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"Nature Magazine", "Nature (magazine)", and "Nature News" redirect here. For the American magazine published 1923–1959, seeAmerican Nature Association.For the French scientific magazine, seeLa Nature.For the fake news site, seeNatural News.

Nature
Cover of a 2016 issue ofNaturefeaturing artistic representation ofProxima Centauriand its planetProxima Centauri b
DisciplineNatural sciences
LanguageEnglish
EditedbyMagdalena Skipper
Publication details
History4 November 1869 – present
Publisher
FrequencyWeekly
50.5 (2023)
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Nature
Indexing
CODENNATUAS
ISSN0028-0836(print)
1476-4687(web)
LCCN12037118
OCLCno.01586310
Links

Natureis a British weeklyscientific journalfounded and based inLondon,England.As a multidisciplinary publication,Naturefeaturespeer-reviewedresearch from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing companySpringer Nature.Naturewas one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022Journal Citation Reports(with an ascribedimpact factorof 64.8),[1]making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigiousacademic journals.[2][3][4]As of 2012,it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month.[5]

Founded in autumn 1869,Naturewas first circulated byNorman LockyerandAlexander MacMillanas a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal;Natureredoubled its efforts in explanatory andscientific journalism.The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary, speciality publications (e.g.Nature Materials). Since the late 2000s, dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly, andelectoral endorsementsare featured. The primary source of the journal remains, as established at its founding, research scientists; editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability. Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community, namely business, funding, scientific ethics, and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books, arts, and short science fiction stories.

The main research published inNatureconsists mostly of papers (articles or letters) in lightly edited form. They are highly technical and dense, but, due to imposed text limits, they are typically summaries of larger work. Innovations or breakthroughs in any scientific or technological field are featured in the journal as either letters or news articles. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. Conversely, due to the journal's exposure, it has at various times been asubject of controversyfor its handling of academic dishonesty, thescientific method,and news coverage. Fewer than 8% of submitted papers are accepted for publication.[6]In 2007,Nature(together withScience) received thePrince of Asturias Awardfor Communications and Humanity.[7][8]

Nature mostly publishes research articles. Spotlight articles are not research papers but mostly news or magazine style papers and hence do not count towards impact factor nor receive similar recognition as research articles. Some spotlight articles are also paid by partners or sponsors.[9]

History[edit]

Background[edit]

The huge progress in science and mathematics during the 19th century was recorded in journals written mostly inGermanorFrench,as well as inEnglish.Britain underwent enormous technological and industrial changes and advances particularly in the latter half of the 19th century.[10]The most respected scientific journals of this time were the refereed journals of theRoyal Society,which had published many of the great works fromIsaac NewtonandMichael FaradaytoCharles Darwin.In addition, the number of popular science periodicals doubled from the 1850s to the 1860s.[11]According to the editors of these popular science magazines, the publications were designed to serve as "organs of science", in essence, a means of connecting the public to the scientific world.[11]

Nature,first created in 1869, was not the first magazine of its kind in Britain. One journal to precedeNaturewasRecreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation,[12]which, created in 1859, began as anatural historymagazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history.[13]The journal's name changed from its original title toIntellectual Observer: A Review of Natural History, Microscopic Research, and Recreative Science[14]and then to theStudent and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art.[15]WhileRecreative Sciencehad attempted to include morephysical sciencessuch asastronomyandarchaeology,theIntellectual Observerbroadened itself further to include literature and art as well.[15]Similar toRecreative Sciencewas the scientific journalPopular Science Review,created in 1862,[16]which covered different fields of science by creating subsections titled "Scientific Summary" or "Quarterly Retrospect", with book reviews and commentary on the latest scientific works and publications.[16]Two other journals produced in England prior to the development ofNaturewere theQuarterly Journal of ScienceandScientific Opinion,established in 1864 and 1868, respectively.[15]The journal most closely related toNaturein its editorship and format wasThe Reader,created in 1863; the publication mixed science with literature and art in an attempt to reach an audience outside of the scientific community, similar toPopular Science Review.[15]

These similar journals all ultimately failed. ThePopular Science Reviewsurvived longest, lasting 20 years and ending its publication in 1881;Recreative Scienceceased publication as theStudent and Intellectual Observerin 1871. TheQuarterly Journal,after undergoing a number of editorial changes, ceased publication in 1885.The Readerterminated in 1867, and finally,Scientific Opinionlasted a mere 2 years, until June 1870.[13]

