (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Elms Court
- Glenfield Plantation
- Gloucester (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Hawthorne Place
- Homewood Plantation (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Lansdowne (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Linden (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Longwood (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Magnolia Hill (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Melrose (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Monmouth (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Montaigne (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Ravenna (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Richmond (Natchez, Mississippi)
- Routhland
Town houses[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedJuly 24,2022.
- ^abc"Explore Census Data".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedNovember 24,2023.
- ^ab"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022".United States Census Bureau. November 24, 2023.RetrievedNovember 24,2023.
- ^Hawkins, Scott (February 27, 2020)."Celebrating Black History: Forks of Road tells story of second largest slave market in the South".Natchez Democrat.RetrievedJanuary 5,2022.
- ^Barnett, Jim (February 2003)."The Forks of the Road Slave Market at Natchez".RetrievedJanuary 5,2022.
- ^Ronald L. F Davis (1999).The Black experience in Natchez, 1720–1880: A special history study, Natchez National Historical Park, Mississippi.Eastern National. pp. 145–160.ISBN978-1888213379.Archivedfrom the original on February 17, 2015.RetrievedMarch 14,2019.
- ^"The Devil's Punchbowl (Mississippi), a story".African American Registry.December 11, 1865.
- ^Ottenheimer, Davi (June 2, 2021)."Devil's Punch Bowl in Natchez: Confederate Disaster and Propaganda Campaign".flyingpenguin.
- ^Bernardo, Joseph (December 30, 2008)."Robert Wood (1844-?)".Blackpast.
- ^abDavis, Jack E. (October 1, 2004).Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930.LSU Press. p. 90.ISBN978-0-8071-3027-8.
- ^Brunker, Mike (August 16, 2004)."Race, politics and the evolving South".NBC News.
- ^"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedJune 9,2021.
- ^"Station: Natchez, MS".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedJune 9,2021.
- ^United States Census Bureau."Census of Population and Housing".RetrievedJune 4,2015.
- ^"Explore Census Data".data.census.gov.RetrievedDecember 9,2021.
- ^"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
- ^"Censtats"(PDF).Censtats.census.gov.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 25, 2012.RetrievedMay 2,2017.
- ^"Adams County Correctional CenterArchivedAugust 1, 2016, at theWayback Machine."Corrections Corporation of America.Retrieved on June 28, 2016. "20 Hobo Fork Road, Natchez, MS 39120"
- ^"Alcorn State University - School of Business".Archived fromthe originalon June 7, 2012.RetrievedJune 9,2012.
- ^"Home - Alcorn State University".Alcorn.edu.Archived fromthe originalon April 18, 2012.RetrievedMay 2,2023.
- ^abWho Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896.Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.ISBN1-299-64851-7.
- ^James Matthew Reonas, Once Proud Princes: Planters and plantation Culture in Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From the First World War Through the Great Depression(PDF).Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Ph.D. dissertation, December 2006, pp. 263-264. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 21, 2013.RetrievedJuly 19,2013.
- ^"113. Charles C. Cordill".homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2011.RetrievedJuly 19,2013.
- ^A Guide to the Abijah Hunt Papers, 1800-1821, 1880ArchivedMarch 4, 2016, at theWayback Machine,The University of Texas at Austin:Briscoe Center for American History
- ^"The Barber of Natchez - Natchez National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)".Nps.gov.March 16, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on March 10, 2014.RetrievedMay 2,2017.
- ^Herndon, G. Melvin (1969). "George Mathews, Frontier Patriot".The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.77(3): 325–326.JSTOR4247487.
- ^Maude K. Barton (March 14, 1915)."Historic Cemeteries of Natchez".Natchez Democrat. Archived fromthe originalon October 12, 2007.RetrievedNovember 3,2009.
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- ^Shelton, Lindsey (November 16, 2013)."'Get On Up' filming turns back clock on Natchez streets ".The Natchez Democrat.RetrievedSeptember 15,2019.
Further reading[edit]
- Anderson, Aaron D.Builders of a New South: Merchants, Capital, and the Remaking of Natchez, 1865-1914.Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.
- Boler, Jaime Elizabeth.City under Siege: Resistance and Power in Natchez, Mississippi, 1719–1857,PhD. U. of Southern Mississippi,Dissertation Abstracts International2006 67(3): 1061-A. DA3209667, 393p.
- Brazy, Martha Jane.An American Planter: Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez and New York,Louisiana State U. Press, 2006. 232 pp.
- Broussard, Joyce L. "Occupied Natchez, Elite Women, and the Feminization of the Civil War,"Journal of Mississippi History,2008 70(2): 179–207.
- Broussard, Joyce L.Stepping Lively in Place: The Not-Married, Free Women of Civil War-Era Natchez, Mississippi.Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2016.
- Cox, James L.The Mississippi Almanac.New York: Computer Search & Research, 2001.ISBN0-9643545-2-7.
- Davis, Jack E.Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930,Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
- Davis, Ronald L. F.Good and Faithful Labor: from Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District 1860-1890,Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
- Dittmer, John.Local People: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi.Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
- Dolensky, Suzanne T. "Natchez in 1920: On the Threshold of Modernity."Journal of Mississippi History72#2 (2011): 95-137onlineArchived2018-12-21 at theWayback Machine
- Gandy, Thomas H. and Evelyn.The Mississippi Steamboat Era in Historic Photographs: Natchez to New Orleans, 1870–1920.New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
- Gower, Herschel.Charles Dahlgren of Natchez: The Civil War and Dynastic DeclineBrassey's, 2002. 293 pp.
- Grant, Richard.The Deepest South of All: True Stories from Natchez, Mississippi.Simon & Schuster, 2020.
- Inglis, G. Douglas. "Searching for Free People of Color in Colonial Natchez,"Southern Quarterly2006 43(2): 97–112
- James, Dorris Clayton.Ante-Bellum Natchez(1968), the standard scholarly study
- Libby, David J.Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835,U. Press of Mississippi, 2004. 163 pp. focus on Natchez
- Nguyen, Julia Huston. "Useful and Ornamental: Female Education in Antebellum Natchez,"Journal of Mississippi History2005 67(4): 291–309
- Nolan, Charles E.St. Mary's of Natchez: The History of a Southern Catholic Congregation, 1716–1988(2 vol 1992)
- Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. "'We Will Shoot Back': The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement",Journal of Black Studies,Vol. 32, No. 3 (January 2002), pp. 271–294.In JSTOR
- Way, Frederick.Way's Packet Dictionary, 1848–1994: Passenger Steamboats of the Mississippi River System Since the Advent of Photography in Mid-Continent America.2nd ed. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1994.
- Wayne, Michael.The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860–1880(1983).
External links[edit]
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- Natchez, Mississippi
- Populated places established in 1716
- Cities in Adams County, Mississippi
- Cities in Mississippi
- Cities in Natchez micropolitan area
- Mississippi populated places on the Mississippi River
- Former state capitals in the United States
- County seats in Mississippi
- French-American culture in Mississippi
- Natchez Trace
- Mississippi placenames of Native American origin