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Fauna of Romania

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Great white pelicansin theDanube Delta

Thefauna of Romaniacomprises all theanimalspeciesinhabiting the country ofRomaniaand its coastal territory in theBlack Sea.

Invertebrates

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Vertebrates

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According to a systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna, there are 732 species of vertebrates living in Romania. When grouped intoclasses,the largest number of these species arebirds,with 382 species, followed byfishwith 184. 110 of these species aremammals,31 are reptiles, 20 areamphibians,while only four belong to theCyclostomataclass ofjawless fish.[1]

Cyclostomata

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The cyclostomata superclass of vertebrates is represented in Romania by four species oflampreysthat live in fast, mountains streams. They are found particularly inTransylvania,in rivers such asCriș,Mureș,SomeșandVișeu.[1][2][3]

Fish

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Freshwater

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Romania's rivers, lakes and ponds are home to numerous species of freshwater fish, most importantlycarp,Prussian carp,chub,trout,perch,zander,bream,pike,roachand theWels catfish.[1][4]

TheBeluga sturgeonis the largest freshwater fish in the world

Additionally, six species ofsturgeonlive in the Black Sea, but travel upriver on the Danube in order to mate.[5]Five of the six Danube sturgeon species arecritically endangered,with only thesterletbeing consideredvulnerable.[6]The most well known of these six species is probably thebeluga sturgeon,which is heavily fished for the female's valuableroe– known asbeluga caviar.[7]

Romania is also home to theasprete,a critically endangered species described by the media as aliving fossiland "Europe's rarest fish".[8]Once common in the waters of theArgeșriver and its tributaries,Râul DoamneiandVâlsan,by the 2000s it was only found to be extant in a 1 km stretch of the Vâlsan, with conservationist fearing that less than 10 individuals remained.[9][10]Increased conservation and survey efforts led to a resurgence in the numbers of identified individuals, with a 2022 survey finding 58 asprete across a 15 km stretch of the Vâlsan.[8][11]

Saltwater

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The saltwater fish of Romania are the Black Sea species of fish that live in the territorial waters of Romania. A 2005 biodiversity inventory of the Romanian waters identified around 140 species and subspecies of marine fish.[12]Many of the species have seen their stocks plummet in the last 50 years due to commercial exploitation. The six species that are the most commercially viable today are all small-sized fish: thered mullet,thesand smelt,theround goby,theEuropean anchovy,themerlingand thesprat.[12]

According to recent reports, dozens of species of fish that were believed to be extinct in the Black Sea have reappeared in the area in the last few years, most likely travelling from theMediterranean,due to the improved water quality and regeneration of the Black Sea ecosystem.[13]

Other species that can be found on the Romanian coast include two species ofrays,two species ofsharksand dozens of species ofteleosteanfish.[1]

Amphibians

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The amphibian population of Romania includes more than a dozen species offrogsandtoads,several species ofnewtsand thefire salamander,out of which nine species are not found anywhere else outside of Romania.[1][14]

The most common amphibians are thecommon toad,theyellow-belled toad,theEuropean green toad,theagile frogand thesmooth newt.[14]

Known for its distinctive "horn", the long-nosed viper (Vipera ammodytes) is the most dangerous snake in Romania

Reptiles

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There are a total of ten species of snakes living in Romania, of which three, thecommon European viper,themeadow viperand thehorned viper,arevenomous.[15]The horned viper in particular is considered to be extremely dangerous and possibly the most venomous snake in Europe.[16]

Thejaveline sand boa,the rarest species of snake in Europe and the only species of boa on the continent, was believed extinct in Romania, with the last live specimen being reported in 1937. An entire stable population of the species was discovered by experts in 2014 along the banks of the Danube, with the exact location being kept a secret to avoid trophy hunting.[17][18]

Four species of turtle and tortoise call Romania their home: TheEuropean pond turtle,thecommon tortoise,Hermann's tortoiseand the marineloggerhead sea turtle.[1]In recent years, a number of exotic species such as theMississippi map turtleand even theChinese softshell turtlewere spotted in ponds and rivers around Bucharest, but their presence has not been extensively documented and their impact on the environment is not yet clearly understood.[19][20]