Creation[edit]

First title page, 4 November 1869

Not long after the conclusion ofThe Reader,a former editor,Norman Lockyer,decided to create a new scientific journal titledNature,[17]taking its name from a line byWilliam Wordsworth:"To the solid ground of nature trusts the Mind that builds for aye".[18]First owned and published byAlexander Macmillan,Naturewas similar to its predecessors in its attempt to "provide cultivated readers with an accessible forum for reading about advances in scientific knowledge."[17]Janet Browne has proposed that "far more than any other science journal of the period,Naturewas conceived, born, and raised to serve polemic purpose. "[17]Many of the early editions ofNatureconsisted of articles written by members of a group that called itself theX Club,a group of scientists known for having liberal, progressive, and somewhat controversial scientific beliefs for their time.[17]Initiated byThomas Henry Huxley,the group consisted of such important scientists asJoseph Dalton Hooker,Herbert Spencer,andJohn Tyndall,along with another five scientists and mathematicians; these scientists were all avid supporters ofDarwin's theory of evolutionascommon descent,a theory which, during the latter half of the 19th century, received a great deal of criticism among more conservative groups of scientists.[19]Perhaps it was in part its scientific liberality that madeNaturea longer-lasting success than its predecessors.John Maddox,editor ofNaturefrom 1966 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1995, suggested at a celebratory dinner for the journal's centennial edition that perhaps it was the journalistic qualities of Nature that drew readers in; "journalism" Maddox states, "is a way of creating a sense of community among people who would otherwise be isolated from each other. This is what Lockyer's journal did from the start."[20]In addition, Maddox mentions that the financial backing of the journal in its first years by the Macmillan family also allowed the journal to flourish and develop more freely than scientific journals before it.[20]

Editors[edit]

Norman Lockyer,the founder ofNature,was a professor atImperial College.He was succeeded as editor in 1919 bySir Richard Gregory.[21]Gregory helped to establishNaturein the international scientific community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science, and in the columns ofNaturehe always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions. "[22]During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship ofNaturechanged three times, first in 1945 to A. J. V. Gale andL. J. F. Brimble(who in 1958 became the sole editor), then toJohn Maddoxin 1965, and finally toDavid Daviesin 1973.[21]In 1980, Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995.Philip Campbellbecame Editor-in-chief of allNaturepublications until 2018.Magdalena Skipperhas since become Editor-in-chief.[21]

Expansion and development[edit]

In 1970,Naturefirst opened its Washington office; other branches opened in New York in 1985,TokyoandMunichin 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, andHong Kongin 2005. In 1971, underJohn Maddox's editorship, the journal split intoNature Physical Sciences(published on Mondays),Nature New Biology(published on Wednesdays), andNature(published on Fridays). In 1974, Maddox was no longer editor, and the journals were merged intoNature.[23]Starting in the 1980s, the journal underwent a great deal of expansion, launching over ten new journals. These new journals comprise Nature Research, which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includesNature,Nature Research Journals,Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference). In 1996,Naturecreated its own website[24]and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series ofNature Reviews.[21]Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website, while others require the purchase of premium access to the site. As of 2012,Natureclaimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month.[5]

On 30 October 2008,Natureendorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supportedBarack Obamaduring his campaign inAmerica's 2008 presidential election.[25][26]In October 2012, anArabic editionof the magazine was launched in partnership withKing Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology.As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers.[27]On 2 December 2014,Natureannounced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free, "read-only" access to content from its journals. These articles are presented using thedigital rights managementsystemReadCube(which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. While it does, to an extent, provide free online access to articles, it is not a trueopen accessscheme due to its restrictions on re-use and distribution.[28][29]On 15 January 2015, details of a proposed merger with Springer Science+Business Media were announced.[30]

In May 2015 it came under the umbrella ofSpringer Nature,by the merger ofSpringer Science+Business MediaandHoltzbrinck Publishing Group'sNature Publishing Group,Palgrave Macmillan,andMacmillan Education.[31]Since 2011, the journal has publishedNature's 10"people who mattered" during the year, as part of their annual review.[32][33]

Publication in Nature[edit]

Skewed curve of citations per article in 2015 to Nature articles from 2013 to 2014