Over a dozen species of lizard can be found in the country, with the most common one being theEuropean green lizardand the common field lizardLacerta agilis.While not yet present in Romania, thePallas's glass lizardandKotschy's geckoare considered likely to join the list of reptiles in Romania in the near future, both being present inBulgaria,near the Romanian border.[21]

Birds

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Thegolden eagleappears on the Romanian coat of arms

Romania is home to a few dozen species ofbirds of prey,which includeshawks,eagles,kites,harriers,falcons,owlsandOld World vultures.[1]

The lastbearded vulturein Romania was shot inSibiuin 1927 and there would not be another credible sighting of the bird until 2009.[22]In 2016, researchers managed to provide the first photographic evidence of bearded vulture activity in Romania in almost 90 years.[23][24]

The water-dwelling birds of Romania are mainly concentrated on the lower Danube, in theDanube Delta,and thelittoral areaof the Black Sea. TheDobrujaregion in general and the Danube Delta in particular are hotspots for nesting migratory birds. These include numerous species ofducks,geese,cormorants,shags,herons,storks,ibises,pelicans,swansand, occasionally,flamingos.[25]

Several species ofseagullscan be found not only on the coast, but hundreds of kilometers inland, becoming something of a pest in cities such asBucharestandBrașov.[26][27]Thegreat white pelicanis sometimes mentioned in the media as being thenational birdof Romania, despite the lack of any official decision in this regard.[28][29]

Great white pelicantaking off from the water in theDanube Delta

Among small birds, the most numerous species in Romania is probably thechaffinch,with an estimated 5 million adult individuals, followed by therobin,thegoldcrest,thegreat tit,thewhite wagtail,thesong thrush,thered-backed shrikeand several species ofsparrow.[30]

Thegreat bustard,theworld's largest flying animal,[31][32]was common in Central and South-Eastern Romania until the early 20th century, when agrarian reform severely restricted its habitat.[33]They were considered extinct in Romania, with no sightings between 1981 and 2002, but can now be found in two small, isolated groups inBihorandTimiș,near the border withHungary.[34]The first conservationist measures regarding the great bustard populations in Western Romania began in 2018.[35]

Mammals

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Small mammals

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TheGreater noctule batis Europe's largest species of bat. It is also among its most rare.

Rodents make up a large proportion of the mammals in Romania, especially in the low-lying plains. This includes species ofhamsters,field mice,ground squirrels,voles,dormice,red squirrels,nutriasandbeavers.Other common small mammals includeshrews,rabbits,hedgehogs,polecats,martensandbadgers.[1]

Thebatpopulation in Romania is particularly plentiful with a total of 32 species present in the country.[36]TheHuda lui Papară[ro]cave in theTrascău Mountainsis home to the largest known bat colony in Europe,[37][38]while theTopolnița CaveinMehedințihosts the largest colony ofgreater horseshoe baton the continent.[39]Several other caves display extraordinary biodiversity, with up to 20 species of bats living in the same cave system.[36]Romania is also home to thegreater noctule bat(Nyctalus lasiopterus),[40]a rare species that is Europe's largest and least studied bat, as well as probably its most threatened.[41]It is acarnivorousbat that feeds on insects, but was also found to consume "large numbers of migratory passerines", making it the sole bat species known to regularlyprey on birds.[42][43]

Megafauna

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Herbivores and omnivores
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Thechamoishas been the subject of some of the most robust conservation efforts in Romania

Large species of non-carnivorous mammals in Romania include theCarpathian boar,fallow deer,red deer,roe deerand thechamois. The endangeredsaiga antelopewas once common inMoldaviaand EasternWallachia,but has gone all but extinct in the 18th century. Today only a few specimens survive in a small natural reserve in the northeastern county ofBotoșani.[44][45]The chamois is a protected species in Romania and is the subject of several conservation efforts.[46][47]