According toScience,another academic journal, being published inNaturehas been known to carry a certain level of prestige in academia.[34]In particular, empirical papers are often highly cited, which can lead to promotions, grant funding, and attention from the mainstream media. Because of thesepositive feedbackeffects, competition among scientists to publish in high-level journals likeNatureand its closest competitor,Science,can be very fierce.Nature'simpact factor,a measure of how many citations a journal generates in other works, was 42.778 in 2019 (as measured byThomson ISI).[1][35][36]However, as with many journals, most papers receive far fewer citations than the impact factor would indicate.[37]Nature's journal impact factor carries a long tail.[38]

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals includingNature"publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".[39]

As with most other professional scientific journals, papers undergo an initial screening by the editor, followed bypeer review(in which other scientists, chosen by the editor for expertise with the subject matter but who have no connection to the research under review, will read and critique articles), before publication. In the case ofNature,they are only sent for review if it is decided that they deal with a topical subject and are sufficiently ground-breaking in that particular field. As a consequence, the majority of submitted papers are rejected without review.

According toNature's originalmission statement:

It is intended, FIRST, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and in Daily Life; and, SECONDLY, to aid Scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various Scientific questions which arise from time to time.[40]

This was later[year needed]revised to:

First, to serve scientists through prompt publication of significant advances in any branch of science, and to provide a forum for the reporting and discussion of news and issues concerning science. Second, to ensure that the results of science are rapidly disseminated to the public throughout the world, in a fashion that conveys their significance for knowledge, culture and daily life.[41]

Landmark papers[edit]

Many of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in modern history have been first published inNature.The following is a selection of scientific breakthroughs published inNature,all of which had far-reaching consequences, and the citation for the article in which they were published.

Controversies[edit]

In 2017,Naturepublished an editorial entitled "Removing Statues of Historical figures risks whitewashing history: Science must acknowledge mistakes as it marks its past". The article commented on the placement and maintenance of statues honouring scientists with known unethical, abusive and torturous histories. Specifically, the editorial called on examples ofJ. Marion Sims,the 'Father of gynecology' who experimented on African American female slaves who were unable to give informed consent, andThomas Parran Jr.who oversaw theTuskegee Syphilis Experiment.The editorial as written made the case that removing such statues, and erasing names, runs the risk of "whitewashing history", and stated "Instead of removing painful reminders, perhaps these should be supplemented". The article caused a large outcry and was quickly modified by Nature.[42]The article was largely seen as offensive, inappropriate, and by many, racist.Natureacknowledged that the article as originally written was "offensive and poorly worded" and published selected letters of response.[43]The editorial came just weeks after hundreds of white supremacists marched inCharlottesville, Virginiain theUnite the Right rallyto oppose the removal ofa statue of Robert E. Lee,setting off violence in the streets and killing a young woman. When Nature posted a link to the editorial onTwitter,the thread quickly exploded with criticisms. In response, several scientists called for a boycott.[44]On 18 September 2017, the editorial was updated and edited by Philip Campbell, the editor of the journal.[45]

WhenPaul LauterburandPeter Mansfieldwon aNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinefor research initially rejected byNatureand published only after Lauterbur appealed against the rejection,Natureacknowledged more of its own missteps in rejecting papers in an editorial titled, "Coping with Peer Rejection":

[T]here are unarguablefaux pasin our history. These include the rejection ofCherenkov radiation,Hideki Yukawa'smeson,work onphotosynthesisbyJohann Deisenhofer,Robert HuberandHartmut Michel,and the initial rejection (but eventual acceptance) ofStephen Hawking'sblack-hole radiation.[46]

In June 1988, after nearly a year of guided scrutiny from its editors,Naturepublished a controversial and seemingly anomalous paper detailingJacques Benvenisteand his team's work studyingwater memory.[47]The paper concluded that less than a single molecule ofantibodydiluted in water could trigger an immune response in humanbasophils,defying the physicallaw of mass action.The paper excited substantial media attention in Paris, chiefly because their research sought funding fromhomeopathicmedicine companies. Public inquiry promptedNatureto mandate an extensive and stringent experimentalreplicationin Benveniste's lab, through which his team's results were refuted.[48]

Before publishing one of its most famous discoveries,WatsonandCrick's 1953paperon thestructure of DNA,Naturedid not send the paper out for peer review.John Maddox,Nature's editor, stated: "the Watson and Crick paper was not peer-reviewed byNature... the paper could not have been refereed: its correctness is self-evident. No referee working in the field... could have kept his mouth shut once he saw the structure ".[49]