TheEuropean bison,the largest European land mammal, became extinct in the region in the 18th century,[48]However, in 1958, Romania began the reintroduction of the bison into its nature reserves. In the 21st century, Romania also began reintroducing the European bison in the wild, the ninth country to do so as part of acontinent-wide effortthat saw the total number of bison in Europe go from 54 captive individuals in 1927 to more than 7000 in 2018.[49][50][51]In 2022, there were over 200 bison living in wild or semi-wild areas in different regions of Romania.[52]

Romania is also home to theDanube Delta horses,a population offeral horsesthat has lived for hundreds of years in and aroundLetea Forestin the Danube Delta and is possibly the last sizable population of wild horses in Europe.[53][54]Aftercollective farmswere closed down in the 1990s, the population was supplanted by freed horses and by the beginning of the 21st century, it increased to around 4000 individuals, turning them into a threat to the protected flora of the region.[55][56]Following media and public outrage in 2011, authorities walked back on the initial plan of killing the horses and the population is now controlled through birth-control vaccines.[57]

Carnivores
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Over 6000brown bearslive in Romania

The large species of carnivores living in Romania are theEuropean wildcat,theEurasian lynx,thered fox,thegolden jackal,thegrey wolfand thebrown bear.[1]

There are over 6000 brown bears living in Romania, in one of the largest concentrations in Europe.[58]Because of the increasing number of interactions with settled areas, including a number of attacks, but also because the "optimum size of the population of brown bear, from an ecological, social and economic point of view" is around 4000, the Romanian government announced plans in 2018 for a culling of about 2000 of the country's brown bears. This measured was met with hostility by many conservationist organisations and the public.[59]

Marine mammals

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One species ofporpoise(Phocoena phocoena) and several species ofdolphinslive in the Black Sea off the cost of Romania.[1][60]While the endangeredMediterranean monk sealstill appears in the Black Sea, it has not been recorded in Romanian waters for several decades.[60]

New arrivals

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Several non-native species of mammals were introduced to Romania during the 20th Century. Among these the most notable are the East-Asianraccoon dog,which spread to Europe through the USSR and was first seen in Romania in 1951,[61]theEuropean mouflon,which was introduces starting with 1966 ingame reservesand later in the wilderness,[62]and the North-Americanmuskrat,which was introduced to Romania accidentally, after individuals which escaped captivity in Czech and Russian farms spread across the continent around the middle of the century.[63]

Conservation challenges

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Due to the low level of research done in Romania in this regard and the rapid pace of environmental changes that the country went through in the last decades, there is no definitive list ofendangered speciesin Romania. According to a 2013 paper on biodiversity,

The incomplete and biased species inventory in Romania may have several causes: difficult access due to low road density, complex landscape (with 15% of the territory above 800 m), limited funds available for large-scale inventory and monitoring projects, and lack of institutional support. For instance, no species distribution databases are publicly available at the Romanian Ministry of the Environment[14]

Some species, such as thechamois,theEurasian lynx,theEuropean bison,thewood grouseand theDanube salmonhave been the subject of high-profile conservation efforts and are protected by national laws.[64]

Alien species

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A 2017 study identified 390alien speciesofterrestrial animals(of which 90% are invertebrates) and 102 species ofaquatic organisms(44 freshwater and 58 marine) in Romania. Most of these originate in North America and Southeast Asia and have been introduced accidentally. Despite being a signatory of theBerne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats,Romania is behind many other countries when it comes to protecting its ecosystems frominvasive alien species.There is currently no official list of alien species or invasive species provided by theRomanian Ministry of Environment.[65]

Some of the invasive alien species, such as theveined rapa whelk,thesea walnutor thesoft-shell clamhave been well documented,[66][67]but the impact of most invasive species on the Romanian ecosystems has not been properly researched, with serious academic research into the topic only beginning within the last decade.[65][68]

See also

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References

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  68. ^Skolka, Marius; Preda, Cristina; Stanciu, Cătălin; Fabian, Raluca (2010)."Specii invazive marine, dulcicole și terestre"(PDF).Sistemul de Detectare și Monitorizare Rapidă a Speciilor Invazive (MODSIS).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-24.Retrieved2019-02-17.
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