An earlier error occurred whenEnrico Fermisubmitted his breakthrough paper on the weakinteraction theoryofbeta decay.Naturerejected the paper because it was considered too remote from reality.[50]Fermi's paper was published byZeitschrift für Physikin 1934.[51]

The journal apologised for its initial coverage of theCOVID-19 pandemicin which it linked China and Wuhan with the outbreak, which may have led to racist attacks.[52][53]

Retractions[edit]

A paper was published with important figure anomalies from an author with a past of publishing figure anomalies.[54]

A 2013 fraudulent paper was also published inNature.[55]

From 2000 to 2001, a series of five fraudulent papers byJan Hendrik Schönwas published inNature.The papers, aboutsemiconductors,were revealed to contain falsified data and other scientific fraud. In 2003,Natureretracted the papers. The Schön scandal was not limited toNature;other prominent journals, such asScienceandPhysical Review,also retracted papers by Schön.[56]

In 2022, an editorial published inNatureentitled "HowNaturecontributed to science's discriminatory legacy "mentioning the problematics of some of their articles:" But we have also published material that contributed to bias, exclusion and discrimination in research and society. "[57]

Science fiction[edit]

In 1999,Naturebegan publishingscience fictionshort stories. The brief "vignettes"are printed in a series called" Futures ". Thestoriesappeared in 1999 and 2000, again in 2005 and 2006, and have appeared weekly since July 2007.[58]Sister publicationNature Physicsalso printed stories in 2007 and 2008.[59]In 2005,Naturewas awarded theEuropean Science Fiction Society's Best Publisher award for the "Futures" series.[60]One hundred of theNaturestories between 1999 and 2006 were published as the collectionFutures from Naturein 2008.[61]Another collection,Futures from Nature 2,was published in 2014.[62]

Publication[edit]

Nature Materials,a specialized journal fromNature Portfolio,2018

Natureis edited and published in the United Kingdom by a division of the internationalscientific publishingcompanySpringer Naturethat publishes academic journals,magazines,online databases, and services in science and medicine.Naturehas offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C.,Boston,Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris,Munich,andBasingstoke.Nature Portfolioalso publishes other specialized journals includingNature Neuroscience,Nature Biotechnology,Nature Methods,theNature Clinical Practiceseries of journals,Nature Structural & Molecular Biology,Nature Chemistry,and theNature Reviewsseries of journals.[citation needed][63]

Since 2005, each issue ofNaturehas been accompanied by aNature Podcast[64]featuring highlights from the issue and interviews with the articles' authors and the journalists covering the research. It is presented by Kerri Smith and features interviews with scientists on the latest research, as well as news reports fromNature's editors and journalists. The Nature Podcast was founded – and the first 100 episodes were produced and presented – by clinician and virologistChris Smithof Cambridge andThe Naked Scientists.[65]

Nature Portfolio actively supports the self-archiving process and in 2002 was one of the first publishers to allow authors to post their contributions on their personal websites, by requesting an exclusive licence to publish, rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright. In December 2007, Nature Publishing Group introduced the Creative Commons attribution-non-commercial-share alike unported licence for those articles in Nature journals that are publishing the primary sequence of an organism's genome for the first time.[66]

In 2008, a collection of articles fromNaturewas edited by John S. Partington under the titleH. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Readerand published byPeter Lang.[67]

Communications journals[edit]

Nature also publishes a number of journals in different disciplines, all prefixed with "Communications", which complement their other journals. These include:[68]

  • Communications Biology
  • Communications Chemistry
  • Communications Earth & Environment
  • Communications Engineering
  • Communications Materials
  • Communications Medicine
  • Communications Physics
  • Communications Psychology

See also[edit]

Citations[edit]

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  67. ^Partington, John S. (2008).H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader.Frankfurt: Peter Lang.ISBN978-3631571101.[non-primary source needed][page needed]
  68. ^"Communications journals".Nature Portfolio.Retrieved4 August2023.

General bibliography[edit]

  • Baldwin, Melinda (2016).Making Nature: The History of a Scientific Journal.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN9780226261454.
  • Barton, R. (1996). "Just Before Nature: The Purposes of Science and the Purposes of Popularization in Some English Popular Science Journals of the 1860s".Annals of Science.55(1): 1–33.doi:10.1080/00033799800200101.PMID11619805.
  • Browne, J. (2002).Charles Darwin: The Power of Place.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.ISBN978-0691114392.

External links[edit]

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